Memory
Remember is to
recall
knowledge and
information from your
memory.
To keep in
mind for
attention or
consideration. To recall knowledge from
memory and to have a
recollection. To
keep in mind for attention or consideration. To have a
recollection or summon to
return a
memory. To recapture the
past and indulge in memories. To have in mind or be able to bring to one's mind an
awareness of someone or something
that one has
seen,
known, or
experienced in the past. To
do something that
one has undertaken and to do what is
necessary
or advisable. A memory used to
emphasize the
importance of something or someone. The
process of
recovering
information by
mental effort. The
cognitive processes whereby
past experience is remembered. The power of
retaining and recalling past experiences. To exercise or
to have the power of memory. To have the
power of memory and to
exercise
it. To go back to something
earlier to be
remembered.
Memory
is the
faculty or the
ability of the brain by
which
information is
encoded,
stored,
and
retrieved when needed. A process often
known as
Learning. A memory is something
that is remembered. The
cognitive processes of retaining and recalling
past experiences.
Memorize is to commit something to memory
or
learn something by heart. Memory serves
a vital function, enabling us to learn from new experiences and update
existing knowledge. We learn both from individual experiences and from
connecting them to draw new conclusions about the world. This way, we can
make inferences about things that we don't necessarily have direct
experience of. This is called memory integration and makes learning quick
and flexible.
Memory Types -
Long Term Memory -
Improving Memory Techniques -
Flaws in Memory -
Memory Proteins -
Hippocampus Machine Code
- Genetic Memory - Thinking -
Knowledge Management -
Sleep
Learning If you don't
remember the things that matter, than having a good memory
doesn't matter. So if you don't
learn the
things that matter, then
learning will not matter. If
you use most of your memory just to remember
insignificant details, then
you will fail to remember the most important things in life. But in order
to do that you first have to
learn everything that is
valuable that
would increase your understanding of yourself and the world around you.
You have to
strengthen the most
important information that you have
stored in your memories, and you also have to keep adding to your
knowledge base by
continually adding more valuable
knowledge and information that you can find. Remember to
count
the things that matter. Forgetting only becomes bad when you
forgot the things that matter. Memories is not just about remembering our
experiences, but memory is remembering all the words and symbols in a
language that gives you the ability to
describe those memories and past experiences. Though you don't need a
language to recall pain or to remember pleasure, you do need a language to
explain what pain is and what pleasure is.
Language gives our memories a place to live, language gives our lives
meaning. Language defines us, language is life.
Songs about
Remembering.
If you don't have a good memory, you will
struggle, but
if you stop
learning, you will struggle even more. The less you know, the less you
remember. If you learn more, you will remember more, and you will
understand more of what you remember. The
power of knowledge is much
greater than you think. You experienced and felt the power of knowledge
your whole life in brief moments called
epiphanies. Everyone has had an
epiphany. Now just imagine the energy of epiphany happening all the time.
The
great awakening is not
spontaneous, but a slow growing star.
Consideration is the process of giving careful
thought to something. Information
that should be
kept in mind when
making a decision.
Kind and considerate
regard for others. A considerate and
thoughtful act.
Thoughtfulness is
kind and considerate regard for others. The trait of thinking
carefully before acting. A considerate and thoughtful act.
Remembering is part of your
awareness. You have to
recall information from your
past in
order to understand the moment that you are in. All that you see
is what you have learned to see. Some people learn to see more.
So what would happen if you looked at the world with no memory?
Remember versus Know Judgments suggests that different
processes are involved in remembering something versus knowing whether it
is familiar. It appears that remembering and
knowing
represent relatively different characteristics of memory as well as
reflect different ways of using memory.
A strong memory is
information that is either
unusual,
emotional,
repetitive or
associative.
Does understanding something help you to remember that something?
Information that is organized and makes sense to you is easier to
memorize. If you find that you don't understand the something, spend some
time on understanding it before trying to memorize it. When we fully
understand information on all cognitive levels, we are better able to
remember that information. By using elaboration strategies such as
summarizing, questioning, and using visual organizers, we deep process
information in a way that assists and insures understanding. When
something is meaningfully understood, it is retained much longer, and can
be built upon to acquire further understanding. This is usually very
versatile in the situations and ways it can be used, and facilitates
creativity. When you don't understand something, then remembering it can
be diminished. But understanding alone does not equal memory because it's
possible to forget something even when you have once understood it.
Bias.
One of the failures of
rote
learning is
garbage in, garbage out. The dangerous
part of
forcing students to memorize irrelevant and unimportant
information, is that it tricks the student into thinking
that this information is important, which much of it is not, at least
not
at this time in their life. So now the student doesn't know
what's important, which is a kind of
forced brain damage, and the
unsuspecting student has no idea how ignorant they truly are.
And they are also fooled into believing that learning is boring and
irrelevant, which it is not.
The
average person can recall 5,000 faces in their lifetime.
A
study published in the journal Psychological Science found that people
on a museum tour actually remembered fewer details if they took photos of
an object as a whole. However, when people zoomed in on a specific part of
the object, taking photos did not impair their memory. Try to capture
those sensory cues through your image and fill the frame with the most
important details, and
take a mental picture
with your mind.
Our
memory gives us incredible abilities. But
if your memory is not used properly,
or if you don't understand your ability to remember, you will never
experience the memories true power, which is to continually develop a
person into being more intelligent each day as their life progresses. So
it's not how much you can remember, it's knowing how to extract the most
important information and knowledge from your experiences, and remembering
those details, so that they are correctly applied to future moments in
time. So how do you choose what to remember?
Information Literacy, define what's important.
Memory Types
Explicit Memory or
Declarative Memory is one of the two main types of
long-term human memory. It is the
conscious, intentional recollection of
factual information, previous experiences and concepts. Explicit memory
can be divided into two categories: episodic memory, which stores specific
personal
experiences, and semantic memory, which stores
factual information.
Explicit memories are of a person’s own
life and general facts about the world. This is
knowledge you are very
aware of and can talk about. The other type of memory, non-declarative, is
commonly called Implicit Memory. This is information that’s
difficult to
verbalize but enables someone to ride a bike or to bow a viola or apply
skilled brushstrokes.
Autobiographical
Memory -
Sensory Memory -
Body Memory -
Memory Processes (wiki)
Implicit Memory is one of the two main types of
Long-Term Human Memory. It is acquired and used
unconsciously, and can affect
thoughts and
behaviors. One of its most
common forms is
Procedural
Memory, which helps people performing certain
tasks
without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.
Semantic Memory is a type of long-term
memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers, which
is essential for the use and understanding of language. A recollection of
a word, concept, or number. Semantic memory refers to general world
knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives. This
general knowledge (word meanings, concepts, facts, and ideas) is
intertwined in experience and dependent on culture. New concepts are
learned by applying knowledge learned from things in the past.
Semantic Memory is one of the two types of
declarative memory or
explicit memory, which is our memory of facts or events that is
explicitly stored and retrieved. Semantic memory refers to
general world
knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives. This general
knowledge of
facts,
ideas,
meaning and
concepts is intertwined in
experience and dependent on culture. Semantic memory is distinct from
episodic memory, which is our memory of experiences and specific events
that occur during our lives, from which we can
recreate at any given
point. For instance, semantic memory might contain information about what
a cat is, whereas episodic memory might contain a specific memory of
petting a particular cat. We can learn about new concepts by applying our
knowledge learned from things in the past. The counterpart to declarative,
or explicit memory, is procedural memory, or implicit memory.
Synesthesia.
Episodic Memory
is the memory of
autobiographical events that can be
explicitly stated. It is the
collection of past personal experiences that
occurred at a particular
time and
place, along with
associated emotions and other
contextual who, what, when, where, why
knowledge. For example, if one
remembers the
party on his or her 6th birthday, this is an episodic memory. They allow
an individual to
figuratively travel back in time to remember the event
that took place at that particular
time and
place. Episodic memory allows
previous experiences to be
relived or rehearsed once resources are
available so it can be
reanalyzed with new knowledge or additional
experiences. Episodic Memory
is defined as the ability to recall and mentally re-experience specific
episodes from
one's personal past and is contrasted with semantic memory
that includes memory for generic,
context-free knowledge.
Visualizing -
Spatial Reasoning -
Hippocampus -
Autonoetic Consciousness
Retrospective Memory is the memory of people, words, and events
encountered or
experienced
in
the past. It includes all other types of memory including episodic,
semantic and procedural. It can be either implicit or explicit. In
contrast, prospective memory involves remembering something or remembering
to do something after a delay, such as buying groceries on the way home
from work. However, it is very closely linked to retrospective memory,
since certain aspects of retrospective memory are required for prospective
memory.
Old Memories.
Prospective Memory is a form of memory that involves
remembering to
perform a
planned action or intention at some
future point
in time. Prospective memory tasks are common in daily life and range from
the relatively simple to extreme life-or-death situations.
Examples
of simple tasks include remembering to put the toothpaste cap back on,
remembering to reply to an email, or remembering to return a rented movie.
Examples of highly important situations include a patient remembering to
take medication or a pilot remembering to perform specific safety
procedures during a flight.
Training -
Awareness.
Humans have the ability to creatively combine their memories to solve
problems and draw new insights, a process that depends on memories for
specific events known as episodic memory.
Metamemory a
type of
metacognition, is both
the introspective knowledge of one’s own memory capabilities (and
strategies that can
aid memory) and the processes involved in memory
self-monitoring. This
self-awareness of memory has important implications for
how people learn and use memories,
like
judgments of learning.
Reflecting on Memories Improves Memory Quality. Being able to assess
our own memories helps us to avoid errors and prompts us to collect more
information to fill the gaps. The ability to assess memory quality appears
in children.
A brain knows when it can't remember.
Introspective is examining your own
sensory and perceptual experiences or spending time examining ones own
thoughts and feelings.
Mindful.
Affective Emotional Memory
requires actors to call on the memory of details from a similar situation
(or more recently a situation with similar emotional) and import those
feelings to those of their characters.
Recognition Memory
is a subcategory of declarative memory. Essentially, recognition memory is
the ability to recognize previously encountered events, objects, or
people. When the previously
experienced event is
re-experienced, this
environmental content is matched to stored memory representations,
eliciting matching signals.
Location-Updating
Effect -
Attention -
Focus
Visual Memory is the ability to recollect
information from things that you have seen.
Auditory Memory is the ability to recollect information that you
have
heard.
Tactile
Memory is the ability
to recollect information from things that you held or
touched.
How the Brain forms Sensory Memories. A new study identifies a region
of the
thalamus as a key source of
signals encoding past experiences in the neocortex. The
brain encodes information collected by our
senses. However, to
perceive our environment and to constructively interact with it, these
sensory signals need to
be interpreted in the context of our previous
experiences and current aims.
Short-Term Memory is the capacity for holding, but not
manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily
available state for a short period of time. The duration of short-term
memory (when rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented) is believed to
be in the order of seconds.
The Magic number 7 plus or minus two provides evidence for the
capacity of short term memory. Most adults can store between 5 and 9 items
in their short-term memory.
Volatile Memory.
Working Memory is information
that can be quickly recalled, "
always on your mind" - "off the top of my
head".
Working Memory is the system responsible for the transient
holding and processing of new and already-stored
information,
recalling past experiences and knowledge from memory. To Keep in
mind for attention or consideration. This is an important
process for reasoning,
comprehension,
learning and memory
updating. Thinking, Processing,
Output. Working memory is a
theoretical framework that refers to structures and processes
used for temporarily storing and manipulating information. What
information do we have? What information are we receiving? What
is the appropriate action? Most of the time people are in
automatic mode, and rarely use the processing power of the human
brain. That's because not enough people are teaching this skill
or learning this skill.
Memory Consolidation is when existing memories are recalled
and modified with new knowledge.
Working Memory (PDF) -
Rebooting -
Consolidate.
Random Access Memory or
RAM is the
“working memory” of technical devices which include computer technology.
As in the human brain, the working memory is a
short-term memory in which the
operating system of a device
temporarily stores all data of running
programs and processes.
Holding information in mind may mean storing it among synapses.
Comparing models of working memory with real-world data, researchers found
that information resides not in persistent
neural activity, but in the
pattern of
their connections. Most people think that working memory 'happens' in
neurons -- persistent neural activity gives rise to
persistent thoughts.
However, this view has come under recent scrutiny because it does not
really agree with the data. Using artificial neural networks with
short-term synaptic
plasticity, we
show that synaptic activity instead of neural activity can be a substrate
for working memory. These plastic neural network models are more
brain-like, in a quantitative sense, and also have additional functional
benefits in terms of robustness.
Cache is a hardware or
software
component that stores data so that future requests for that
data can be served faster.
The data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation
or a copy of data stored elsewhere. Clearing the cache simply
clears temporary files. It won't erase login
credentials, downloaded files, or custom settings. It is a good idea to
clear your browser cache because it prevents you from using old forms and
also protects your personal information, and helps our applications run
better on your computer.
Computational model reveals how the brain manages short-term memories.
Scientists have developed a new computational model showing how the brain
maintains information short-term using specific types of neurons. Their
findings could help shed light on why working memory is impaired in a
broad range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, as
well as in normal aging.
Remembrance Agent
are a set of applications that watch over a user’s shoulder and
suggest information relevant to the current situation. While
query-based
memory aids help with direct recall, remembrance agents are an augmented
associative memory. For example, the word-processor version of the RA
continuously updates a list of documents relevant to what’s being typed or
read in an emacs buffer. These suggested documents can be any text files
that might be relevant to what you are currently writing or reading. They
might be old emails related to the mail you are currently reading, or
abstracts from papers and newspaper articles that discuss the topic of
your writing.
Researchers use machine learning tools to reveal how memories are coded in
the brain. These findings indicate that stable short-term memory
information exists within a population of neurons with dynamic activity.
In the human brain, the frontal lobe plays an important role in processing
short-term memories.
Short-term memory has a low
capacity to retain information. "It can usually only hold six to
eight items. Think for example about our ability to remember a phone
number for a few seconds -- that uses short-term memory. Researchers
studied how the frontal lobe represents short-term memory information by
measuring the activity of many neurons. Previous results from the
researchers had shown that if a distraction was presented during the
memory maintenance period, it changed the code used by frontal lobe
neurons that encode the memory. Researchers showed that stable information
can be found within the changing neural population code. This means that
the NUS team demonstrated that memory information can be read out from a
population of neurons that morphs their code after a distractor is
presented.
Long-Term Memory
-
Storage of Memories
Researchers identify new coding mechanism that transfers information from
perception to memory. Researchers identified a neural coding mechanism
that allows the transfer of information back and forth between perceptual
regions to memory areas of the brain. The team identified an opposing
push-pull like coding mechanism, which governs the interaction between
perceptual and memory areas in the brain. Our memories are rich in detail:
we can vividly recall the color of our home, the layout of our kitchen, or
the front of our favorite cafe . How the brain encodes this information
has long puzzled neuroscientists.
Involuntary Memory also known as involuntary explicit
memory, involuntary conscious memory, involuntary aware memory,
and most commonly, involuntary autobiographical memory, is a
subcomponent of memory that occurs when cues encountered in
everyday life evoke recollections of the past without conscious
effort. Voluntary memory, its binary opposite, is characterized
by a deliberate effort to recall the past.
Muscle
Memory doesn’t rely on the
Hippocampus, it's stored in a separate place or in a
separate way. Skill-related knowledge is a possible subcategory of
declarative knowledge.
Memory
Consolidation -
Sleep Learning
Sensory Memory -
Spatial
Intelligence (understanding 3 dimensional spaces)
Research team discovers new role of cerebellum in coordinating the
brain network essential for social recognition memory.
Alzheimer's
Social Recognition Memory reflects the ability of the social animals
to recognize and
remember familiar individuals
of the same species. The unique ability for mammals to recognize
conspecifics is essential and beneficial when animals conduct daily social
activities.
Body Memory -
Body Smart (understanding how your body moves)
-
Human Operating System
Loss of Brain Synchrony may explain Working Memory Limits and Working
Memory Capacity. The total number of images a person can hold in
working memory at the same time – varies between individuals but averages
about seven. New study tries to understand what causes the memory to have
this intrinsic limit. The researchers found that trying to retain too much
information in our working memory leads to a communication breakdown
between parts of the brain responsible for maintaining it. Using
sophisticated mathematical techniques, they found that the regions
essentially work as a committee, without much hierarchy, to keep working
memory going. They also found changes as working memory approached and
then exceeded capacity. In particular, the researchers found that above
capacity the PFC’s coupling to the FEF and LIP at low frequency stopped.
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC),
Frontal Eye Fields (FEF),
Lateral Intraparietal Area (LIP). As
previous studies have suggested that the PFC’s role might be to employ
low-frequency waves to provide the feedback the keeps the working memory
system in sync, the researchers suggest that when that signal breaks down,
the whole enterprise may as well. This observation may also explain why
memory capacity has a finite limit.
Baddeley proposed a model of working memory in 1974, in an
attempt to describe a more accurate model of short-term memory.
Memories create 'Fingerprints' that reveal how the Brain is Organized.
While the broad architecture and organization of the human brain is
universal, new research shows how the differences between how people
reimagine common scenarios can be observed in brain activity and
quantified. These unique neurological signatures could ultimately be used
to understand, study, and even improve treatment of disorders such as
Alzheimer's disease.
Women are better at finding words and remembering words, but is this
really a fact? Women are thought to fare better in verbal abilities,
especially in verbal-fluency and verbal-memory tasks. However, the last
meta-analysis on sex/gender differences in verbal fluency dates from 1988.
Although verbal memory has only recently been investigated
meta-analytically, a comprehensive meta-analysis is lacking that focuses
on verbal memory as it is typically assessed, for example, in
neuropsychological settings. Women are better, the present study
demonstrated. The female advantage is consistent across time and lifetime,
but it is also relatively small. The results are relevant in at least two
ways. First, they help to clarify whether the female advantage is real.
Second, knowing about this sex/gender difference is important for
interpreting the results of diagnostic assessments, in which those abilities are frequently tested.
Emotions and Memories - Memories linked with Strong Emotions
Emotion and
Memory. Emotion can have a powerful effect on humans and animals.
Numerous studies have shown that the most vivid
autobiographical memories tend to be of
emotional events, which are
likely to be recalled more often and with more clarity and detail than
neutral events. The activity of emotionally enhanced memory retention can
be linked to human evolution; during early development, responsive
behavior to environmental events would have progressed as a process of
trial and error. Survival depended on behavioral patterns that were
repeated or reinforced through life and death situations. Through
evolution, this process of learning became genetically embedded in humans
and all animal species in what is known as flight or fight instinct.
Artificially inducing this instinct through traumatic physical or
emotional stimuli essentially creates the same physiological condition
that heightens memory retention by exciting neuro-chemical activity
affecting areas of the brain responsible for encoding and recalling
memory. This memory-enhancing effect of emotion has been demonstrated in
many laboratory studies, using stimuli ranging from words to pictures to
narrated slide shows, as well as autobiographical memory studies. However,
as described below, emotion does not always enhance memory. One of the
most common frameworks in the emotions field proposes that affective
experiences are best characterized by two main dimensions: arousal and
valence. The dimension of valence ranges from highly positive to highly
negative, whereas the dimension of arousal ranges from calming or soothing
to exciting or agitating. With selectivity of attention, cue utilization
theory predicted that high levels of arousal will lead to attention
narrowing, defined as a decrease in the range of cues from the stimulus
and its environment to which the organism is sensitive. According to this
hypothesis, attention will be focused primarily on the arousing details
(cues) of the stimulus, so that information central to the source of the
emotional arousal will be encoded while peripheral details will not. With
prioritized processing, emotional items also appear more likely to be
processed when attention is limited, suggesting a facilitated or
prioritized processing of emotional information. This effect was
demonstrated using the attentional blink paradigm in which 2 target items
are presented in close temporal proximity within a stream of rapidly
presented stimuli. With emotion and storage, in addition to its effects
during the encoding phase, emotional arousal appears to increase the
likelihood of memory consolidation during the retention (storage) stage of
memory (the process of creating a permanent record of the encoded
information). A number of studies show that over time, memories for
neutral stimuli decrease but memories for arousing stimuli remain the same
or improve. Others have discovered that memory enhancements for emotional
information tend to be greater after longer delays than after relatively
short ones. This delayed effect is consistent with the proposal that
emotionally arousing memories are more likely to be converted into a
relatively permanent trace, whereas memories for nonarousing events are
more vulnerable to disruption. With emotion and elaboration, the processes
involved in this enhancement may be distinct from those mediating the
enhanced memory for arousing items. It has been suggested that in contrast
to the relatively automatic attentional modulation of memory for arousing
information, memory for non-arousing positive or negative stimuli may
benefit instead from conscious encoding strategies, such as elaboration.
This elaborative processing can be autobiographical or semantic.
Autobiographical elaboration is known to benefit memory by creating links
between the processed stimuli, and the self, for example, deciding whether
a word would describe the personal self. Memory formed through
autobiographical elaboration is enhanced as compared to items processed
for meaning, but not in relation to the self. Since words such as "sorrow"
or "comfort" may be more likely to be associated with autobiographical
experiences or self-introspection than neutral words such as "shadow",
autobiographical elaboration may explain the memory enhancement of
non-arousing positive or negative items. Studies have shown that dividing
attention at encoding decreases an individual's ability to utilize
controlled encoding processes, such as autobiographical or semantic
elaboration. With emotion and retrieval, retrieval is a process of
reconstructing past experiences; this phenomenon of reconstruction is
influenced by a number of different variables, such as Trade-off between
details. Emotional memories may include increased emotional details often
with the trade-off of excluding background information. Contextual effects
of emotion on memory occur as a result of the degree of similarity between
the encoding context and the retrieval context of an emotional dimension.
The main findings are that the current mood we are in affects what is
attended, encoded and ultimately retrieved, as reflected in two similar
but subtly different effects: the mood congruence effect and mood-state
dependent retrieval. Positive encoding contexts have been connected to
activity in the right fusiform gyrus. Negative encoding contexts have been
correlated to activity in the right amygdala.
Amygdala boosts memory encoding by enhancing attention and perception,
and can help memory retention by triggering the release of stress
hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, to boost arousal.
Mood-Dependent Memory is the facilitation of memory when mood at
retrieval is identical to the mood at encoding. When one encodes a memory,
they not only record sensory data (such as visual or auditory data), they
also store their mood and emotional states. An individual's present mood
thus affects the memories that are most easily available to them, such
that when they are in a good mood they recall good memories (and vice
versa). The associative nature of memory also means that one tends to
store happy memories in a linked set. Unlike mood-congruent memory,
mood-dependent memory occurs when one's current mood resembles their mood
at the time of memory storage, which helps to recall the memory. Thus, the
likelihood of remembering an event is higher when encoding and recall
moods match up. However, it seems that only authentic moods have the power
to produce these mood-dependent effects.
Context-Dependent Memory is the improved recall of specific episodes
or information when the
context present
at encoding and retrieval are the same. In a simpler manner, "when events
are represented in memory,
contextual
information is stored along with memory targets; the context can
therefore cue memories containing that contextual information. One
particularly common example of context-dependence at work occurs when an
individual has lost an item (e.g. lost car keys) in an unknown location.
Typically, people try to systematically "retrace their steps" to determine
all of the possible places where the item might be located. Based on the
role that context plays in determining recall, it is not at all surprising
that individuals often quite easily discover the lost item upon returning
to the correct context. This concept is heavily related to the encoding
specificity principle.
Sensory Memory.
During every moment of an organism's life,
sensory information is
being taken in by
sensory
receptors and processed by the nervous system. Sensory information is
stored in sensory memory just long enough to be transferred to short-term
memory. Humans have five traditional senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell,
touch. Sensory memory (SM) allows individuals to retain impressions of
sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. A common
demonstration of SM is a child's ability to write letters and make circles
by twirling a sparkler at night. When the sparkler is spun fast enough, it
appears to leave a trail which forms a continuous image. This "light
trail" is the image that is represented in the visual sensory store known
as iconic memory. The other two types of SM that have been most
extensively studied are echoic memory, and haptic memory; however, it is
reasonable to assume that each physiological sense has a corresponding
memory store. Children for example have been shown to remember specific
"sweet" tastes during incidental learning trials but the nature of this
gustatory store is still unclear. However, sensory memories might be
related to a region of the thalamus, which serves as a source of signals
encoding past experiences in the neocortex.
Visual Memory describes the relationship between
perceptual processing
and the encoding, storage and retrieval of the resulting neural
representations.
Aphantasia is the inability to
visualize mental images.
State-Dependent Memory or state-dependent learning is the phenomenon
where people remember more information if their physical or mental state
is the same at time of encoding and time of recall.
Cue-dependent forgetting, or
retrieval failure,
is the failure to recall information without memory cues. The term either
pertains to semantic cues, state-dependent cues or context-dependent cues.
Somatic Theories of Emotion claim
that
bodily responses
are essential to emotions, rather than judgments. Based on discoveries
made through neural mapping of the
limbic system,
the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a
pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the
mammalian brain.
Dopamine,
noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity
level, as visible in body movements, gestures, and postures. This
hypothesis that synaptic plasticity is an important part of the neural
mechanisms underlying learning and memory is now widely accepted. In
cognitive psychology, the human mind is seen to be a structured system for
handling information. Several theories argue that cognitive activities
such as judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary for an emotion
to occur. Internal events occur in the human mind. These occurrences of
cognition are visible only to the person who experiences them. External
events are physical occurrences experienced in a human's environment, such
as receiving a gift or encountering a friend. External events affect the
mood of an individual depending on how he or she perceives the action.
Some evidence suggests that internal events, such as imagination and
reasoning, are less likely than external events to be remembered after a
mood shift. Events are generated through internal processes that are more
connected to one's mood than to external processes. Although the source of
an event seems to play a part in the occurrence of mood dependent memory,
it is not the only relevant factor. The strength and stability of moods
that impair memory must meet two conditions: the mood shift must be
substantial, and the mood at the start must be the same when it ends in
encoding or retrieval. The relationship between mood and arousal is also
important: if mood is dependent on arousal, then mood corresponds to a
subjective state which describes mood dependent memory.
Mood Congruence is the consistency between a person's emotional state
with the broader situations and circumstances being experienced by the
persons at that time. By contrast, mood incongruence occurs when the
individual's reactions or emotional state
appear to be in conflict with the
situation. In the context of psychosis, hallucinations and delusions may
be considered mood congruent (such as feelings of personal inadequacy,
guilt, or worthlessness during a bipolar disorder depressive episode) or
incongruent. An important consideration to the difference between mood
congruence and mood dependent (or state-dependent) memory is the
determination that one cannot make accurate assumptions about the
emotional state of a memory during the encoding process. Therefore, the
memory that is recalled is not dependent on the affective state during
encoding. Another important difference is that there are multiple memories
that can be recalled while in particular mood states that go across
contexts and cues that may or may not recall only one specific memory.
Cognitive therapy pays special attention to mood congruence due to the use
of mood repair strategies, which are meant to shift an individual from a
negative mood to a positive one. Congruent mood—smiling while feeling
happy.
Non-congruent mood—smiling while
feeling anxious. Inappropriate affect—laughing while describing a loved
one's funeral, for instance. Mood Congruency is strongest when people try
to recall personally meaningful episodes, because such events were most
likely to be colored by their moods
Mood Repair Strategies offer techniques that an individual can use to
shift their mood from general sadness or clinical depression to a state of
greater contentment or happiness. A mood repair strategy is a cognitive,
behavioral, and interpersonal psychological tool used to affect the mood
regulation of an individual. Various mood repair strategies are most
commonly used in cognitive therapy. Retrieving positive memories.
Sometimes known as distraction or Mood Incongruent Recollection, this is
one of the most common mood repair strategies. Normally people engage in
thoughts of mood congruence, which are ones that are in harmony with their
mood. Mood incongruent recollection is usually the forced consideration of
memories not related to the current mood. The theory behind this thinking
is that when the mind is engaged in a track of negative mood, the forced
recall of positive memories will break the cycle and force the brain to
reorient into a more positive state. There are two ways to recall these
memories, abstractly and concretely. An abstract recollection of memories
consists of a kind of comparison between an individual's memory and their
current situation. This can sometimes be helpful unless the individual
suffers from depression. A concrete recollection is when a memory is
recalled especially vividly and the individual experiences the
phenomenology of this memory more acutely. This has been used extensively
even among those suffering with clinical depression.
Music is often used for two different
reasons in mood repair strategies. The first is to allow the listener to
identify themselves with the current music and to allow for some
ventilation or mood attenuation. The other is a form of mood-repair
strategy which allows the listener to take action to achieve their desired
mood. These two approaches are considered the mood-congruent listening
approach and the mood-incongruent listening approach, respectively.
Listening to music in a mood-congruent
state with those who are experiencing negative mood states such as
dysphoria, or sadness, can allow for those individuals to be more likely
to identify with the music that shares their current mood. This
mood-congruency effect can allow for individuals engaging in the listening
of mood-congruent music to become increasingly aware of their own mood. It
is theorized that with a heightened sense of mood recognition, an
individual is capable of being empowered by recognizing that the current
mood is their own, and they are in control of their mood. With a greater
sense of empowerment over one’s emotional state, individuals can take
steps in which to take their control and change their current unwanted
mood. The acknowledgment of a person’s mood is a critical precursor in
attempts made to regulate moods.
Relaxation techniques are often used as mood-repair strategies to help
an individual achieve a level of calm and reduce the stress or tension
that can come from negative moods. These techniques are often very
methodical in their approach and can be actively engaged by willing
participants who are aware of how to enact them. Meditation and conscious
control of breathing are two common examples.
Exercise is used to help an
individual alleviate unwanted moods by physically engaging the body to
activate endorphins. These endorphins bring about a sense of euphoria and
can alleviate undesirable moods by participants that focus on engaging
this euphoria. Exercise can also serve to distract individuals by allowing
their focus to be on a specific task, such as focusing on lifting weights,
or getting across the finish line, allowing less room for rumination on
negative thoughts.
Stress management
activities are used for mood repair strategies and the stress that is
typically accompanied by them. By coping with stress through a variety of
techniques individuals are able to learn how to manage their day-to-day
lives and the stimuli that can be known to cause stress.
Sex is a form of direct tension
reduction, which puts it in the same category as things like the
consumption of drugs and alcohol. Generally engaging in sexual intercourse
is a much safer and less destructive alternative to the other direct
tension reducing measures. To those in a healthy, committed relationship
it can prove to be a very beneficial mood repair strategy. Sexual
intercourse’s main purpose in mood repair is the releasing of tension. It
activates the release of oxytocin in the brain that serves to calm nerves,
relax muscles, and induce brief euphoria. These results each have a
positive effect on unwanted moods and in combination they present a
powerful reaction. The second major reason that sex constitutes as a mood
repair strategy is because of the feelings of closeness it creates between
the two people engaging in the action. The intimacy involved in sex serves
as an important counter to the feelings of loneliness and isolation that
often contribute to sadness or depression.
Humor
is also a known mood-repair strategy. Humor is able to bring about a sense
of attenuation and allow for individuals to engage in pleasurable
activities. Engaging in activities that can evoke a humorous response can
often lead individuals to laughter. Laughter is able to increase serotonin
levels which are known to bring about a greater level of contentment.
The more I deliberately educate myself about being human, the more
resilient I am in stressful moments. And another benefit of self education
is my memories of stressful moments are also less traumatic. How you
perceive something or interpret something effects how you feel about it.
So I can have a memory and either feel sad or happy, depending on the
context in which I remember that moment.
Storage of Information - Long Term Memory
Storage
in memory is the ability of the mind to store and recall information that was
previously acquired. Memory is processed through three fundamental
processing stages:
storage,
encoding, and
retrieval. Storing refers to the
process of placing newly acquired
information into memory, which is
modified in the brain for easier storage. Encoding this information makes
the process of retrieval easier for the brain where it can be recalled and
brought into conscious thinking. Modern memory psychology differentiates
between the two distinct types of memory storage: short-term memory and
long-term memory. In addition, different memory models have suggested
variations of existing short and
long-term memory to account for
different ways of storing memory.
Storage
is the act of storing something. A depository for goods or depositing in a
warehouse.
Storing is to keep or to
lay aside for future use. To find a place for something and to put away
for storage.
Store is a supply of
something available for future use.
Long Term Storage
of Physical Information and Knowledge.
Depository is a facility where things can be deposited for storage
or
safekeeping.
Stockpile -
Investment -
Savings Account -
Organizing -
Autobiographical
Storage is
not hoarding and is
not holding onto bad memories.
Human Brain Memory
Capacity
Encoding in memory
is the ability to
encode,
store and
recall information. Memories give an
organism the capability to
learn and
adapt from previous
experiences as
well as build
relationships. Encoding allows the
perceived item of use or
interest to be converted into a
construct that can be
stored within the
brain and recalled later from short-term or long-term memory.
Working
memory stores information for immediate use or manipulation which is aided
through
hooking onto previously archived items already present in the
long-term memory of an individual.
Spaced
Repetition -
Memory Consolidation -
Memorization -
Brain Information Storage Capacity -
Knowledge Preservation
Memory Management
is a form of resource management applied to
computer memory. The essential
requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically
allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for
reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer
system where more than a single process might be underway at any time.
Several methods have been devised that increase the effectiveness of
memory management. Virtual memory systems separate the memory addresses
used by a process from actual physical addresses, allowing separation of
processes and increasing the size of the virtual address space beyond the
available amount of RAM using paging or swapping to secondary storage. The
quality of the virtual memory manager can have an extensive effect on
overall system performance.
Long-Term Memory is the stage of the dual memory model, and
informative knowledge can be stored for long periods of time. While
short-term and working memory persist for only about 18 to 30 seconds,
informative knowledge can remain as long-term memory indefinitely.
Long-term memory is commonly labeled as
explicit memory (declarative), as
well as episodic memory, semantic memory, autobiographical memory, and
implicit memory (procedural memory). Long term memories creates new
structures with proteins and
MRNA and
different types of memories are stored in different places.
When you
organize
things in your house it makes it easier to find things. If you
organize memories in your mind then you will make it easier to remember
things.
Associations.
How epigenetics influence memory formation. In an important study for
understanding how memories are made, scientists show that the flexibility
of chromatin -- packaged DNA inside the cell -- plays a crucial role in
'deciding' which neurons are involved in forming a specific memory. When
we form a new memory, the brain undergoes physical and functional changes
known collectively as a "memory trace." A memory trace represents the
specific patterns of activity and structural modifications of neurons that
occur when a memory is formed and later recalled.
Memory Trace is a hypothetical permanent
change in the
nervous system
brought about by
memorizing something.
Engram in neuropsychology are theorized to be means by which memories
are stored as
biophysical or
biochemical changes in the brain (and other
neural tissue) in response to
external stimuli. Engram
Cells -
Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future
Long-Term Potentiation
is a persistent strengthening of
synapses based on recent
patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce
a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. The
opposite of LTP is long-term depression, which produces a long-lasting
decrease in synaptic strength.
Plasticity
-
Old Memories.
The transfer of memories from the
hippocampus to the
neo-cortex for
long-term storage is thought to be enabled by synchronization of these
parts of the brain during sleep. A natural process of overnight
reactivation or neural replay to improve memory with a closed-loop
transcranial alternating current stimulation system matching the phase and
frequency of ongoing slow-wave oscillations during sleep.
Computer Memory.
Neuroscientists identify mechanism for long term memory storage. While
working to understand how memories are formed and stored in the brain, the
team identified a novel
protein folding
mechanism in the
endoplasmic reticulum that is essential for long term memory storage.
The team also used gene therapy to reactivate the
chaperone protein in a mouse model and found that the memory deficit
was reversed, confirming that the protein folding machinery acts as a
molecular switch for memory.
How do our memories last a lifetime? New study offers a biological
explanation. Ground-breaking research uncovers 'molecular glue' that helps
ensure memory formation and stabilization. It's been long-established that
neurons store information in memory as the pattern of strong synapses and
weak synapses, which determines the connectivity and function of neural
networks. However, the molecules in synapses are unstable, continually
moving around in the neurons, and wearing out and being replaced in hours
to days, thereby raising the question: How, then, can memories be stable
for years to decades? In a study using laboratory mice, the scientists
focused on the role of
KIBRA, or
kidney and brain expressed protein, the human genetic variants of which
are associated with both good and poor memory. They focused on KIBRA's
interactions with other molecules crucial to memory formation -- in this
case,
protein kinase Mzeta (PKMzeta). This enzyme is the most crucial
molecule for strengthening normal mammalian synapses that is known, but it
degrades after a few days. More specifically, their experiments in the
Science Advances paper show that breaking the KIBRA-
PKMzeta
bond erases old memory.
What makes a memory last? The human brain
filters through a flood of
experiences to create specific memories. Why do some of the experiences in
this deluge of sensory information become '
memorable,'
while most are
discarded by the brain?
How long-lasting memories form in the brain. Some aspects of the
cellular basis of memory were already known. They're made by neurons or
nerve cells and stored in a brain region called the
hippocampus. They form when repeated neural stimulation strengthens
synapses -- the connections between nerve cells. Proteins are needed to
stabilize the long-lasting synaptic connections required for long-term
memories. The blueprints for those proteins are molecules of messenger RNA
(mRNA) that, in turn, are transcribed (copied) from memory-associated
genes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum is the transportation system of the
eukaryotic cell, and
has many other important functions such as
protein folding. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is key in multiple
functions: Manufacture of lysosomal enzymes with a mannose-6-phosphate
marker added in the cis-Golgi network. Manufacture of secreted proteins,
either secreted constitutively with no tag or secreted in a regulatory
manner involving clathrin and paired basic amino acids in the signal
peptide. Integral membrane proteins that stay embedded in the membrane as
vesicles exit and bind to new membranes. Rab proteins are key in targeting
the membrane; SNAP and SNARE proteins are key in the fusion event. Initial
glycosylation as assembly continues. This is N-linked (O-linking occurs in
the Golgi). N-linked glycosylation: If the protein is properly folded,
oligosaccharyltransferase recognizes the AA sequence NXS or NXT (with the
S/T residue phosphorylated) and adds a 14-sugar backbone
(2-N-acetylglucosamine, 9-branching mannose, and 3-glucose at the end) to
the side-chain nitrogen of Asn.
Long-term memory controlled by protein synthesis in inhibitory cells.
There are at least two distinct processes taking place in two different
brain networks -- the excitatory and inhibitory networks. The
excitatory neurons are involved in
creating a memory trace, and the
inhibitory
neurons block out background noise and allow long-term learning to
take place.
EIF2A protein is pivotal for both neurodevelopmental and
neurodegenerative diseases.
Proteins.
Recall - Remembering
Memory Retrieval is the process of
remembering
information stored in long-term memory. Some theorists suggests
that there are three stores of memory: sensory memory,
long-term memory
(LTM), and short-term memory (STM). Only data that is processed through
STM and encoded into LTM can later be retrieved.
Songs about Remembering.
Recall refers to the mental process of retrieval of
information from the past. Along with encoding and storage, it is one of
the three core processes of memory. There are three main types of recall:
free recall, cued recall and serial recall. Psychologists test these forms
of recall as a way to study the
memory processes of humans and animals.
Two main theories of the process of recall are the Two-Stage Theory and
the theory of Encoding Specificity.
Spaced
Repetition -
Location Effect
Memory Span is the
longest list of items that a person can repeat back in correct order
immediately after presentation on 50% of all trials. Items may include
words, numbers, or letters. The task is known as digit span when numbers
are used. Memory span is a common measure of
short-term
memory. It is also a component of
cognitive ability tests such as the
WAIS. Backward memory span is a more challenging variation which involves
recalling items in reverse order.
Attention.
10,000
Hour Rule -
Rote Learning -
Deleting (pruning) -
Forgetting
Procedural Memory is a type of
implicit memory
and
unconscious
memory and
long-term memory which aids the
performance of particular types of tasks
without conscious awareness of
these previous experiences.
Theta Phase Synchronization is the glue that binds
Human Associative Memory.
Firing occurs with different timing relative to other brain activity when
memories are being retrieved. This slight difference in timing, called
“phase offset,” has not been reported in humans before. Together, these
results explain how the brain can “re-experience” an event, but also keep
track of whether the memory is something new or something previously
encoded.A study identified 103 memory-sensitive neurons in the brain’s
hippocampus and entorhinal cortex that increase their rate of activity
when memory encoding is successful The same pattern of activity returned
when patients attempted to recall these same memories, especially highly
detailed memories.
Continuous Phase Modulation or CPM is a method for modulation of data
commonly used in wireless modems.
Remembering Everyday of your Life, but not Everything
Autobiographical Memory
is the ability to remember almost everyday of your life along with the
exact dates when things happened. It's a memory system consisting of
episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of
episodic memory or personal experiences and specific objects, people and events
experienced at particular time and place, and
semantic
memory or general knowledge
and facts about the world.. It is thus a type of
explicit memory. Autobiographical memories only
comes with
the power of
speech.
Language helps provide a structure, or organization, for our
memories that is a
narrative. By
creating a story, the experience becomes more organized, and therefore
easier to remember over time. The
visual
cortex is the key to having a good memory, especially when remembering
numbers. Some blind people are great with math because they use the
visual cortex.
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory.
Autobiographical Memory shows that
human memory has enormous capacity
for information. People seem to have a a direct path to the brains memory
storage, and they also know how to effectively use a date or number file
system. But there seems to be a
lack of processing or the lack of
examination of information. "Now that I have collected all this
information, what does this information mean? And how can I best explain
this information?"
"I don't remember every day of my life, but
I do remember a lot of the good days and a lot of the bad days.
But of course
I remember the good days a lot more then the bad
days. But when I do remember the bad days, It makes remembering
the good days that much better. Remembering the bad days also
helps you to appreciate the good days a lot more. So it's good
to remember, even if some of those memories aren't so good."
Mind
Maps -
Imagery -
First
Memories -
Memory Types -
Long
Term Memories -
Remembering What Counts
Hyperthymesia is the condition of possessing an extremely
detailed autobiographical memory. Hyperthymestics remember an abnormally
vast number of their
life experiences. Not
total recall, but close.
Aphantasia is the inability to
visualize mental images.
Iconic Memory is the
visual sensory memory
register
pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of
visual
information.
Mind's Eye refers
to the human ability for
visualization or
the
mental faculty of conceiving imaginary or recollected scenes.
Third Eye.
Visual Memory describes the relationship between
perceptual processing and the encoding, storage and retrieval of the
resulting neural representations.
Blind
Mathematicians (PDF)
Eidetic Memory or
Photographic Memory is an ability to vividly
recall images
from
memory after only seeing it once, with
high precision for a brief time after exposure, without using a mnemonic
device. Although the terms eidetic memory and photographic memory may be
used interchangeably, they are also distinguished, with eidetic memory
referring to the ability to view memories like photographs for a few
minutes, and photographic memory referring to the ability to recall page
or text numbers, or similar, in great detail. In the case of
distinguishing the concepts, eidetic memory has been documented while
photographic memory has mostly been seen in people like
Kim Peek
or
Daniel Tammet or
Stephen Wiltshire who can draw detailed accurate depictions of
cityscapes after seeing it only once or twice.
Savant is a condition in which someone with certain mental
limitations can also demonstrate exceptional abilities that are far beyond
the average person.
The skills at which savants excel are generally related to memory. This
may include rapid calculation, artistic ability, map making, or musical
ability. Usually just one special skill is present.
Memory Sports.
Calendrical Calculation is the ability to calculate
Calendar Dates far into the past and far into the future just using
the mind.
The Boy Who Can't
Forget (Medical Documentary) - Real Stories (youtube)
Memoir
is a
collection of memories that an individual writes about moments or
events, both public or private, that took place in the subject's life. The
assertions made in the work are understood to be factual.
Truth -
Memorization.
Memory helps us evaluate situations on the fly, not just recall the past.
Widely known as crucial for long-term memory, hippocampus also supports
short-term memory. Scientists have long known the
brain's hippocampus is crucial for
long-term memory.
Now a new study has found the hippocampus also plays a role in short-term
memory and helps guide
decision-making. The findings shed light on how the hippocampus
contributes to memory and exploration, potentially leading to therapies
that restore hippocampal function, which is impacted in memory-related
aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia.
How a 5-Ounce Bird
Stores 10,000 Maps in its Head. The
clark’s nutcracker can store up to 20,000 treasure maps in its 5-ounce
birdbrain. And the maps are accurate,
detailed, and instantly retrievable.
Clark’s Nutcrackers cache tens of thousands of seeds (often more than
30,000 each) and can relocate them as long as nine months after the
original burial. The birds will
hide seeds as far
as 20 miles away from their source trees. In doing so, they help
trees expand the trees territory. When December comes the trees go bare
and it’s time to switch from
hide to seek mode.
Nobody knows exactly how the birds manage this, but the best guess is that
when a nutcracker digs its hole, it will notice two or three permanent
objects at the site: an irregular rock, a bush, a tree stump. The objects,
or markers, will be at different angles from the hiding place.
Triangulation is a
method of determining distance or placement of a point by measuring angles
to it from known points. Here’s a triangulation network that nicely
highlights known points, unknown points, and measured angles. Clark’s
nutcracker starts in high summer, when whitebark pine trees produce seeds
in their cones—ripe for plucking. Nutcrackers dash from tree to tree,
inspect, and, with their sharp beaks, tear into the cones, pulling seeds
out one by one. They work fast. One study clocked a nutcracker harvesting
“32 seeds per minute.” These seeds are not for eating. They’re for hiding.
Like a squirrel or chipmunk, the nutcracker clumps them into pouches
located, in the bird’s case, under the tongue. Next, they land. Sometimes
they peck little holes in the topsoil or under the leaf litter. Sometimes
they leave seeds in nooks high up on trees. Most deposits have two or
three seeds, so that by the time November comes around, a single bird has
created 5,000 to 20,000 hiding places. They don’t stop until it gets too
cold. The bird is mainly found in mountains at altitudes of 900–3,900
metres (3,000–12,900 ft) in conifer forest.
Areas of the Brain used in Memory
Hippocampus
is a major component of the
brain of humans and other vertebrates.
Humans have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. It belongs to
the
limbic system and plays important roles in the
consolidation of
information from short-term memory to
long-term memory and
spatial
navigation. The hippocampus is located under the
cerebral cortex. Hippocampus is
responsible for making new memories.
Activities we do while awake
produce short-term memories that are
subsequently consolidated into
long-term storage within a brain structure
called the hippocampus. This process has been linked to distinctive
brain
wave patterns known as sharp-wave ripple activity in the CA1 region of the
hippocampus, which triggers selective reactivation of
neural circuits
associated with recent experiences. The hippocampal CA2 area of the brain
displays unique properties and connectivity that may be linked to disease.
CA2 pyramidal neurons play a crucial role in the formation of social
memory. Silencing of CA2 decreases the temporal precision of SWRs and
neuronal spiking. CA1 spiking is more synchronous during replay in the
absence of CA2. CA2 influences the informational and temporal precision of
neuronal reactivation. Hippocampus Proper and the
dentate gyrus are two main interlocking parts also called
Ammon's Horn or
curling ram horns.
Hippocampus Anatomy (wiki) -
The
Hippocampus and Episodic Memory (youtube) -
Episodic Memory -
Time Cells -
Random Access Memory
-
Amygdala
-
Limbic System -
Neuro-Regeneration
First evidence for necessary role of human Hippocampus in planning -
Body Smart
Most Detailed Map of Brain’s Memory Hub Finds Connectivity Puzzle. The
hippocampus is a complex structure that resembles a seahorse and is tucked
deep within the brain. As a vital component of the brain, it is important
for memory formation and plays a key role in the transfer of memories from
short-term to long-term storage. But it also plays a part in navigation,
imagining fictitious or future experiences, creating mental imagery of
scenes in the mind’s eye, and even in visual perception and decision
making.
Place Cells are neurons
located within the hippocampus which are triggered in response to an
animal
entering specific places
in its local environment.
New study reveals role of hippocampus in two functions of memory, one
that remembers
associations
between
time,
place and what one did, and
another that allows one to predict or
plan future actions based on
past experiences.
Mechanism found to determine which memories last. A new study proposes
a mechanism that determines which memories are tagged as important enough
to linger in the brain until sleep makes them permanent. The study
revolves around brain cells called neurons that "fire" -- or bring about
swings in the balance of their positive and negative charges -- to
transmit electrical signals that encode memories. Large groups of neurons
in a brain region called the hippocampus
fire together in rhythmic
cycles, creating sequences of signals within milliseconds of each
other that can encode complex information.
Researchers have discovered the brain circuit that controls our ability to
recall information and memories. This area is called the “
Claustrum
complex” and is located deep within the brain in each hemisphere.
New mnemonic networks discovered in the brain. It is known that
different brain functions are anchored in different areas and structures
of the brain. For example, we know that certain areas of the cerebral
cortex are responsible for perception of the outer world, imagining our
future, and thinking about other people. However, little is knowing about
connection of the brain regions supporting these important cognitive
functions with the human memory system. The human memory system is seated
in the medial temporal lobe. Broadly, it contains the hippocampus,
parahippocampal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and entorhinal cortex.
Mnemonics.
New complexity of traveling brain waves in memory circuits.
Researchers have observed a new feature of neural activity in the
hippocampus - the brain's memory hub - that may explain how this vital
brain region combines a diverse range of inputs into a multi-layered
memories that can later be recalled.
Brain Waves Travel in One Direction when memories are made, and travel
in the opposite direction when memories are recalled.
The direction of theta and alpha travelling waves modulates human memory
processing.
Perirhinal Cortex in managing this learning process. Researchers
observed that the
perirhinal cortex was
serving as a waystation between the nearby hippocampus, which processes
place and
context, and the outer layer of the cortex. The perirhinal
cortex happens to be at the very top of the hierarchy of processing of
information in the
cortex.
Pattern Separation
-
Pattern
Recognition
Can a single brain region encode familiarity and recollection? The
human brain has the extraordinary ability to rapidly discern a stranger
from someone familiar, even as it can simultaneously remember details
about someone across decades of encounters. Now, in mouse studies,
scientists have revealed how the brain elegantly performs both tasks.
Precuneus is involved with
episodic memory,
visuospatial processing,
reflections upon self, and
aspects of
consciousness. The
mental imagery concerning
the self has been
located in the forward part of the precuneus with posterior areas being
involved with episodic memory. Another area has been linked to
visuospatial imagery. The precuneus is the portion of the
superior parietal lobule on the medial
surface of each brain hemisphere. It is located in front of the cuneus
(the upper portion of the occipital lobe). The precuneus is bounded in
front by the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus, at the rear by the
parieto-occipital sulcus, and underneath by the subparietal sulcus.
Dreams.
Dentate Gyrus is part of the hippocampus and/or hippocampal formation,
as some texts include the latter structure in the former or vice versa.
The dentate gyrus is thought to contribute to the formation of new
episodic memories, the spontaneous exploration of novel environments, and
other functions. It is notable as being one of a select few brain
structures currently known to have high rates of neurogenesis in adult
rats (other sites include the olfactory bulb and cerebellum).
Neuroanatomy of Memory encompasses a wide variety of anatomical
structures in the brain.
Why are only particular neurons involved in forming a memory?
Researchers discover the source of New Neurons in Brain's Hippocampus.
It was once believed that mammals were born with the entire supply of
neurons they would have for a lifetime. However, over the past few
decades, neuroscientists have found that at least two brain regions -- the
centers of the sense of smell and the hippocampus, the seat of learning
and memory --
grow new neurons throughout
life.
Protein Complex NCOR1/2 regulates memory and has revealed an
unexpected connection between the
lateral hypothalamus and the hippocampus.
Protein p53 regulates learning, memory, sociability in mice.
Researchers have established the
protein p53
as critical for regulating sociability, repetitive behavior, and
hippocampus-related learning and memory in mice. They observed that the
decreased p53 levels: Promoted repetitive behavior in mice. Reduced
sociability in mice. Impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory,
especially in male mice. The researchers also observed that p53 levels
were elevated after a period of active communication between hippocampal
neurons called long-term potentiation. Flexible neuron firing -- known as
plasticity -- is related to positive learning and memory outcomes.
Researchers discover new classes of RNA for learning and memory.
Researchers have discovered a new way ribonucleic acid (RNA) impacts
fear-related learning and memory. Researchers demonstrated that a
noncoding RNA known as Gas5 coordinates the trafficking and clustering of
RNA molecules inside the long processes of neurons, and orchestrating
neuronal excitability in real time that contributes to learning and
memory. This study builds on earlier findings this year which identified a
separate population of learning-related RNAs that accumulate near the
synapse -- the junction between neurons that allow them to communicate. In
that paper, published in the Journal of Neuroscience, they uncovered
several new synapse-specific RNA that harbour a specific chemical tag
called N6-methyladenosine (m6A).
Long-suspected turbocharger for memory found in brain cells of mice.
Floods of
calcium inside neurons can influence
learning. Scientists have long known that learning requires the
flow of calcium into and out of
brain cells.
But researchers have now discovered that floods of calcium originating
from within neurons can also boost learning. The finding emerged from
studies of how mice remember new places they explore. In neurons calcium
plays a dual role as a charge carrier and an
intracellular messenger. Calcium signals regulate various
developmental processes and have a key role in apoptosis, neurotransmitter
release and membrane excitability.
Key brain mechanisms for organizing memories in time. Using
experiments and a deep machine learning data analysis approach, scientists
uncovered the fundamental workings of the
hippocampus region of the brain as it organizes memories into
time sequences.
Validating the role of inhibitory interneurons in memory. To expand
the understanding of memory, a research team has developed a technology
called
LCD-eGRASP (local circuit dual-eGRASP) that can label synapses of
neural circuits within a specific brain region. The team applied this new
technology to identify the local synaptic connections between inhibitory
interneurons and engram cells, shedding light on the role of inhibitory
interneurons in memory expression.
Memory formation influenced by how brain networks develop during youth.
The study focused on communication between two regions of the brain that
play a key role in supporting memory formation. The
medial temporal lobe and
prefrontal cortex. The precise ways by
which two key memory regions in the brain communicate make us better at
forming lasting memories.
Astrocyte are characteristic
star-shaped glia cells in the brain and
spinal cord. They perform many functions, including biochemical support of
endothelial cells that form the blood–brain barrier, provision of
nutrients to the nervous tissue, maintenance of extracellular ion balance
and a role in the repair and scarring process of the brain and spinal cord
following traumatic injuries. The proportion of astrocytes in the brain is
not well defined; depending on the counting technique used, studies have
found that the astrocyte proportion varies by region and ranges from 20%
to 40% of all glia. Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes
propagate intercellular Ca2+ waves over long distances in response to
stimulation, and, similar to
neurons,
release transmitters (called gliotransmitters) in a Ca2+-dependent manner.
Data suggest that astrocytes also signal to neurons through Ca2+-dependent
release of glutamate. Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important
area of research within the field of neuroscience.
Adult astrocytes are key to learning and memory. Researchers have
discovered that astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain, play a
direct role in the regulation of adult neuronal circuits involved in
learning and memory.
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory,
learning, attention, arousal and
involuntary muscle movement. Medical conditions associated with low
acetylcholine levels include Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis.
Acetylcholine is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and
body of many types of animals, including humans, as a
neurotransmitter—a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to
other cells. Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an
ester of acetic acid and choline. Parts in the body that use or are
affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic. Substances that
interfere with acetylcholine activity are called
Anticholinergics, which is a substance that blocks the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and the peripheral nervous
system. Anticholinergics inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses by
selectively blocking the binding of the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine to its receptor in nerve cells. The
nerve fibers of the parasympathetic system are responsible for the
involuntary movement of smooth muscles present in the gastrointestinal
tract, urinary tract, lungs, and many other parts of the body.
Anticholinergics are divided into three categories in accordance with
their specific targets in the central and/or peripheral nervous system:
antimuscarinic agents, ganglionic blockers, and neuromuscular blockers.
Long-suspected turbocharger for memory found in brain cells of mice.
Floods of calcium inside neurons can influence learning. Scientists have
long known that learning requires the
flow of
calcium into and out of brain cells. But researchers have now
discovered that floods of calcium originating from within neurons can also
boost learning. The finding emerged from studies of how mice remember new
places they explore.
The mechanisms for pattern completion and pattern separation in
the hippocampus CA3 region weighs the evidence and the whole
region comes to a decision and then sends the decision out to
the rest of the brain.
Region I of Hippocampus Proper refers to the actual
structure of the hippocampus which is made up of four regions or
subfields. The subfields CA1, CA2, CA3, and CA4 use the initials of cornu
Ammonis, an earlier name of the hippocampus.
Uncinate
Fasciculus is a
white matter
tract in the human brain that connects parts of the
limbic system such as the hippocampus and
amygdala in the
temporal lobe with frontal
ones such as the orbitofrontal cortex.
Parahippocampal Gyrus is a grey matter cortical region of the brain
that surrounds the hippocampus and is part of the
limbic system. This region plays an
important role in
memory encoding and retrieval. It
has been involved in some cases of
hippocampal
sclerosis.
Neocortex -
Brain Knowledge -
Neurons
(brain)
Amygdala are two almond-shaped groups of nuclei
located deep and medially within the
temporal lobes of the brain in
complex vertebrates, including humans. Shown in research to perform a
primary role in the processing of memory, decision-making, and
emotional
reactions, the amygdalae are considered part of the
limbic system.
Gaze Detection -
Oxytocin.
Serotonin helps to speed
Learning. And around 90% of serotonin is
in the gut. You
are what you eat.
Temporal Lobe is one of the four major lobes of the
cerebral
cortex in the brain of mammals. The temporal lobe is located beneath the
lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain. The
temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived
meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory,
language
comprehension, and
emotion association.
Rhythm of Memory. Inhibited neurons set the tempo for memory
processes. Researchers have suspected for a long time that frequencies
over
30 Hertz coordinate
the synchronous cooperation of various cell networks of the brain. But how
do these signals, which are known as gamma waves, occur in several places
simultaneously? When they are roused from their rest, the surrounding
cells are receptive to certain information. Then they are stimulated to
develop a common potential for action, so that a signal can be
transmitted to other neurons. This in turn can be measured
electrophysiologically as a discharge of gamma waves. The interesting
aspect of this is that the micro-circuits do not interfere with one
another, but can store or access various information in parallel, such as
the attribute form and color of an object. This allows simultaneous,
parallel processing and the storage of information. The more we know about
the billions of nerve cells in the brain, the less their interaction
appears spontaneous and random.
Posterior
Cingulate Cortex.
Synchronized Brain
Waves:
Old Brains Come Uncoupled in Sleep: Slow Wave-Spindle Synchrony, Brain
Atrophy, and Forgetting. During deep sleep, some people could have
less coordination between two brain waves that are important to saving new
memories. When those two brain waves were perfectly coinciding, that's
when you seem to get this fantastic transfer of memory within the brain
from short term vulnerable storage sites to these more permanent, safe,
long-term storage sites. If it's 50 milliseconds
too early, or 50 milliseconds too late, this storing mechanism actually
doesn't work. People with more
atrophy,
the area of the brain involved in producing deep sleep, had less rhythm in
the brain.
Neural
Network (ai)
Neuroscientists Construct First Whole-brain Map Showing Electrical
Connections Key to Forming Memories. Alignment between brain regions
tends to strengthen with slow waves of activity but weaken at higher
frequencies. Low-frequency connectivity of a brain region was associated
with increased neural activity at that site. This suggests that, for
someone to form new memories, two functions must happen simultaneously:
brain regions must individually process a stimulus, and then those
regions must communicate with each other at
low frequencies.
Tickling the Brain with Electrical Stimulation Improves Memory.
Low-intensity electrical stimulation on the brain's
lateral temporal cortex in the regions on
the sides of the head by the temples and ears, can improve verbal
short-term memory. (Temporal Lobe).
Cognitive Load
(working memory)
A Brain wide Chemical Signal that Enhances Memory
Specific Neurons that map memories now identified in the human brain.
Neuroengineers have found the first evidence that individual neurons in
the human brain target specific memories during
recall.
Columbia biomedical engineers correlate neuronal activity in the human
entorhinal cortex.
Protein Kinase B or
AKT, is a
serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that plays a key role in multiple
cellular processes such as glucose metabolism, apoptosis, cell
proliferation, transcription and cell migration. Akt1 is involved in
cellular survival pathways, by inhibiting
apoptotic processes. Akt1 is
also able to induce
protein synthesis pathways, and is therefore a key
signaling protein in the cellular pathways that lead to skeletal muscle
hypertrophy, and general tissue growth. Akt2 is an important signaling
molecule in the insulin
signaling pathway. It is required to induce
glucose transport. The role of Akt3 is less clear, though it appears to be
predominantly expressed in the brain.
AKT has more recently been identified as a key player in promoting
"
synaptic plasticity," the brain's ability to strengthen cellular
connections in response to
experience.
DNA.
Protein Kinase C Zeta Type is thought to be responsible for
maintaining long-term memories in the brain.
Long-Lasting Brain Proteins offer clues to how Memories Last a Lifetime.
In the tiny brain space where two nerve cells meet, chemical and electric
signals shuttle back and forth, a messaging system that ebbs and flows in
those
synaptic spaces, sometimes in ways
that scientists believe aid and abet
learning and memory. But because most
of the proteins found in those synapses die and renew themselves so
rapidly, scientists have had a hard time pinning down how synapses are
stable enough to explain the kind of learning and memory that lasts a
lifetime.
164 proteins within synapses
in mice that outlast neighboring proteins by weeks and months. These
stable proteins, they say, may be part of the molecular machinery that
governs long-term memory and learning -- as well as loss of memory.
Computer Memory -
Machine Code.
Shootin1a - The missing link underlying learning and memory.
Researchers have found that dendritic spine structural
plasticity, a key process underlying
learning and memory, requires the linkage of cell adhesion molecules and
polymerizing actin by
shootin1a. Their findings suggest that the disruption of this coupling
may be a causative factor in many neurological disorders, such as autism
spectrum disorder and Alzheimer's disease, and might lead to the
identification of new drug targets for these disorders.
Changes to RNA aid the process of Learning and Memory. When the
researchers injected knockout mice with a virus carrying
Ythdf1,
their performance on memory and learning tasks improved dramatically. RNA
carries pieces of instructions encoded in DNA to coordinate the production
of proteins that will carry out the work to be done in a cell. But the
process isn't always straightforward. Chemical modifications to
DNA or RNA
can alter the way genes are expressed without changing the actual genetic
sequences. These epigenetic or epitranscriptome changes can affect many
biological processes such as immune system response, nervous system
development, various human cancers and even obesity. Most of these changes
happen through methylation, a process in which chemical molecules called
methyl groups are added to a DNA or RNA molecule. Proteins that add a
methyl group are known as "writers," and
proteins that can remove the
methyl groups are "erasers." For the methylation to have a biological
effect, there must be "reader" proteins that can identify the change and
bind to it. The most common modification on messenger RNA in mammals is
called N6-methyladenosine (m6A). It is widespread in the nervous system.
It helps coordinate several neural functions, working through reader
proteins in the YTH family of proteins. Ythdf1 is a member of the YTH
family that specifically recognizes m6A, it plays an important role in the
process of learning and memory formation. Using
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing
tools to knock out Ythdf1in mice, they demonstrated how it promotes
translation of m6A-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) in response to learning
activities and direct nerve cell stimulus.
Using Virtual Reality to Identify Brain Areas Involved in Memory.
Different areas of the hippocampus are activated for different types of
memories.
Engram -
Memory Trace -
Levels of Processing
Neurons in Brain regions that store memory can form networks in the
absence of Synaptic Activity. Results imply that assembly of neural
circuits in areas required for cognition is largely controlled by
intrinsic genetic programs that operate independently of the external
world.
Biologists 'transfer' a memory through RNA injectionReading Transforms Brain Networks
(words and thoughts)
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body Smart)
-
Spatial intelligence (3D Space Smart)
CREB
is a cellular transcription factor. It binds to certain DNA sequences
called cAMP response elements (CRE), thereby increasing or decreasing the
transcription of the genes. CREB was first described in 1987 as a cAMP-responsive
transcription factor regulating the somatostatin gene.
CAMP Response Element is the response element for CREB which
contains the highly conserved nucleotide sequence, 5'-TGACGTCA-3’. CRE
sites are typically found upstream of genes, within the promoter or
enhancer regions. There are approximately 750,000 palindromic and
half-site CREs in the human genome. However, the majority of these sites
remain unbound due to cytosine methylation which physically obstructs
protein binding.
Transcription Factor is a
protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information
from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. The
function of TFs is to regulate - turn on and off - genes in order to make
sure that they are expressed in the right cell at the right time and in
the right amount throughout the life of the cell and the organism. Groups
of TFs function in a coordinated fashion to direct cell division, cell
growth, and cell death throughout life; cell migration and organization
(body plan) during embryonic development; and intermittently in response
to signals from outside the cell, such as a hormone. There are up to 2600
TFs in the human genome. TFs work alone or with other proteins in a
complex, by promoting (as an activator), or blocking (as a repressor) the
recruitment of RNA polymerase (the enzyme that performs the transcription
of genetic information from DNA to RNA) to specific genes.
Activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases
gene transcription of a gene or set of genes. Most activators are
DNA-binding proteins that bind to enhancers or promoter-proximal elements.
Most activators function by binding sequence-specifically to a DNA site
located in or near a promoter and making protein–protein interactions with
the general transcription machinery (RNA polymerase and general
transcription factors), thereby facilitating the binding of the general
transcription machinery to the promoter. The DNA site bound by the
activator is referred to as an "activator site". The part of the activator
that makes protein–protein interactions with the general transcription
machinery is referred to as an "activating region". The part of the
general transcription machinery that makes protein–protein interactions
with the activator is referred to as an "activation target".
Repressor is a
DNA- or RNA-binding
protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to
the operator or associated silencers. A DNA-binding repressor blocks the
attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus preventing
transcription of the genes into messenger RNA. An RNA-binding repressor
binds to the mRNA and prevents translation of the mRNA into protein. This
blocking of expression is called repression.
Are memories stored as protein signatures?
Is the
Nogo Receptor-1 (NgR1) in
brain regions linked to
memory formation, storage, and the formation of lasting
memories?
Memory reconsolidation and
extinction have distinct temporal and biochemical signatures.
J Neurosci. 2004 May 19;24(20):4787-95.
Suzuki A1, Josselyn SA, Frankland PW, Masushige S, Silva AJ,
Kida S.
Signal coupling between neuron-glia super-network may lead to improved
memory formation. Scientists have revealed glial cells act as
amplifiers for synaptic signals and artificial control of the glial state
can potentially be used for enhanced memory function of the brain.
How does oxygen depletion disrupt memory formation in the brain?
Scientists identify a positive molecular feedback loop which could explain
stroke-induced memory loss. When we learn something new, our brain cells
or neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical
signals. If the same group of neurons communicate together often, the
connections between them get stronger. This process helps our brains learn
and remember things and is known as long-term potentiation or LTP. Another
type of LTP occurs when the brain is deprived of oxygen temporarily --
anoxia-induced long-term potentiationor aLTP. aLTP blocks the former
process, thereby impairing learning and memory. Therefore, some scientists
think that aLTP might be involved in memory problems seen in conditions
like stroke. Notably, the cellular processes that support aLTP are shared
by those involved in memory strengthening and learning (LTP). When aLTP is
present, it hijacks molecular activities required for LTP and removing
aLTP can rescue these memory enhancing mechanisms. This suggests that
long-lasting aLTP may obstruct memory formation, possibly explaining why
some patients have memory loss after a short stroke.
New study reveals where memories of familiar places are stored in the
brain. Researchers reveal three brain areas that bridge the brain's
perception and memory systems. Each of the brain areas involved in visual
processing are paired with a place-memory counterpart. When you look at
the location of the brain areas that process visual scenes and those that
process spatial memories, these place-memory areas literally form a bridge
between the two systems. Each of the brain areas involved in visual
processing are paired with a place-memory counterpart. The three regions
of the brain in the posterior cerebral cortex, call "place-memory areas,"
form a link between the brain's perceptual and memory systems. As we
navigate our surroundings, information enters the visual cortex and
somehow ends up as knowledge of where we are -- the question is where this
transformation into spatial knowledge occurs. We think that the
place-memory areas might be where this happens.
Memory Improving Skills - Memory Tips - Good Memory Techniques
Mnemonic is a way of
aiding the memory and
recall using
initials or letters,
or
memorable phrases,
rhymes,
acronyms,
numbers,
colors, or other forms of
information that makes remembering easier. Mnemonics make use of elaborative encoding, retrieval cues, and
imagery as specific tools to encode any given information in a way that
allows for efficient
storage and
retrieval. Mnemonics aid original
information in becoming associated with something more accessible or
meaningful—which, in turn, provides better retention of the information.
Mnemonics can be used for other types of information and in
visual or kinesthetic
forms. Their use is based on the observation that the human mind more
easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual,
humorous, or otherwise "relatable" information, rather than more abstract
or impersonal forms of information.
Mnemonics is any
learning technique that
aids information
retention in the human memory.
Brain Areas.
"There should be a memory trick for
remembering memory tricks."
Brain Maintenance -
Learning Styles -
Mantra -
Word Games -
Memorization -
Location Effect -
Listening
-
Memory Flaws
Acronyms is a word or name formed as an abbreviation
from the initial components in a phrase or a word, usually individual
letters.
EGBDF Every
Good
Boy
Does
Fine,
Every Good Boy Deserves Favour or Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge.
Acrostics
is a poem or other form of writing in which the first letter or
syllable, or word of each line or paragraph, or other recurring feature
in the text, spells out a word, message or the alphabet.
Acrostics.
One Key to Remembering Someone's Name is making a connection
or
visual
association between their name
and something that you can easily remember. To get an individual's name to
go hand in hand with their face is to say their name aloud in
conversation. Another way of remembering peoples names is to visualizing
their names written across their foreheads after being introduced.
Chunking
in psychology is a process by which individual pieces of information are
bound together into a
meaningful whole. Break things down into
more Manageable Chunks.
Loci is a method of memory enhancement which uses
visualizations with the use of
spatial memory,
familiar information about one's environment, to quickly and efficiently
recall information.
Imagine yourself walking
through your
Memory Palace and telling a
Story as you go from room to room
or go from place to place, with each area you visit having a unique
memory.
Mnemonic Peg System is a memory aid that works by creating
mental associations between two concrete objects in a one-to-one fashion
that will later be applied to to-be-remembered information. Typically this
involves
linking nouns to numbers and it is common practice to choose a
noun that rhymes with the number it is associated with. These will be the
pegs of the system. These associations have to be memorized one time and
can be applied repeatedly to new information that needs to be memorize.
Imagining an action-consequence relationship can boost memory. The
next time you hear about the possibility of rain on the weather forecast,
try imagining the umbrella tip being lodged in your home's door lock,
blocking you from locking it. This mental exercise could prevent you
from leaving home without an umbrella.
Best way to memorize stuff can depend on what you're trying to
remember. Researchers found that spaced learning
benefited item memory, but they also found that memory was better for the
items that had been paired with different scenes compared with those shown
with the same scene each time. For example, if you want to remember a new
person's name, repeating the name but associating it with different
information about the person can actually be helpful.
Encoding
allows the perceived item of use or
interest to be converted into a
construct that can be stored within the brain and recalled later from
short-term or long-term memory. Working memory stores information for
immediate use or manipulation which is aided through
hooking onto
previously archived items already present in the long-term memory of an
individual.
Encoding Strategies:
Segmentation or chunking, is the act of breaking information down into
manageable segments and delivering them in short bursts. Mnemonic Devices.
Peg Word System And Method Of Loci. Self-Referencing And The Teaching
Effect. Priming. Context. State-Dependent Memory.
Generation
Effect is a phenomenon where information is better remembered if it is
generated from one's own mind
rather
than simply read. Generation Effect is actively producing material
during encoding acts to improve later memory performance. Researchers have
struggled to account for why the generated information is better recalled
than read information, but no single explanation has been sufficient.
Comprehension.
Memory Improvement Resources:
Memory Techniques
-
Methods for improving Memory -
Memory Improvement Tips -
Memorizing like the Pros -
Memoryzine -
Memory Key -
Memory Techniques -
Memory Improvement Course -
Memory Improvement (amazon) -
Cognitive Fun
How To Improve Your Memory (youtube)
Joshua Foer: Feats of Memory anyone
can do (youtube) -
Memory Tips (PDF)
Phonics (reading) -
Sleep Learning
Retrieval Practice
-
Long Term Memory
Visual Cortex -
Sight -
Spatial Intelligence
-
Information Visualization
-
Mind Maps
Free
Recall is a common task in the psychological study of memory. In this
task, participants study a list of items on each trial, and then are
prompted to recall the items in any order. Items are usually presented one
at a time for a short duration, and can be any of a number of nameable
materials, although traditionally, words from a larger set are chosen. The
recall period typically lasts a few minutes, and can involve spoken or
written recall. The standard test involves the recall period starting
immediately after the final list item; this can be referred to as
immediate free recall (IFR) to distinguish it from delayed free recall
(DFR). In delayed free recall, there is a short distraction period between
the final list item and the start of the recall period. Both IFR and DFR
have been used to test certain effects that appear during recall tests,
such as the primacy effect and recency effect.
Simple fragrance method produces major memory boost. Research into
aromas while sleeping sparks 226%
cognitive increase. When a fragrance wafted through the bedrooms of older
adults for two hours every night for six months,
memories skyrocketed. Participants in this study reaped a 226%
increase in cognitive capacity compared to the control group. The
researchers say the finding transforms the long-known tie between smell
and memory into an easy, non-invasive technique for strengthening memory
and potentially deterring
dementia.
Imaging revealed better integrity in the brain pathway called the left
uncinate fasciculus. This pathway, which connects the medial temporal
lobe to the decision-making prefrontal cortex, becomes less robust with
age. Participants also reported sleeping more soundly. Scientists have
long known that the loss of olfactory capacity, or
ability to smell, can predict
development of nearly 70 neurological and psychiatric diseases.
Researchers have previously found that exposing people with moderate
dementia to up to
40 different odors twice a day
over a period of time boosted their memories and language skills, eased
depression and improved their olfactory capacities.
Aroma-Therapy.
Sleep improves ability to recall complex events. Sleep helps
consolidate our memory of complex
associations, thus supporting the ability to complete memories of whole
events.
Sense of purpose associated with better memory. A new study showed a
link between an individual's sense of purpose and their ability to recall
vivid details. The researchers found that while both a
sense of purpose and cognitive
function made memories easier to recall, only a sense of purpose bestowed
the benefits of vividness and coherence.
As we age, some memory
functions, such as vocabulary and long-term memory, continually sharpen,
just as long as you
stay mentally
active.
Forgetting is natural, but
learning how
to learn can slow it down. After reviewing more than 100 years of
research on learning, authors of a new paper say combining two strategies
--
spacing and retrieval practice -- is
key to success.
Mnemonist refers to an individual with the ability to
remember and recall unusually long lists of data, such as unfamiliar
names, lists of numbers, entries in books, etc.
A robot that helps people with mild cognitive impairment. CARMEN
teaches strategies to help improve memory and executive function. CARMEN
is short for
Cognitively Assistive Robot for
Motivation and Neurorehabilitation -- a small, tabletop robot
designed to help people with mild cognitive impairment learn skills to
improve memory, attention, and executive functioning at home.
Young cerebrospinal fluid improves memory in old mice. The infusion of
spinal fluid from young mice reversed the memory loss typically seen in
aging animals.
Memory Consolidation
Memory Consolidation
is a
category of processes that
stabilize a memory trace after
its initial acquisition. Consolidation is distinguished into two specific
processes, synaptic consolidation, which is synonymous with
late-phase
long-term potentiation and occurs within the
first few hours after
learning, and systems
consolidation, where
hippocampus-dependent memories
become independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years.
Recently, a third process has become the focus of research,
reconsolidation, in which previously-consolidated memories can be made
labile again through reactivation of the
memory
trace.
Organize.
The brain creates three copies for a single memory. A new study
reveals that the memory for a specific experience is stored in multiple
parallel 'copies'. These are preserved
for varying durations, modified to certain degrees, and sometimes deleted
over time. The ability to turn experiences into memories allows us to
learn from the past and use what we
learned as a model to respond appropriately to new situations. For this
reason, as the world around us changes, this memory model cannot simply be
a fixed archive of the good old days. Rather, it must be dynamic,
changing over time and adapting to new
circumstances to better help us predict the future and select the best
course of action. How the brain could regulate a memory's dynamics was a
mystery -- until multiple memory copies were discovered.
Memorization is the process of committing something to
memory. Mental process undertaken in order to store in memory for later
recall items such as experiences, names, appointments, addresses,
telephone numbers, lists, stories, poems, pictures, maps, diagrams, facts,
music or other visual, auditory, or tactical information.
Memorizing is to commit something to memory
or to learn something by heart.
Beauty.
Mnemonic Major System is a mnemonic technique used to aid in
memorizing numbers. The system works by converting numbers into consonant
sounds, then into words by adding vowels. The system works on the
principle that images can be remembered more easily than numbers.
Number Associations.
Memory Champion
Teaches You How to Memorize Anything (youtube)
The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between
Genes and Synapses
-
Hypnosis
The Great Forgetting To Refresh My Memory or
to Refresh Someone else's Memory is to help someone remember a moment in
time by giving them the details of the event in order to help
Jog their Memory and help them to recall the event more clearly.
Spaced Repetition
Always review what you have learned
10 minutes after learning, 1
day after learning, 1 week after learning, 1 month after
learning and 6 months after learning. People who are
given information and then tell someone about it immediately,
recall the
details better and longer by telling someone the particulars of what they
have learned, as opposed to just simply re-reading the textbook or class
notes and studying it again later.
Reviewing and replaying what you have learned
strengthens memories.
Writing out some questions for yourself about the information, then later
answering them yourself, you are more likely to remember the information.
Visual cue's also
improve memories.
Routines - Retrieval Based
Learning.
Spaced Repetition is a
learning technique that incorporates
increasing intervals of time between subsequent review of previously
learned material in order to exploit the psychological spacing effect.
Alternative names include
spaced rehearsal, expanding rehearsal, graduated
intervals, repetition spacing,
repetition scheduling, spaced retrieval and
expanded retrieval.
Episodic Memory -
Forgetting.
Spacing Effect is the phenomenon whereby learning is greater
when studying is spread out over time, as opposed to studying the same
amount of content in a single session. That is, it is better to use
spaced presentation rather
than massed presentation. Practically, this effect suggests that "
cramming"
(intense, last-minute studying) the night before an exam is not likely to
be as effective as studying at intervals in a longer time frame. Important
to note, however, is that the benefit of
spaced presentations does not
appear at short retention intervals, in which massed presentations tend to
lead to better memory performance. This effect is a desirable difficulty;
it challenges the learner but leads to better learning in the long-run.
Remember more by taking breaks. Longer breaks during learning lead to
more stable activation patterns in the brain. We remember things longer if
we take breaks during learning, referred to as the spacing effect.
Scientists gained deeper insight into the neuronal basis for this
phenomenon in mice. With longer intervals between learning repetitions,
mice reuse more of the same neurons as before -- instead of activating
different ones. Possibly, this allows the neuronal connections to
strengthen with each learning event, such that knowledge is stored for a
longer time.
N-Back task is a continuous performance task that is commonly used as an
assessment in
cognitive neuroscience to measure a part of working memory
and working memory capacity. The subject is presented with a sequence of
stimuli, and the task consists of indicating when the current
stimulus
matches the one from n steps earlier in the sequence. The load factor n
can be adjusted to make the task more or less difficult. To clarify, the
visual n-back test is similar to the classic memory game of "
Concentration".
However, instead of different items that are in a fixed location on the
game board, there is only one item, that appears in different positions on
the game board during each turn. "1-N" means that you have to remember the
position of the item, one turn back. "2-N" means that you have to remember
the position of the item two turns back, and so on.
Dual n-Back dual-task paradigm is when two
independent
sequences are presented
simultaneously, typically using
different modalities of stimuli, such as one auditory and one visual. The
"dual n-back" is a memory sequence test in which people must remember a
constantly updating sequence of visual and auditory stimuli. but instead
of just recalling sounds and colors, you have to remember the current
sequence and the one a few rounds back.
Dual-Task
Paradigm is a procedure in experimental (neuro) psychology that
requires an individual to
perform two tasks
simultaneously, in order to compare performance with single-task
conditions. When performance scores on one and/or both tasks are lower
when they are done
simultaneously compared to separately, these two tasks
interfere with each other, and it is assumed that both tasks compete for
the same class of information processing resources in the brain. For
instance, reciting poetry while riding a bike are two tasks that can be
performed just as well separately as simultaneously. However, reciting
poetry while writing an essay should deteriorate performance on at least
one of these two tasks, because they interfere with each other. The
interpretation of dual-task paradigms follows the view that human
processing resources are limited and shareable and that they can be
subdivided into several classes.
Eideticapp -
Graduated
Interval Recall (youtube)
Practice is to
Perform an activity or exercise a
Skill repeatedly or
regularly in order to improve or maintain one's
Proficiency.
10,000 Hour Rule
-
Rote Learning -
Ear Worms (music)
Memorizing pi doesn’t have to be done through numbers—it can
also be done through words. This sentence "How I wish I could
calculate pi" gives you pi to seven places. Just count the
number of letters in each word—3, 1, 4, 1, 5…—and you get
3.141592. World record holder
Chao Lu has recited it to
67,890 digits without an error. Sasha Volokh composed a
passage that takes pi out to 167 digits. Mike Keith’s Cadaeic
Cadenza takes it out to nearly 4000 digits (the last line is “I
end, whispering ad infinitums").
Super-Sized Memory is Trainable and Long Lasting. The ability to perform astonishing feats of memory, such as remembering
lists of several dozen words, can be learned, researchers report. After 40
days using a strategic memory improvement technique, individuals who had
typical memory skills at the start and no previous memory training more
than doubled their memory capacity, going from recalling an average of 26
words from a list of 72 to remembering 62. Four months later, recall
performance remained high.
Training and Plasticity of Working Memory. Working memory (WM)
capacity predicts performance in a wide range of cognitive tasks. Although
WM capacity has been viewed as a constant trait, recent studies suggest
that it can be improved by adaptive and extended training. This training
is associated with changes in brain activity in frontal and parietal
cortex and basal ganglia, as well as changes in dopamine receptor
density. Transfer of the training effects to non-trained WM tasks is
consistent with the notion of training-induced plasticity in a common
neural network for WM. The observed training effects suggest that WM
training could be used as a remediating intervention for individuals for
whom low WM capacity is a limiting factor for academic performance or in
everyday life.
Keeping Your Memory Sharp (youtube)
-
Hermann Ebbinghaus (wiki)
One-month worth of memory training results in 30 minutes. A new study
shows that when participants are taught an effective strategy for a
working memory training task, they quickly improve their performance in
the same way as those who have undergone typical working memory training
without strategy instructions for a month or longer. The significance of
strategies was evident also in the controls who did not receive any
strategy advice: use of self-generated strategies was associated with
better working memory task performance at post-test.
Attention Restoration Theory
(focus) -
Flash Cards
-
Contests
If you are going to do memory
building exercises and memory tests then use things that are
relevant to you and your life.
Use relevant numbers and make a
puzzle that means something.
Brain Games (education toys)
Testing Effect
is the finding that
long-term memory is increased
when some of the
learning period is
devoted to retrieving the to-be-remembered information through
testing with proper feedback. The
effect is also sometimes referred to as retrieval practice, practice
testing, or test-enhanced learning.
Memory Improvement
Tips -
Processing Speed.
Quizzes improve academic performance. Students who are quizzed over
class material at least once a week tend to perform better on midterm and
final exams compared to students who did not take quizzes, according to a
new meta-analysis. The researchers found in addition to frequency,
immediate feedback from instructors also seemed to positively impact student performance.
Location Effect - State-Dependent Memory
Location Effect is when you sometimes have to return
to the room where you were thinking of something in order to
remember
what your were thinking about. Walking through a doorway sometimes causes
forgetting.
Doorway Effect is the way our
memory sometimes changes when we enter a new room. Sometimes our memories
can be tied to a
particular place and
time. Memories can come
flooding back when we
visit places from your past.
Recognition Memory
is a subcategory of declarative memory. Essentially, recognition memory is
the ability to recognize previously encountered events, objects, or
people. When the previously experienced event is re-experienced, this
environmental content is matched to
stored memory representations,
eliciting matching signals.
Cue-Dependent Forgetting is the failure to recall information without
memory cues. The term either pertains to semantic cues, state-dependent
cues or context-dependent cues.
Triggers.
Memory Cue is any type of
stimulus that helps to
jog your memory or help you
recall information that is stored in your memory.
Semantic Cues refer to the meaning in
language that assists in
comprehending texts, including words, speech,
signs, symbols, and other meaning-bearing forms. Semantic
cues involve the
learners' prior knowledge of language, text, and visual media, and their
prior life experiences.
State-Dependent
Cues are governed by the state of mind and being at the time of
encoding. The emotional or
mental state of the person, such as being
inebriated, drugged, upset, anxious or happy are key
cues.
Context-Dependent Memory is the phenomenon
of the environmental reinstatement effect. This effect occurs when the
reinstatement or revisiting of an environmental
context acts as a
cues for
past memories related to that particular environmental context.
Context-Dependent Memory is the improved
recall of specific episodes
or information when the
context present at encoding and
retrieval are the same.
Reinstatement
effects refers to a better memory when the learning environment is
reinstated during a test, than when testing occurs in a different
environment.
Encoding Specificity Principle is the general principle that matching
the encoding contexts of information at recall assists in the retrieval of
episodic memories. It provides a framework for understanding how the
conditions present while encoding information relate to memory and recall
of that information.
Recency Effect
is the tendency to remember the most recently presented information best.
For example, if you are trying to memorize a list of items, the recency
effect means you are more likely to recall the items from the list that
you studied last.
The Influence of Location and Visual Features on Visual Object Memory.
Sensory Cues is a statistic or signal that can be extracted
from the
sensory input by a perceiver, that indicates the state of some
property of the world that the perceiver is interested in perceiving.
Cicero is a
mnemonic technique, based off of the method of
loci, which allows memorization of
sequential information.
State-Dependent Memory is the phenomenon through which memory
retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the
same state of
consciousness as they were when the memory was formed. The term is often
used to describe memory retrieval while in states of consciousness
produced by psychoactive drugs – most commonly, alcohol, but has
implications for mood or non-substance induced states of consciousness as
well.
When remembering the details of an event, some
people remember more details when they close their eyes.
Shower Effect is when ideas and memories are triggered by an
event, like when taking a warm shower, exercising or driving. Things that
make us feel good and relaxed can give us an increased dopamine flow,
which can increase the chances of having good ideas.
Breathing.
Events serve as 'stepping stones' en route to retrieved memories. Lost
your keys again? You might retrace your steps by scanning your memory
using certain event boundaries -- when one event ends (say, walking in the
door with your keys) and another begins (checking your phone, turning on
the TV). One solution to this frustratingly common scenario is to retrace
your steps. This can be done by physically moving through the space where
you suspect your elusive keychain is hiding or, as explored in recent
research in Psychological Science, scanning your memory to find them.
Humans structure memories of these kinds of continuous experiences using
event boundaries.
Artists showed lower activity in part of
their frontal lobes called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during
improvisation, and increased activity in another area, called the medial
prefrontal cortex. The areas that were found to be ‘deactivated’ are
associated with regulating other brain functions.
Sleeping and Memory
Sleep and Memory is the
cognitive process whereby
experiences,
learning and recognition are recalled. Memory "formation" is
a product of
brain plasticity, the structural changes within synapses that
create associations between
stimuli. Stimuli are encoded within
milliseconds; however, the long-term maintenance of memories can take
additional minutes, days, or even years to fully consolidate and become a
stable memory (
more resistant to change or interference). Therefore, the
formation of a specific memory occurs rapidly, but the evolution of a
memory is often an ongoing process. Memory processes have been shown to be
stabilized and enhanced (sped up and/or integrated) by nocturnal sleep and
even daytime naps.
Certain sleep stages are noted to improve an
individual's memory, although this is task specific. Generally,
declarative memories are enhanced by slow-wave sleep, while
non-declarative memories are enhanced by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep,
although there are some inconsistencies among experimental results.
Sleep progresses in a cyclical fashion through
five stages. Four of these stages are collectively referred to as
non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep whereas the last cycle is a rapid eye
movement period. A cycle takes approximately 90–110 minutes to complete.
Wakefulness is found through EEG measures to be characterized by beta
waves which are the highest in frequency and lowest in amplitude and tend
to move inconsistently due to the vast amount of stimuli a person
encounters while awake. Pre-sleep is the period of decreased perceptual
awareness where brain activity is characterized by
alpha waves which are more
rhythmic, higher in amplitude and lower in frequency compared to
beta waves. Stage one is
characterized by light sleep and lasts roughly 10 minutes. Brain waves
gradually transition to theta waves. Stage two also contains
theta waves; however,
random short bursts of increased frequency called sleep spindles are a
defining characteristic of this stage. Stage three and four are very
similar and together are considered to be "deep sleep". In these stages
brain activity transitions to delta waves which are the lowest in
frequency and highest in amplitude. These two stages combined are also
called
Slow wave sleep (SWS). Stage
five, REM sleep, is one of the most interesting stages as brain wave
patterns are similar to those seen in relaxed wakefulness. This is
referred to as "active sleep" and is the period when most dreaming occurs.
REM sleep is also thought to play a role in the cognitive development of
infants and children as they spend much more of their sleep in REM periods
opposed to adults. During the first half of the night, the largest portion
of sleep is spent as SWS, but as the night progresses SWS stages decrease
in length while REM stages increase.
Stabilization
vs. enhancement. Stabilization of a memory is the anchoring of a
memory in place, in which a weak connection is established. Stabilization
of procedural memories can even occur during waking hours, suggesting that
specific non-declarative tasks are enhanced in the absence of sleep. When
memories are said to be enhanced, however, the connection is strengthened
by rehearsal as well as connecting it to other related memories thereby
making the retrieval more efficient. Whereas stabilization of
non-declarative memories can be seen to occur during a wakeful state,
enhancement of these sensory and motor memories has most been found to
occur during nocturnal sleep. Brain activity that occurs during sleep is
assessed in two ways: Use-dependency, and Experience-dependency.
Use-dependent brain activity is a result of the neuronal usage that
occurred during the previous waking hours. Essentially it is neuronal
regeneration, activity that occurs whether you have learnt anything new or
not. Experience-dependent brain activity is a result of a new situation,
environment, or learned task or fact that has taken place in the pre-sleep
period. This is the type of brain activity that denotes memory
consolidation/enhancement.
Methods of measuring
memory. Behavioral measures. A self-ordered pointing task is a task
of memory where a participant is presented with a number of images (or
words) which are arranged on a display. Several trials are presented, each
with a different arrangement and containing some of the previous words or
images. The task for the participant is to point to a word or image they
had not previously pointed to in other trials. In a recency discrimination
task participants are shown two trials of image presentation and then a
third trial containing a mixture of images from the first and second
trial. Their task is to determine whether the image was from the most
recent presentation or the previous one. In a route retrieval task spatial
learning occurs where a participant virtual tours a particular place (such
as a town or maze). Participants are asked to virtually tour the same
thing at a later time while brain imaging is used to measure activity. A
paired word associative task consists of two phases. During the first
phase (acquisition), the responses of the paired-associate task are
learned and become recallable. In the second phase (associative phase),
the subject learns to pair each response to a separate stimulus. For
example, a visual cue would provide information as to what words must be
recalled after the stimulus and words are removed. In a mirror tracing
task participants are asked to trace several figures as fast and as
accurately as possible which they can only see in a mirror. Speed is
recorded as well as how much they deviate from the original image
(accuracy). In the Morris water maze task rats are used to test their
spatial learning in two kinds of conditions: spatial and nonspatial. In
the spatial condition, a platform is hidden by using murky water and in
the nonspatial condition, the platform is visible. The spatial condition
the rat must rely on their spatial memory to find the platform whereas the
nonspatial condition is used for comparison purposes. A rat undergoing a
Morris water navigation test. The serial reaction time task (SRT task) is
a task whereby subjects face a computer screen where several markers are
displayed that are spatially related to relevant markers on their
keyboard. The subjects are asked to react as fast and accurately as
possible to the appearance of a stimulus below one of the markers.
Subjects can be trained on the task with either explicit instructions
(e.g. there are colour sequences presented which must be learned) or
implicit ones (e.g. the experimentor does not mention colour sequences,
thus leaving the subjects to believe that they are taking place in a speed
test). When this task is used in sleep studies, after a time delay,
subjects are tested for retention. In the reach-to-grasp task rodents
learned a skilled forelimb task. Sleep improved movement speed with
preservation of accuracy. These offline improvements were linked to both
replay of task-related ensembles during non-rapid eye movement (NREM)
sleep and temporal shifts that more tightly bound motor cortical ensembles
to movements. In a neuroprosthetic task rodents trained to perform a
simple brain–machine interface task in which the activity of a set of
motor cortical units was used to control a mechanical arm attached to a
feeding spout. After successful learning, task-related units specifically
experienced increased locking and coherency to slow-wave activity (SWA)
during sleep. The time spent in SWA predicted the performance gains upon
awakening. In a block tapping task participants are asked to type a
sequence of five numbers with their dominant or non-dominant hand
(specified in experiment), for an allotted period of time, followed by a
rest period. A number of these trials occur and the computer records the
number of sequences completed to assess speed and the error rate to assess
accuracy. A finger tapping test is commonly used when a pure motor task is
needed. A finger tapping test requires subjects to continuously press four
keys (typically numerical keys) on a keypad with their nondominant hand in
a sequence, such as 4-3-1-2-4, for a given amount of time. Testing is done
by determining the number of errors made.
Temporal
memory. Temporal memory consists of remembering when a specific
memory has occurred. Measure the brain's response to verbal learning
following sleep deprivation. An fMRI recorded brain activity during a
verbal learning task of participants either having a normal night of sleep
or those deprived of 34.7 (± 1.2) hours of sleep. The task alternated
between a baseline condition of determining whether nouns were upper or
lower case and an experimental condition of memorizing a list of nouns.
The results of the study indicate that performance is significantly worse
on free recall of the list of nouns when sleep deprived (an average of 2.8
± 2 words) compared to having a normal night of sleep (4.7 ± 4 words). In
terms of brain regions activated, the left prefrontal cortex, premotor
cortex, and temporal lobes were found to be activated during the task in
the rested state and discrete regions of the prefrontal cortex were even
more activated during the task in the sleep deprived state. As well, the
bilateral parietal lobe, left middle frontal gyrus, and right interior
frontal gyrus were found to be activated for those sleep deprived. The
implication of these findings are that the brain can initially compensate
for the effects of sleep deprivation while maintaining partially intact
performance, which declines with an increasing time-on-task. This initial
compensation may be found in the bilateral regions of both frontal and
parietal lobes and the activation of the prefrontal cortex is
significantly correlated with sleepiness.
Cognitive performance. Cerebral activation during performance on
three cognitive tasks (verbal learning, arithmetic, and divided attention)
were compared after both normal sleep and 35 hours of total sleep
deprivation (TSD) in a study by Drummond and Brown. Use of fMRI measured
these differences in the brain.
Slow wave
sleep (SWS) has been often associated with successful performance in
declarative memory recall tasks. For example, declarative and procedural
memory recall tasks applied over early and late nocturnal sleep, as well
as wakefulness controlled conditions, have been shown that declarative
memory improves more during early sleep (dominated by SWS) while
procedural memory during late sleep (dominated by REM sleep). Based on
targeted memory reactivation (TMR) that use associated memory cues for
triggering memory traces during sleep, recent studies have been reassuring
the importance of nocturnal SWS for the formation of persistent memories
in neocortical networks, as well as highlighting the possibility of
increasing people’s memory performance at declarative recalls. Increased
slow activity and sleep time spent in SWS have been also related to better
performance in implicit learning. The brain is an ever-changing, plastic,
model of information sharing and processing. In order for the brain to
incorporate new experiences into a refined schema it has to undergo
specific modifications to consolidate and assimilate all new information.
Synaptic plasticity can be described as the changing in strength between
two related neurons. Neuroplasticity is most clearly seen in the instances
of REM sleep deprivation during brain maturation. Regional
brain measurements in neo-natal REM sleep
deprived rats displayed a significant size reduction in areas such as the
cerebral cortex and the brain stem. The rats were deprived during critical
periods after birth and thus anatomical size reduction is observed. Using
a pursuit task (used to test visuomotor capabilities) in combination with
an fMRI, Maquet et al., 2003, found that increases in activation were seen
in the supplementary eye field and right dentate nucleus of subjects who
were allowed to sleep as compared to sleep deprived individuals. The right
superior temporal sulcus was also noticed to have higher activation
levels. When functional connectivity was analyzed it was found that the
dentate nucleus was more closely involved with the functions of the
superior temporal sulcus. The results suggest that performance on the
pursuit task relies on the subject's ability to comprehend appropriate
movement patterns in order for recreation of the optimal movements. Sleep
deprivation was found to interrupt the slow processes that lead to
learning of this procedural skill and alter connectivity changes that
would have normally been seen after a night of rest. Neuroplasticity has
been thoroughly researched over the past few decades and results have
shown that significant changes that occur in our cortical processing areas
have the power to modulate neuronal firing to both new and previously
experienced stimuli.
Neurotransmitter regulation.
The changes in quantity of a certain neurotransmitter as well as how the
post-synaptic terminal responds to this change are underlying mechanisms
of brain plasticity. During sleep there are remarkable changes in
modulatory neurotransmitters throughout the brain. Acetylcholine is an
excitatory neurotransmitter that is seen to increase to near waking levels
during REM sleep while compared to lower levels during slow-wave sleep.
Evidence has shown that functioning of the hippocampus dependent memory
system (episodic memory and
autobiographical
memory) is directly affected by cholinergic changes throughout the
wake-sleep cycle. High levels of ACh would promote information attained
during wakefulness to be stored in the hippocampus. This is accomplished
by suppressing previous excitatory connections while facilitating encoding
without interference from previously stored information. During NREM
sleep, and especially slow-wave sleep, low levels of Ach would cause the
release of this suppression and allow for spontaneous recovery of
hippocampal neurons resulting in the facilitation of memory consolidation.
Gene expression. Recently, approximately
one hundred genes whose brain expression is increased during periods of
sleep have been found. A similar number of genes were found to promote
gene expression during wakefulness. These sets of genes are related to
different functional groups which may promote different cellular
processes. The genes expressed during wakefulness may perform numerous
duties including energy allocation, synaptic excitatory neurotransmission,
high transcriptional activity and synaptic potentiation in learning of new
information. There was a sleep related increase in processes that involve
the synthesis and maintenance of the synapse. Such processes include
membrane trafficking, synaptic vesicle recycling, myelin structural
protein formation, and cholesterol and protein synthesis. In a different
study it was found that there was a sleep related increase in calmodulin-dependent
protein kinase IV that has been specifically involved in synaptic
depression and in the consolidation of long-term memory. These findings
encourage an association between sleep and different aspects of neural
plasticity. Much like motor skills learning, verbal skills learning
increased after a daytime nap period. Shift workers who work throughout
the night have been known to have far more accidents as opposed to daytime
workers. The positive correlation between sleep and memory breaks down
with aging. In general, older adults suffer from decreased sleep
efficiency. The amount of time and density of REM sleep and SWS decreases
with age. Consequently, it is common that the elderly receive no increase
in memory after a period of rest. Patients with Alzheimer's disease
experience more sleep disruption than the healthy elderly. Studies have
shown that in patients with Alzheimer's disease, there is a decrease in
fast spindles. It has also been reported that spindle density the night
before a memory test correlate positively with accuracy on an immediate
recall task. A positive correlation between time spent in SWS and next day
autobiographical memory recall has also been reported in Alzheimer's
patients.
Physical Exercise
Improves Memory -
Brain
Foods -
Smart
Drugs
Sleeping (Knowledge) -
Awareness
(perception) -
Theories
and Processes
Memory
Vulnerabilities (false memories) -
Information Overload
Learning
Methods -
10,000 Hours
Evidence that human brains replay our waking experiences while we sleep.
When we fall asleep, our brains are not merely offline, they're busy
organizing new memories -- and now, scientists have gotten a glimpse of
the process. Researchers report the first direct evidence that human
brains replay waking experiences while asleep, seen in the brains of two
participants who had been implanted with microelectrode arrays as part of
a brain-computer interface pilot clinical trial.
Sleep Learning
Sleep-Learning is an attempt to convey information to a
sleeping
person, typically by playing a sound recording to them while they sleep.
Sleeping is important to
Learning -
Learning Styles -
Mantras before Sleep -
Hypnosis -
Memory Consolidation
Sometimes if you learn something right before go to sleep, you can improve
your memory of that particular information. So there might be a particular
phase of sleep that will allow you to take in certain auditory
information.
Learning New Vocabulary during Deep Sleep. Researchers showed that we
can acquire the
vocabulary of
a new language during distinct phases of slow-wave sleep and that the
sleep-learned vocabulary could be retrieved
unconsciously
following waking. Memory formation appeared to be mediated by the same
brain structures that also mediate wake vocabulary learning. Wake-learned information undergoing a recapitulation by replay in the
sleeping brain. The replay during sleep strengthens the still fragile
memory traces und embeds the newly acquired information in the preexisting
store of knowledge. Not all memory formation requires consciousness.
Learning Styles.
How do we learn? Neuroscientists pinpoint how memories are likely to
be stored in the brain. What is the mechanism that allows our brains to
incorporate new information about the world, and form memories? New work
by a team of neuroscientists shows that learning occurs through the
continuous formation of new connectivity patterns between specific
engram cells in different regions of the brain.
Memory
engram cells are groups of brain cells that,
activated by specific experiences, change themselves to incorporate and
thereby hold information in our brain. Reactivation of these 'building
blocks' of memories triggers the
recall of the
specific experiences associated to them.
Studies uncover the critical role of sleep in the formation of memories.
Sleep -- or a lack thereof -- has a dramatic effect on neurons in the
hippocampus. A
lack of sleep can make it
extraordinarily difficult to retain information. Two new studies uncover
why this is and what is happening inside the brain during sleep and sleep
deprivation to help or harm the formation of memories.
Sound Stimulation at low intensities
during
Slow-Wave Sleep,
synchronized to the rhythm of the slow brain oscillations of
people who are
Sleeping, enhances and boosts their
memory.
Meditation.
Sound waves boost older adults'
memory, deep sleep.
Pink
Noise synced to brain waves deepens sleep and triples memory scores in
older adults. Pink Noise is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum
such that the power spectral density (energy or power per frequency
interval) is inversely proportional to the frequency of the signal. In
pink noise, each octave (halving/doubling in frequency) carries an equal
amount of noise energy. The name arises from the pink appearance of
visible light with this power spectrum. Within the scientific literature
the term pink noise is sometimes used a little more loosely to refer to
any noise with a power spectral density of the form
where f is frequency, and 0 < α < 2, with exponent α usually close to 1.
These pink-like noises occur widely in nature and are a source of
considerable interest in many fields. The distinction between the noises
with α near 1 and those with a broad range of α approximately corresponds
to a much more basic distinction. The former (narrow sense) generally come
from condensed-matter systems in quasi-equilibrium, as discussed below.
The latter (broader sense) generally correspond to a wide range of
non-equilibrium driven dynamical systems. The term flicker noise is
sometimes used to refer to pink noise, although this is more properly
applied only to its occurrence in electronic devices. Mandelbrot and Van
Ness proposed the name fractional noise (sometimes since called fractal
noise) to emphasize that the exponent of the power spectrum could take
non-integer values and be closely related to fractional Brownian motion,
but the term is very rarely used.
Hypnagogia
-
Learning and Sleep.
Auditory Closed-Loop Stimulation of the Sleep Slow Oscillation
Enhances Memory.
Can
chewing the same flavored gum while studying for an exam, and
then while taking the exam, increase memory performance?
Superior
Memory and Higher Cortical Volumes in Unusually Successful
Cognitive Aging -
The Brain
UNF Researchers Show Running Barefoot Improves Working Memory
-
Memory
Techniques
Brain
Maintenance (maintaining your internal memory bank)
-
Brain
Food
External Memory
Devices (off loading)
Senstone records your thoughts on the go. Just tap, speak and your
ideas turn into organized text notes.
Memory Contests
World Memory Championships is an organized competition of
memory sports in which competitors memorize
as much information as possible within a given period of time.
Memory Contest -
Memory Challenge.
Memory Sport is sometimes referred to as competitive memory or the
mind sport of memory, refers to competitions in which participants attempt
to
memorize then
recall
different forms of information, under certain guidelines. The sport has
been formally developed since 1991 and features national and international
championships. The primary worldwide organizational bodies are the IAM (
International
Association of Memory) and WMSC (World Memory Sports Council).
Memory
Sports.
Recall Test is a
test of memory in which
participants are presented with stimuli and then, after a delay, are asked
to remember as many of the stimuli as possible. Memory performance can be
indicated by measuring the percentage of stimuli the participant was able
to recall. An example of this would be studying a list of 10 words and
later recalling 5 of them. This is a 50 percent recall. Participants'
responses also may be analyzed to determine if there is a pattern in the
way items are being recalled from memory. For example, if participants are
given a list consisting of types of vegetables and types of fruit, their
recall can be assessed to determine whether they grouped vegetables
together and fruits together. Recall is also involved when a person is
asked to recollect life events, such as graduating high school, or to
recall facts they have learned, such as the capital of Florida.
Concentration Game is a card game in which
all of the cards are laid face down on a surface and two cards are flipped
face up over each turn. The object of the game is to turn over pairs of
matching cards.
Concentration can be played with any number of players or
as solitaire. It is a particularly good game for young children, though
adults may find it challenging and stimulating as well. The scheme is
often used in quiz shows and can be employed as an educational game.
Superior memorizers employ different neural networks for
encoding and recall.
Learning Games -
Word Recall Games
-
Testing -
Photographic Memory
"
If your memory is not making you smarter each day, then you're
remembering insignificant details, or, insignificant details where
force
on you by some educational institution, or by the media, or by another
person, which of course includes you."
"Just because you remember something does not mean that you learned something, why?"
"When I see kids memorizing presidents names and countries, it's like child
abuse. I would rather see kids use their memory to remember the
most important things, things that will make their lives richer,
fuller and more meaningful."
Scrabble Champ Wins French Tournament After Memorizing French Dictionary, but he
can't speak French.
If you don't fully understand what
information and knowledge is to a human, then you will never be
effective enough when teaching. You have to
Learn the
right things in the right order, and at the right time. So
what are the right things? And how should you remember them?
This is exactly what I'm working on, and so should you. The more
people who try to answer this question the better. We can then
compare notes and learn even more.
Self Directed Learning.
Everything that you learn will require a good Memory. It is extremely
important that you
learn how
to use your memory and know exactly how the human brain
stores, retains, and retrieves memories, information and
knowledge. Everything that you are and everything that you will
become is closely related to ' what you remember, why you
remember it, how you remember it, and when you remember it '.
Understanding is often the best way to remember but memorization
does not always mean that you will
understand, or does it mean that you will remember the right
things at the right time.
"Even with so much to remember and so much
to make sense, It's choosing what to remember that will always
make a difference.
Our memory is so important, we need to use it every day, Never
take it for granted, for there's always a price to pay."
Poem about Memory.
Memory Vulnerabilities - Memory Errors
False Memory describes a condition in which a person's
identity and
relationships are affected by memories that are
factually
incorrect, but that they
strongly
believe. Every time that you recall a memory, you may change that
memory a little. So don't lie.
False
Memory is a psychological phenomenon in which a person
recalls a memory that did not actually occur.
Mandela Effect are the
false memories that can be
shared by multiple
people, such as with
mass
hysteria or when learning
misinformation.
False
History -
False Education
-
Conspiracies -
Propaganda
-
Cognitive Bias -
Memory Biases -
Recall Bias -
Cognition Errors -
Amnesia -
Highway Hypnosis -
Misleading Questions
-
Alzheimer's
Memory Error refers to the incorrect recall, or complete loss, of
information in the memory system for a specific detail and/or event.
Memory errors may include remembering events that never occurred, or
remembering them differently from the way they actually happened. These
errors or gaps can occur due to a number of different reasons, including
the emotional involvement in the situation, expectations and environmental
changes. As the retention interval between encoding and retrieval of the
memory lengthens, there is an increase in both the amount that is
forgotten, and the likelihood of a memory error occurring.
Conformity -
History Misconceptions -
Lying -
Psychosis -
Fallacies -
Beliefs -
Self Deception -
Illusions -
Denial -
Dunning Kruger Effect
Reconstructive Memory is a theory of memory recall, in which the act
of remembering is influenced by various other cognitive processes
including
perception,
imagination, motivation, semantic
memory and
beliefs, amongst others.
People view their memories as being a coherent and
truthful account of
episodic memory and believe that their perspective is free from an error
during recall. However, the reconstructive process of memory recall is
subject to distortion by other intervening
cognitive functions such as
individual perceptions,
social
influences, and
world
knowledge, all of which can lead to errors during reconstruction.
Misinformation Effect happens when a person's recall of
episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information,
like
propaganda.
New study finds false memories can be reversed. Rich false memories of
autobiographical events can be planted - and then reversed, a new paper
has found.
Learning.
Individuals can tell if their memories are trustworthy. New research
shows we have a good awareness of when we are recalling events accurately
-- and when our brain is filling in gaps with general knowledge. Memories
are a blend of recalled details and 'prototypical' information, but when
prototypes appear more prominent, we become less confident in the
recollection.
Prototypical means
representing the usual or
quintessential version of something.
Confabulation is
a memory error defined as the production of
fabricated, distorted, or
misinterpreted memories about
oneself or the world. People who confabulate present incorrect memories
ranging from "subtle alterations to bizarre fabrications", and are
generally very confident about their recollections, despite
contradictory evidence.
Confabulation is a symptom of various memory disorders in which
made-up stories fill in any gaps in
memory. Confabulation in psychiatry is a plausible
but
imagined memory that fills in gaps in
what is remembered.
Confabulation is a disturbance of memory, defined as
the production of
fabricated, distorted or
misinterpreted memories about
oneself or the world, without the conscious
intention to deceive.
Tip of the Tongue is the phenomenon of failing to retrieve a word or
term from memory, combined with partial
recall and the feeling that
retrieval is imminent. The phenomenon's name comes from the saying, "It's
on the tip of my tongue." The tip of the tongue phenomenon reveals that
lexical access occurs in stages.
Most Life Experiences are Fabricated from Memories. We may not be able
to change recent
events in our lives, but how well we remember them plays
a key role in how our brains model what's happening in the present and
predict what is likely to occur in
the future. Event Memory Retrieval and Comparison Theory proposes that
current event features cue retrieval of recent related event
representations. Both those
representations and ongoing perceptual
information inform predictions about upcoming event features. Changed
features in upcoming events lead to prediction error and event model
updating, whereas repeated features tend to lead to maintaining stable
event models.
Things that decrease memory abilities
Brain's 'updating mechanisms' may create false memories. The brain can
update or 'edit' poorly formed memories with the wrong information.
Source-Monitoring Error is a type of memory
error where the source of a
memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience.
For example, individuals may learn about a current event from a friend,
but later report having learned about it on the local news, thus
reflecting an incorrect source attribution. This error occurs when normal
perceptual and reflective processes are disrupted, either by limited
encoding of source information or by disruption to the judgment processes
used in source-monitoring. Depression, high stress levels and damage to
relevant brain areas are examples of factors that can cause such
disruption and hence source-monitoring errors.
Why you sometimes can't remember dreams or
recall certain details of dreams, and why the memories of dreams can fade.
Remember versus Know Judgments. There is evidence suggesting that
different processes are involved in remembering something versus knowing
whether it is familiar. It appears that "
remembering" and "
knowing"
represent relatively different characteristics of memory as well as
reflect different ways of using memory. To remember is the conscious
recollection of many vivid contextual details, such as "
when" and "
how"
the information was learned. Remembering utilizes episodic memory and
requires a deeper level of processing (e.g. undivided attention) than
knowing. Errors in recollection may be due to source-monitoring errors
that prevent an individual from remembering where exactly a piece of
information was received. On the other hand, source monitoring may be very
effective in aiding the retrieval of episodic memories. Remembering is a
knowledge-based and conceptually-driven form of processing that can be
influenced by many things. It is relevant to note that under this view
both kinds of judgments are characteristics of individuals and thus any
distinctions between the two are correlational, not causal, events. To
know is a feeling (unconscious) of familiarity. It is the sensation that
the item has been seen before, but not being able to pin down the reason
why. Knowing simply reflects the familiarity of an item without
recollection. Knowing utilizes semantic memory that requires perceptually
based, data-driven processing. Knowing is the result of shallow
maintenance rehearsal that can be influenced by many of the same aspects
as semantic memory. Remember and know responses are quite often
differentiated by their functional correlates in specific areas in the
brain. For instance, during "remember" situations it is found that there
is greater EEG activity than "knowing", specifically, due to an
interaction between frontal and posterior regions of the brain. It is also
found that the
hippocampus is differently activated during recall of
"remembered" (vs. familiar) stimuli. On the other hand, items that are
only "known", or seem familiar, are associated with activity in the rhinal
cortex.
Researchers found participants who engaged in
artistic hobbies such as painting, drawing or sculpture in
both middle and old age were 73 percent
less likely to develop
mild cognitive impairment than those who didn't.
Does being over-reliant on computers
and
search engines and
cell phones that we
use to
help us remember things, also weaken people's memories? That depends on what
you are using your
working memory for. You don't want to
memorize useless
information or irrelevant details, but you do want to
memorize
the important knowledge and skills that provide you with the
best
control and
awareness. If you don't need to be
technology
dependent, then you should be
brain dependent, and use technology to
expand your
abilities, and not use technologies to lower your abilities.
Does
digital amnesia come from
technology abuse, or for
other reasons?
Artificial Memory. Memory is coded by patterns of neural activity in
distinct circuits. Therefore, it should be possible to reverse engineer a
memory by artificially creating these patterns of activity in the absence
of a sensory experience. In olfactory conditioning, an odor conditioned
stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US; for example, a
footshock), and the resulting CS–US association guides future behavior.
Here we replaced the odor CS with optogenetic stimulation of a specific
olfactory glomerulus and the US with optogenetic stimulation of distinct
inputs into the ventral tegmental area that mediate either aversion or
reward. In doing so, we created a fully artificial memory in mice.
Similarly to a natural memory, this artificial memory depended on CS–US
contingency during training, and the conditioned response was specific to
the CS and reflected the US valence. Moreover, both real and implanted
memories engaged overlapping brain circuits and depended on basolat-eral
amygdala activity for expression. Experience and memory are inexorably
linked, or at least they seemed to be before a recent report on the
formation of completely artificial memories. Using laboratory animals,
investigators reverse engineered a specific natural memory by mapped the
brain circuits underlying its formation. They then “trained” another
animal by stimulating brain cells in the pattern of the natural memory.
Doing so created an artificial memory that was retained and recalled in a
manner indistinguishable from a natural one. Earlier studies had shown
that specific nerve pathways leading to a structure known as the ventral
tegmental area (VTA) were important for the aversive nature of the foot
shock. To create a truly artificial memory, the researchers needed to
stimulate the VTA in the same way as they stimulated the olfactory sensory
nerves, but the transgenic animals only made the light-sensitive proteins
in those nerves. In order to use optogenetic stimulation, they stimulated
the olfactory nerves in the same genetically engineered mice , and they
employed a virus to place light-sensitive proteins in the VTA as well.
They stimulated the olfactory receptors with light to simulate the odor of
cherry blossoms, then stimulated the VTA to mimic the aversive foot shock.
The animals recalled the artificial memory, responding to an odor they had
never encountered by avoiding a shock they had never received.
Memory Bias
is a
cognitive bias that either
enhances or
impairs the recall of a memory
(either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount
of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the
content of a reported memory. There are many different types of memory
biases.
Boundary extension is remembering
the background of an image as being larger or more expansive than the
foreground.
Childhood amnesia is the retention of
few memories from before the age of four.
Choice-supportive bias is remembering chosen options as having been
better than rejected options (Mather, Shafir & Johnson, 2000).
Confirmation bias the
tendency to search for, interpret, or recall information in a way that
confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses.
Conservatism
or Regressive bias is tendency to remember high values and high
likelihoods/probabilities/frequencies lower than they actually were and
low ones higher than they actually were. Based on the evidence, memories
are not extreme enough.
Consistency bias is
incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling
present attitudes and behaviour.
Context effect
is that
cognition and
memory are dependent on
context, such that out-of-context
memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g.,
recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home,
and vice versa).
Cryptomnesi is a form of
misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, because there
is no subjective experience of it being a memory.
Egocentric bias is recalling the past in a self-serving manner,
e.g., remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or
remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was.
Fading affect bias is a bias in which the
emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the
emotion associated with positive events.
Generation effect or Self-generation effect is that self-generated
information is remembered best. For instance, people are better able to
recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar
statements generated by others.
Gender differences
in eyewitness memory is the tendency for a witness to remember more
details about someone of the same gender.
Hindsight bias is the inclination to see past events as being
predictable; also called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect.
Humor effect is that
humorous items are more easily remembered
than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of
humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or
the emotional arousal caused by the humor.
Illusion-of-truth effect is that people are more likely to identify
as true statements those they have previously heard (even if they cannot
consciously remember having heard them), regardless of the actual validity
of the statement. In other words, a person is more likely to believe a
familiar statement than an unfamiliar one.
Illusory correlation is inaccurately seeing a relationship between
two events related by coincidence.
Lag effect
is see spacing effect.
Leveling and sharpening
are memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection
over time, often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of
certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the
details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling. Both biases
may be reinforced over time, and by repeated recollection or re-telling of
a memory.
Levels-of-processing effect is
that different methods of encoding information into memory have different
levels of effectiveness (Craik & Lockhart, 1972).
List-length effect is a smaller percentage of items are remembered
in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute
number of items remembered increases as well.
Memory inhibition is when being shown some items from a list makes
it harder to retrieve the other items (e.g., Slamecka, 1968).
Misattribution of memory: when information is retained in memory but the
source of the memory is forgotten. One of Schacter's (1999) seven sins of
memory, misattribution was divided into source confusion, cryptomnesia and
false recall/false recognition.
Misinformation
effect is when misinformation affects people's reports of their own
memory.
Modality effect is when memory
recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were
received via speech than when they were received via writing.
Mood congruent memory bias is the improved
recall of information congruent with one's current mood. Next-in-line
effect is when a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of
others who spoke immediately before or after this person.
Peak-end rule is when people seem to
perceive not the sum or average of an experience, but how it was at its
peak (e.g. pleasant or unpleasant) and how it ended.
Persistence is the unwanted recurrence of
memories of a traumatic event. Picture superiority effect: that
concepts are much more likely to be remembered experientially if they are
presented in picture form than if they are presented in word form.
Placement bias is tendency to remember
ourselves to be better than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves
above average (also Illusory superiority or Better-than-average effect)
and tendency to remember ourselves to be worse than others at tasks at
which we rate ourselves below average (also Worse-than-average effect).
Positivity effect is when older adults
favor positive over negative information in their memories.
Primacy effect, Recency effect &
Serial position effect is when items near
the end of a list are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the
beginning of a list; items in the middle are the least likely to be
remembered.
Processing difficulty effect
Reminiscence bump is the recalling of more personal events from
adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime
periods (Rubin, Wetzler & Nebes, 1986; Rubin, Rahhal & Poon, 1998).
Rosy retrospection is the
remembering of the
past as having been better than it really was.
Saying is Believing effect is communicating a socially tuned
message to an audience can lead to a bias of identifying the tuned message
as one's own thoughts.
Self-reference effect
is the phenomena that memories encoded with relation to the self are
better recalled than similar information encoded otherwise.
Self-serving bias is perceiving
oneself responsible for desirable outcomes but not responsible for
undesirable ones.
Source confusion is
misattributing the source of a memory, e.g. misremembering that one saw an
event personally when actually it was seen on television.
Spacing effect is that information is
better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a longer span of time.
Stereotypical bias is memory distorted
towards stereotypes (e.g. racial or gender), e.g. "black-sounding" names
being misremembered as names of criminals.
Subadditivity effect is the tendency to estimate that the
likelihood of a remembered event is less than the sum of its (more than
two) mutually exclusive components.
Suffix effect
is the weakening of the recency effect in the case that an item is
appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall (Morton,
Crowder & Prussin, 1971).
Suggestibility is
a form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are
mistaken for memory.
Telescoping effect is
the tendency to displace recent events backward in time and remote events
forward in time, so that recent events appear more remote, and remote
events, more recent.
Testing effect is that
frequent testing of material that has been committed to memory improves
memory recall.
Tip of the tongue is when a
subject is able to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is
frustratingly unable to recall the whole item. This is thought to be an
instance of "blocking" where multiple similar memories are being recalled
and interfere with each other.
Verbatim effect
is that the "gist" of what someone has said is better remembered than the
verbatim wording (Poppenk, Walia, Joanisse, Danckert, & Köhler, 2006).
Von Restorff effect is that an item that
sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items (von Restorff,
1933).
Zeigarnik effect is that uncompleted
or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones.
Memory Retrieval is not a passive phenomenon. Instead, it
triggers a number of processes that either reinforce or
alter
stored information. Retrieval is thought to activate a second
memory consolidation cascade (reconsolidation) that requires
protein synthesis. Here, we show that the temporal dynamics
of memory reconsolidation are dependent on the strength and age
of the memory, such that younger and weaker memories are more
easily reconsolidated than older and stronger memories. We also
report that reconsolidation and extinction, two opposing
processes triggered by memory retrieval, have distinct
biochemical signatures: pharmacological antagonism of either
cannabinoid receptor 1 or L-type voltage-gated calcium channels
blocks extinction but not reconsolidation. These studies
demonstrate the dynamic nature of memory processing after
retrieval and represent a first step toward a molecular
dissection of underlying mechanisms.
Henry Molaison was an American memory disorder patient who
had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to surgically resect the
anterior two thirds of his hippocampi, parahippocampal cortices,
entorhinal cortices, piriform cortices, and amygdalae in an attempt to
cure his epilepsy. He was widely studied from late 1957 until his death in
2008. His case played an important role in the development of theories
that explain the link between brain function and memory, and in the
development of cognitive neuropsychology, a branch of psychology that aims
to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to
specific psychological processes. He resided in a care institute in
Windsor Locks, Connecticut, where he was the subject of ongoing
investigation.
The Human Brain Recalls Visual Features in Reverse Order Than It Detects
Them. Columbia study challenges traditional hierarchy of brain
decoding; offers insight into how the brain makes perceptual judgments.
Forgetting
Baker-Baker Paradox
explains why people's names slip away from you, while their other details
stay embedded in your head. This happens, even if the name and the detail
are the same.
Not listening,
not interested,
not effectively using memory.
Forgetting Curve
hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how
information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it. A
related concept is the strength of memory that refers to the durability
that memory traces in the brain. The stronger the memory, the longer
period of time that a person is able to recall it. A typical graph of the
forgetting curve purports to show that humans tend to halve their memory
of newly learned knowledge in a matter of days or weeks unless they
consciously review the learned material.
Mnemic Neglect is a term used in social psychology to describe a
pattern of
selective forgetting in which
certain
autobiographical memories tend to
be recalled more easily if they are consistent with
positive self-concept. The
mnemic neglect model stipulates that memory is self-protective if the
information is negative, self-referent, and concerns central traits.
Forgetting things is not always bad. A new review paper proposes
that the goal of memory is not to transmit the most accurate information
over time, but to guide and
optimize intelligent decision making by only
holding on to valuable
information.
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research.
Autobiographical Memory
Athazagoraphobia is a fear of forgetting someone or something, as
well as a fear of being forgotten.
Forward Error Correction
is a technique used for controlling
Errors in data transmission
over unreliable or noisy communication channels. The central idea is the
sender encodes the message in a redundant way by using an error-correcting
code (ECC).
Learning Methods -
Comprehension
Spaced Repetition (recalling
what you learned at different times)
Eyewitness Memory is a person's episodic memory for a crime
or other dramatic event that he or she has
witnessed. Eyewitness testimony
is often relied upon in the judicial system. It can also refer to an
individual's memory for a face, where they are required to remember the
face of their perpetrator, for example. However, the accuracy of
eyewitness memories is sometimes questioned because there are many factors
that can act during encoding and retrieval of the witnessed event which
may adversely affect the creation and maintenance of the memory for the
event. Experts have found evidence to suggest that eyewitness memory is
fallible. It has long been
speculated that mistaken
eyewitness identification plays a major role in
the wrongful conviction of innocent individuals. A growing body of
research now supports this speculation, indicating that mistaken
eyewitness identification is responsible for more convictions of the
innocent than all other factors combined. The Innocence Project determined
that 75% of the 239 DNA exoneration cases had occurred due to inaccurate
eyewitness testimony. It is important to inform the public about the
flawed nature of eyewitness memory and the difficulties relating to its
use in the criminal justice system so that eyewitness accounts are not
viewed as the absolute
truth.
Researchers urge testing eyewitness memory only once. To prevent
wrongful convictions, only the first identification of a suspect should be
considered. Psychological scientists and criminologists say our system of
jurisprudence needs a simple no-cost reform -- switch to testing
eyewitnesses for their memory of suspects only once.
One and Done is doing something only once
and never again.
New interactive lineup boosts eyewitness accuracy. Allowing
eyewitnesses to dynamically explore digital faces using a new interactive
procedure can significantly improve identification accuracy compared to
the video lineup and photo array procedures used by police worldwide, a
new study reveals.
Present Sense Impression is a statement that is spontaneously made
while the person was
perceiving
the event or condition, or immediately thereafter. Their is a belief that
a statement is likely reliable and true if there is no time for
reflection,
distortion, or
fabrication.
The witness must have personal knowledge of declarant's making of the
statement, but need not have personal knowledge of the event or the
content of the statement. Of course a person can be wrong in their
observation, this is
because people make mistakes and don't always understand what they see,
and their
eyes
can play tricks on them, so the truth is debatable.
Hearsay.
Recency Effect is the tendency to remember
the most recently presented information best.
The regency effect is a
cognitive bias in which those items,
ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those
that came first. The more recently something is heard, the clearer
something may exist in someone's memory.
Recency
is the fact of being recent, of having occurred a relatively short time
ago.
Recent is of the immediate past or
just previous to the present time.
New study identifies how memory of personal interactions declines with age.
One of the most upsetting aspects of age-related memory decline is not
being able to remember the face that accompanies the name of a person you
just talked with hours earlier. While researchers don't understand why
this dysfunction occurs, a new study has provided some important new
clues.
Excited Utterance is a statement that is spontaneously made while the
person was
perceiving the event or condition, or immediately thereafter. The
subject matter and content of the statement are limited to descriptions or
explanations of the event or condition, therefore
opinions, inferences, or
conclusions about the event or condition are not present sense
impressions.
Keeping innocent people out of jail using the science of perception.
Scientists devise a new lineup method to help eyewitnesses more accurately
identify suspects.
Weapon Focus
signifies a witness to a crime diverting his or her attention to the
weapon the perpetrator is
holding, thus leaving less attention for other details in the scene and
leading to memory
impairments
later for those other details.
Verbal Overshadowing is the phenomenon where giving a verbal
description of a face (or other complex stimuli) impairs recognition of
that face or stimuli.
Articulatory Suppression is the process of inhibiting memory
performance by speaking while being presented with an item to remember.
Elizabeth Loftus: The Fiction of Memory
(video)
Eyewitness (pdf) -
Expert Witness
Mistaken
Identity is a defense in
criminal law which claims the actual innocence of the criminal
defendant, and attempts to undermine evidence of guilt by asserting that
any
eyewitness to the crime incorrectly
thought that they saw the defendant, when in fact the person seen by the
witness was someone else. The defendant may question both the memory of
the witness (suggesting, for example, that the identification is the
result of a false memory), and the perception of the witness (suggesting,
for example, that the witness had poor eyesight, or that the crime
occurred in a poorly lit place). Social Scientists have shown that the
Reliability of Eyewitness Identifications is much worse than
laypersons tend to believe.
Supreme Court Releases
Eyewitness Identification Criteria for Criminal Cases.
Doppelganger
-
Imposter.
Jury Instructions
-
Media
Literacy
Instant Replay is a great reminder and a great example of human flaws
and vulnerabilities. Instant replay is so important because we know that
even professionals don't always see things accurately enough the first
time they see them happen. We sometimes need to
slow things down and take
another
closer look in order to make things a lot clearer and easier to
understand. And seeing something again can also increase our odds of
making the best decision possible. But sadly,
not
all things in life have an instant replay.
Confidence accuracy
is the
assumption
that as one's confidence increases so does their level of
accuracy in recall.
Anticipating performance can hinder memory. Anticipating your own
performance at work or school may hinder your ability to remember what
happened before your presentation. Performance anticipation could weaken
memory because people tend to focus on the details of their upcoming
presentation instead of paying attention to information that occurs before
their performance. People who experience
performance anxiety may be
particularly likely to experience this phenomenon.
The brain stores more details
about certain moments then we are aware of. Can Hypnosis help
with recall? -
Memory Hypnosis.
Memory
Improvement and Recall Skills - Free Hypnosis Session
(youtube)
Recovered-Memory Therapy is catch-all psychotherapy term for
therapy using one or more method or technique for the purpose of recalling
memories.
Past Life Regression is a technique that uses
hypnosis to recover what
practitioners believe are
memories of past lives or incarnations, though
others regard them as
fantasies or
delusions or a type of
confabulation.
"I believe that the reason why we don't remember past lives is
so that life feels like it's the very first time. You start life over
fresh, and you experience life as if it were the very first time that you
were ever alive. This is most likely by design, because it just makes
sense."
History Distorted
- False
Memory
-
Age RegressionForty percent
of people have a fictional first memory. As many of these memories
dated before the age of two and younger, the authors suggest that these
fictional memories are based on remembered fragments of early experience
-- such as a pram, family relationships and feeling sad -- and some facts
or knowledge about their own infancy or childhood which may have been
derived from photographs or family conversations. As a result, what a
rememberer has in mind when recalling these early memories is a mental
representation consisting of remembered fragments of early experience and
some facts or knowledge about their own childhood, instead of actual
memories. Over time, such mental representations come to be recollectively
experienced when they come to mind and so for the individual they quite
simply are 'memories' with content strongly tied to a particular time. In
particular, fictional very early memories were seen to be more common in
middle-aged and older adults and about 4 in 10 of this group have
fictional memories for infancy.
Anomic Aphasia problems with recalling words or
names. Refresh your memory with important information.
Serial Position Effect is the tendency of a person to recall
the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.
Interference Theory
-
Adult Learning
Forgetfulness might depend on time of day. Can't remember something?
Try waiting until later in the day. BMAL1is a protein that regulates the
expression of many other genes. BMAL1 normally fluctuates between low
levels just before waking up and high levels before going to
sleep.
ARNTL is
a protein that in humans is encoded by the Bmal1 gene. BMAL1 encodes a
transcription factor with a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and two PAS
domains. The human Arntl gene has a predicted 24 exons and is located on
the p15 band of the 11th chromosome. The BMAL1 protein is 626 amino acids
long and plays a key role as one of the positive elements in the mammalian
auto-regulatory
transcription-translation negative feedback loop (TTFL), which is
responsible for generating molecular
circadian
rhythms. Research has revealed that Bmal1 is the only clock gene
without which the circadian clock fails to function in humans. Bmal1 has
also been identified as a candidate gene for susceptibility to
hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, and mutations in Bmal1 have been
linked to infertility, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis problems, and
altered sleep patterns. BMAL1, according to genome-wide profiling, is
estimated to target more than 150 sites in the human genome, including all
of the clock genes and genes encoding for proteins that regulate
metabolism.
Brain
Vulnerabilities -
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Why babies don't always remember what they have learned. If and how
babies recall what they have learned depends on their mood: what they've
learned when feeling calm is inaccessible when they're active and vice
versa. This was shown in a study with 96 children aged nine months.
Adverse psychosocial factors in childhood are associated with worse
midlife learning and memory. Socioeconomic and emotional environment,
parental health behaviours, stressful events, self-regulation, and social
adjustment were queried in the baseline. The results suggest that
accumulation of unfavorable psychosocial factors in childhood may
associate with poorer cognitive function in midlife. Specifically, poor
self-regulatory behavior and social adjustment in childhood associated
with poorer learning ability and memory approximately 30 years later.
Heightened activity of specific brain cells following traumatic social
experience blocks social reward and
promotes sustained social avoidance.
Past social trauma is encoded by a population of
stress/threat-responsive
brain cells that become hyperactivated during subsequent interaction
with non-threatening social targets. As a consequence, previously
rewarding social targets are now perceived as social threats, which
promotes generalized social avoidance and impaired social reward
processing that can contribute to psychiatric disorders.
Children Exposed to Natural Disasters in the Womb have higher rates of
developmental psychopathology in a sex-specific manner.
State-Dependent Memory is the phenomenon where people remember more
information
if their physical or mental state is the same at time of
encoding and time of recall. State dependent memories are memories that
are triggered or enhanced by a person's current mood because of the
relationship to memories formed when you were in a similar state. For
instance, happy memories are more easily or intensely remembered when one
is already feeling happy and the same goes for sadness or anger.
Forgetting - Amnesia - Problems Remembering
Forgetting is the
apparent loss or modification of
information already encoded and stored in an individual's long term
memory. It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are
unable to be recalled from memory storage. Forgetting also helps to
reconcile the storage of new information with old knowledge. Problems with
remembering, learning and retaining new information are a few of the most
common complaints of older adults. Memory performance is usually related
to the active functioning of three stages. These three stages are
encoding,
storage and retrieval. Many different factors influence the
actual process of forgetting. An example of one of these factors could be
the
amount of time the new information is stored in the memory. Events
involved with forgetting can happen either before or after the actual
memory process. The amount of time the information is stored in the
memory, depending on the minutes hours or even days, can increase or
decrease depending on how well the information is encoded. Studies show
that retention improves with increased rehearsal. This improvement occurs
because rehearsal helps to transfer information into long term memory –
practice makes perfect.
Memory Erasure
is the selective artificial removal of memories or associations from the
mind. There are many reasons that research is being done on the selective
removal of memories. Potential patients for this research include patients
suffering from psychiatric disorders such as post traumatic stress
disorder, or substance use disorder, among others. Memory erasure has been
shown to be possible in some experimental conditions; some of the
techniques currently being investigated are: drug-induced amnesia,
selective memory suppression,
destruction of neurons, interruption of
memory, reconsolidation, and the disruption of specific molecular
mechanisms.
Removed from the Record in Law.
Repressed Memory are memories that have been
unconsciously blocked due
to the memory being associated with a high level of stress or trauma. The
theory postulates that even though the individual cannot recall the
memory, it may still be affecting them consciously. These memories can
emerge later into the consciousness.
Age Regression.
Psychological Repression is the psychological attempt made by an
individual to direct one's own
desires and impulses
toward pleasurable instincts by excluding the desire from one's
consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious. In
psychoanalytic theory repression plays a major role in many mental
illnesses, and in the psyche of the average person.
Decay Theory proposes that
memory fades due to the mere passage of
time. Information is therefore less available for later retrieval as time
passes and memory, as well as memory strength, wears away. When we learn
something new, a neurochemical "
memory trace" is
created. However, over time this trace slowly disintegrates.
Actively Rehearsing information is
believed to be a major factor counteracting this temporal decline. It is
widely believed that neurons die off gradually as we age, yet some older
memories can be stronger than most recent memories. Thus, decay theory
mostly affects the short-term memory system, meaning that older memories
(in long-term memory) are often more resistant to shocks or physical
attacks on the brain. It is also thought that the passage of time alone
cannot cause forgetting, and that decay theory must also take into account
some processes that occur as more time passes.
Memory details fade over time, with only the main gist preserved.
Neuroscientists successfully test theory that forgetting is actually a
form of learning. Seemingly lost memories can be retrieved and updated
by environmental cues. To study the result of this form of forgetting on
memory itself, the neuroscientists genetically labeled a contextual
"engram" (a group of brain cells that store a specific memory) in the
brains of these mice, and followed the activation and functioning of these
cells after forgetting had happened. Crucially, using a technique called
optogenetics they found that stimulation of the engram cells with light
retrieved the apparently lost memories in more than one behavioural
situation. Furthermore, when the mice were given new experiences that
related to the forgotten memories, the 'lost' engrams could be naturally
rejuvenated.
Neural Pruning.
Time of day affects global brain fluctuations. As the day progresses,
the strength of the brain's global signal fluctuation shows an unexpected
decrease, according to a new study.
Circadian
rhythms govern diverse aspects of physiology including sleep/wake
cycles, cognition, gene expression, temperature regulation, and endocrine
signaling. But despite the clear influence of circadian rhythms on
physiology, most studies of brain function do not report or consider the
impact of time of day on their findings.
Catastrophic Forgetting is the tendency of an
artificial
neural network to completely and abruptly forget previously learned
information upon learning new information.
Scientists define new type of memory loss in older adults. Researchers
have established new criteria for a memory-loss syndrome in older adults
that specifically impacts the
brain's limbic
system. It can often be mistaken for
Alzheimer's disease.
Limbic-predominant
Amnestic Neurodegenerative Syndrome progresses more slowly and has a
better prognosis, and is now more clearly defined for doctors working to
find answers for memory loss patients. Without signs of
Alzheimer's disease, the
researchers looked at the involvement of one possible culprit -- a buildup
of a
protein called TDP-43 in the limbic system that scientists have found
in the autopsied brain tissue of older adults. Researchers have classified
the build-up of these protein deposits as limbic-predominant age-related
TDP-43 encephalopathy, or LATE. These protein deposits could be associated
with the newly defined memory loss syndrome, but there are also other
likely causes and more research is needed, the authors say.
Amnesia
is a
deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological
trauma. Amnesia can also be caused temporarily by the use of various
sedatives and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially
lost due to the extent of damage that was caused. There are two main types
of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia.
Retrograde amnesia
is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a
particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. In some
cases the
memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person
may lose only a few months of memory.
Anterograde amnesia is the inability
to transfer new information from the
short-term store into the
long-term
store. People with this type of amnesia cannot remember things for long
periods of time. These two types are not mutually exclusive. Both can
occur within a patient at one time.
Forgetting History -
Highway Hypnosis -
Sleep Walking -
Mind
Wandering -
Head Injuries
Childhood
Amnesia is the inability of adults to retrieve
episodic memories which
are memories of specific events (times, places, associated emotions, and
other contextual who, what, when, and where) before the age of 2–4 years,
as well as the period before age 10 of which adults retain fewer memories
than might otherwise be expected, given the passage of time.
Age Regression.
Posthypnotic Amnesia
is the inability in
hypnotic subjects to recall events that took place
while under
hypnosis. This can be achieved by giving individuals a
suggestion during
hypnosis to forget certain material that they have
learned either before or during hypnosis. Individuals who are experiencing
post-hypnotic amnesia cannot have their memories recovered once put back
under hypnosis and is therefore not state dependent. Nevertheless,
memories may return when presented with a pre-arranged cue. This makes
post-hypnotic amnesia similar to psychogenic amnesia as it disrupts the
retrieval process of memory. It has been suggested that inconsistencies in
methodologies used to study post-hypnotic amnesia cause varying results.
Retrograde Amnesia is a loss of memory-access to events that occurred,
or information that was learned, before an
injury or the onset of a disease.
Alzheimer's
-
Neuron Pruning
Anterograde Amnesia is a type of
memory loss
that occurs when you
can't form new memories
or loss of the ability to create new memories
after the event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete
inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before
the event remain intact.
Transient Global Amnesia is a temporary, anterograde amnesia with an
acute onset that usually occurs in middle-aged and older individuals. It
is often precipitated by particularly strenuous activity, high-stress
events, or coitus, but it can be seen with migraines as well.
Swiftie Amnesia is the reported memory gaps among
concertgoers that last for a short period
time.
Photosensitive Epilepsy is a form of epilepsy in which seizures are
triggered by
visual stimuli
that form patterns in time or space, such as
flashing lights; bold, regular patterns; or regular moving
patterns. Flashing lights such as
strobe lights or rapidly changing or alternating images (as in clubs,
concerts, around emergency vehicles, near overhead fans, in action movies
or television programs, etc.) are examples of patterns in time that can
trigger seizures, and these are the most common triggers.
Television has traditionally been
the most common source of seizures in PSE.
Music-Induced Seizure or Musicogenic seizure is a rare type of seizure
that arises from disorganized or abnormal brain electrical activity when a
person hears or is exposed to a
specific type of sound or
musical stimuli.
The current understanding of the mechanism behind musicogenic seizure is
that music triggers the part of the brain that is responsible for evoking
an
emotion associated with that
music. Dysfunction in this system leads to an abnormal release of
dopamine, eventually inducing
seizure.
Musical
Hallucinations or auditory hallucinations describes a neurological
disorder in which the patient will hallucinate songs, tunes, instruments
and melodies.
Hallucinations.
Focal Seizure
are seizures which affect initially only one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizure is a
period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal
activity in the brain. Outward effects vary from uncontrolled shaking
movements involving much of the body with loss of consciousness (tonic-clonic
seizure), to shaking movements involving only part of the body with
variable levels of consciousness (focal seizure), to a subtle momentary
loss of awareness (absence seizure). These episodes usually last less than
two minutes and it takes some time to return to normal. Loss of bladder
control may occur. Seizures may be provoked and unprovoked.
Reflex Seizures are epileptic seizures that are consistently induced
by a specific stimulus or trigger making them distinct from other
epileptic seizures, which are usually unprovoked.
Psychogenic Amnesia
is a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde
autobiographical memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to
years. More recently, "
dissociative amnesia" has been defined as a
dissociative disorder "characterized by retrospectively reported memory
gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information,
usually of a traumatic or stressful nature." In a change from the DSM-IV
to the DSM-5, dissociative fugue is now subsumed under dissociative
amnesia.
Dissociative Amnesia can be the result of
emotional shock or
trauma. Dissociative amnesia is a
disorder characterized by
retrospectively
reported
memory gaps. These gaps involve an
inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or
stressful nature.
Dissociative Disorders are conditions that involve significant
disruptions and/or breakdowns "in the normal integration of
consciousness, memory,
identity, emotion,
perception,
body representation,
motor control, and behavior.
Chronic Stress
can be harmful. Regular exposure to elevated glucocorticoids (a
hormone released by the adrenal gland) also causes our brain
cells to reduce receptors, making brain cells less capable of
responding to neurochemical (brain chemicals) cues.
Anxiety and Depression everyday stress increase cortisol levels in the brain, which causes our
brain cells to lose synapses (the bridges that connect our brain
cells to one another), and make it more difficult to create and
retrieve memories.
Infections when the body is fighting infections the
memory is not at its best.
Viruses.
Effects of Stress on Memory include interference with a person's
capacity to encode memory and the ability to retrieve information. During
times of stress, the body reacts by secreting
stress hormones into the
bloodstream. Stress can cause acute and chronic changes in certain brain
areas which can cause long-term damage. Over-secretion of stress hormones
most frequently impairs long-term delayed recall memory, but can enhance
short-term, immediate recall memory. This enhancement is particularly
relative in emotional memory. In particular, the hippocampus, prefrontal
cortex and the amygdala are affected. One class of stress hormone
responsible for negatively affecting long-term, delayed recall memory is
the glucocorticoids (GCs), the most notable of which is cortisol.
Glucocorticoids facilitate and impair the actions of stress in the brain
memory process. Cortisol is a known biomarker for stress. Under normal
circumstances, the
hippocampus regulates the
production of cortisol through negative feedback because it has many
receptors that are sensitive to these stress hormones. However, an excess
of cortisol can impair the ability of the hippocampus to both encode and
recall memories. These stress hormones are also hindering the hippocampus
from receiving enough energy by diverting glucose levels to surrounding
muscles. Stress affects many memory functions and cognitive functioning of
the brain. There are different levels of stress and the high levels can be
intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic stress level is triggered by a cognitive
challenge whereas extrinsic can be triggered by a condition not related to
a cognitive task. Intrinsic stress can be acutely and chronically
experienced by a person. The varying effects of stress on performance or
stress hormones are often compared to or known as "inverted-u" which
induce areas in learning, memory and plasticity. Chronic stress can affect
the brain structure and cognition. Studies considered the effects of
stress on both intrinsic and extrinsic memory functions, using for both of
them Pavlovian conditioning and spatial learning. In regard to intrinsic
memory functions, the study evaluated how stress affected memory functions
that was triggered by a learning challenge. In regard to extrinsic stress,
the study focused on stress that was not related to cognitive task but was
elicited by other situations. The results determined that intrinsic stress
was facilitated by memory consolidation process and extrinsic stress was
determined to be heterogeneous in regard to memory consolidation.
Researchers found that high stress conditions were a good representative
of the effect that extrinsic stress can cause on memory functioning. It
was also proven that extrinsic stress does affect spatial learning whereas
acute extrinsic stress does not.
Blackout or lost time,
is a common symptom of dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity
disorder.
Blackout Drug-Related Amnesia is a phenomenon caused by the intake of
any substance or medication in which short-term and long-term memory
creation is impaired, therefore causing a complete inability to recall the
past. Blackouts are most frequently associated with
GABAergic drugs. Blackouts are frequently described as having effects
similar to that of anterograde amnesia, in which the subject cannot recall
any events after the event that caused amnesia. Blackouts can generally be
divided into 2 categories,
en bloc blackouts
and
fragmentary blackouts. En bloc
blackouts are classified by the inability to later recall any memories
from the intoxication period, even when prompted. These blackouts are
characterized also by the ability to easily recall things that have
occurred within the last 2 minutes, yet being unable to recall anything
prior to this period. As such, a person experiencing an en bloc blackout
may not appear to be doing so, as they can carry on conversations or even
manage to accomplish difficult feats. It is difficult to determine the end
of this type of blackout as sleep typically occurs before they end,
although it is possible for an en bloc blackout to end if the sufferer has
stopped drinking in the meantime.
Fragmentary
blackouts are characterized by a person having the ability to
recall certain events from an intoxicated period, and yet being unaware
that other memories are missing until reminded of the existence of those
'gaps' in memory. Research indicates that such fragmentary blackouts, also
known as
brownouts, are far more common
than en bloc blackouts. Memory impairment during acute intoxication
involves dysfunction of episodic memory, a type of memory encoded with
spatial and social context. Recent studies have shown that there are
multiple memory systems supported by discrete brain regions, and the acute
effects of alcohol and learning and memory may result from alteration of
the
hippocampus and related structures on a
cellular level. A rapid increase in
Blood
Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is most consistently associated with the
likelihood of a blackout. However, not all subjects experience blackouts
which implies that genetic factors play a role in determining central
nervous system (CNS) vulnerability to the effects of
Alcohol. The former may predispose an
individual to alcoholism, as altered memory function during intoxication
may affect an individual’s alcohol expectancy, one may perceive positive
aspects of intoxication while unintentionally ignoring the negative
aspects. Memory disruptions by alcohol leading to blackout have been
linked to inhibition of long-term potentiation, particularly in the
hippocampus, by affecting
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate
neurotransmission (see Effects of alcohol on memory). Alcohol acts as an
agonist of the GABAA type receptor, leading to memory disruption (see
Effects of alcohol on memory). Benzodiazepines (such as flunitrazepam,
midazolam, and temazepam), barbiturates (such as phenobarbital), and other
drugs which also act as GABAA agonists, are known to cause blackouts as a
result of high dose use.
Dizzy
-
Fainting.
Too much activity in one of the brain's key memory regions is bad for your
memory and attention. Hippocampal neural disinhibition causes
attentional and memory deficits.
Reality -
Awareness
Smoking Tobacco damages the brain by impairing its blood supply, and by
the accumulation of abnormal proteins which impair the brain's ability to
process and relay information.
High-Fat
and Trans Fats
creates
stress hormones influence an area of the brain area that
controls working memory.
Prescription Drugs also can reduce your ability to remember.
Hot flashes also can reduce your ability to remember.
Dysfunctional thyroid can also
reduce your ability to remember.
Scientists have found in a study of 3,000 people
living in France, that those who worked
rotating shifts performed significantly worse in memory and
cognitive speed tests than people who had worked regular
hours.
Not Getting Enough Sleep
effects memory.
She can't remember
her marriage, but she can tell you how to fly a plane (youtube)
The Man With
The Seven Second Memory (Medical Documentary) - Clive Wearing has one of
the worst cases of amnesia in the world. (youtube) - He still remembers how
to walk, play the piano and remembers how to talk, and still retains a
vocabulary, but he can't make new memories so he forgets everything he did
each day.
"You don't have to change
or
suppress memories, you just need to
change how you remember
those memories, and also, create new and better memories so that
the not so good memories become distant and less significant.
One example is when you install new and better software, you
will eventually forget all those bad experiences that you had
with the old software."
We understand our world by how we
interpret our memories
and our ability to use that information and knowledge from those memories
effectively.
Even though we share the same experiences, this does not mean that we
share the same memories. Sometimes we remember things a little
differently even though we experience the same things. And we edit our
memories based on what we learn, and you can't be a good editor if you
never learn how to be a good editor. There are skills involved.
We
can't always trust our early memories to be accurate - sometimes they will
have been
molded by later conversations about the event, sometimes
creating
imaginary memories.
"Blessed are the
forgetful, for they get the better even of their blunders."
Friedrich Nietzsche (wiki).
"How happy is the blameless
vestal's lot! The world forgetting, by the world forgot. Eternal sunshine
of the spotless mind! Each pray'r accepted, and each wish resign'd." The
world forgetting, by the world forgot.
Alexander Pope (wiki)
50
First Dates (wiki) -
Groundhog Day (wiki) -
Time
Loop Effect
Total Recall is a 1990 American
science fiction action film that tells
the story of a construction worker who suddenly finds himself embroiled in
espionage on Mars and unable to determine if the experiences are real or
the result of memory implants.
The Spotless Mind
refers to an innocent mind, a mind that does not have to account for its
own sin, because the person did not know any better.
Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is a 2004 American romantic
science-fiction film about an estranged couple who have erased each other
from their memories. After a fight, Joel Barish discovers that his
girlfriend Clementine Kruczynski has had her memories of him erased by the
New York City firm Lacuna. Heartbroken, he decides to undergo the same
procedure. In preparation, he records a tape for Lacuna, recounting his
memories of their volatile relationship. Though he said horrible things
about her in an attempt to make it easier to forget her, he realizes how
much he loves her, so the relationship begins again, but not from the
beginning, but from the end.
Sudden Memories - Flashback
Flashback
is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual has a sudden, usually
powerful,
re-experiencing of a past experience or elements of a past
experience. These experiences can be happy, sad, exciting, or any other
emotion one can consider. The term is used particularly when the memory is
recalled involuntarily, and/or when it is so intense that the person
"relives" the experience, unable to fully recognize it as memory and not
something that is happening in "real time".
Stress.
Traumatic
Memories -
When some memories become a curse instead
of a blessing. -
Reconsolidation Therapy.
Cryptomnesia
occurs when a forgotten memory returns without it being recognized as such
by the subject, who believes it is something new and original. It is a
memory bias whereby a person may falsely recall generating a thought, an
idea, a song, or a joke, not deliberately engaging in plagiarism but
rather experiencing a memory as if it were a new inspiration.
Déjà
vu is the phenomenon of having the strong sensation that an
event or experience currently being experienced has already been
experienced in the past, "already seen". Déjà vu is a feeling of
familiarity, and
déjà vécu is the
feeling of having
already lived through something, a feeling of
recollection.
Past Life Regression.
Emotion and Memory can have a powerful effect on humans and
animals. Numerous studies have shown that the most vivid autobiographical
memories tend to be of emotional events, which are likely to be recalled
more often and with more clarity and detail than neutral events.
It's better to
deal with a bad memory and understand it then it is to just try to about
forget it. Once you have come to terms with a bad experience, the less
likely you will be negatively effected by recalling that bad memory. And
you will also be more likely to remember the good memories more often.
Then eventually all bad memories will lose their grip on your well being.
This is a learned skill, the good news is that
everyone is capable of
learning.
Changing Bad Habits -
Brain
Plasticity.
Human Memory is Similar to Computer Memory, well almost
The amazing thing about our memory is that it stores and saves our experiences, our knowledge, and our information.
And all you have to do to recall your past experiences, knowledge and
information, is to ask for it, and some how the information you
asked for is retrieved and presented to you in the form of
internal images, emotions and information. Wow, this thing is awesome! The human memory is an incredible tool
with amazing abilities. But the memory has certain
vulnerabilities. Like not being able to remember something when
you need to, or remembering the wrong things at the wrong time.
So is our memory a little imperfect, or is it just that we're
not using our memory properly? In order to ask that question you
would first have to answer this question, "what are the best
ways to use our memory, effectively and efficiently?" First you
want your information to be organized and easy to locate when
needed. So learning the right things at the right time, in the
right way, is a must. Second, you want to control the flow of
information. You want to recall the right information at the
right time. Third, you only want to see the information that
you've requested. You don't want irrelevant information to
suddenly appear in your mind and distract you from accessing
more important information that you need. Fourth, you want to
make sure that your current information is continually updated
when needed, which is almost always needed. Fifth, you have to
make sure that the perception of your stored information is
logical. And in order to make sure that your information is
logically perceived is to learn logical information and
learn how to perceive it properly. Easier said then done but it can be
done. The power of your memory is directly related to the quality of
information and knowledge that you learn, as long as it learned at the
right time and in the right way.
Computer Memory.
Memory Storage Capacity of the Human Brain
The
adult brain has been
estimated to store a limit
of up to 2.5
petabytes of
binary data
equivalent. Humans also have enormous amounts of
information capacity in our DNA, so
information is not just in our brains, it's in our whole body. And humans
also have the ability to carry in their pockets large amounts of
external memory capacity
when we have our smartphones with us.
Memory Storage.
Kim Peek, the real Rain Man, shows just how much information
and knowledge a human brain can handle, it seems almost
limitless.
Daniel Tammet shows just how incredible Human Brain
processing abilities are.
Autistic
Savant or
High-functioning Autism seems to make certain processing
abilities stand out more. It's not that they have enhanced
abilities, it's just that Autistic people use certain human brain
abilities more effectively. 99% of all humans have these
abilities, so it's just learning how to use them.
Autobiographical memory also shows the
enormous memory capacity of the Human Brain.
Learning Methods -
AI (artificial
intelligence)
Procedural Memory -
Memory Management -
Logic Gate"That
saying that humans only use
10% of their Brain,
that is now a fact. People only know 10% of the 100% of what is known in
2017. People are being under utilized, and you can see the negative
effects throughout society. The
great awakening is about people finally taking the activity of
learning seriously. The human brain has enormous memory capacity, more
then a million computers added together.
Use it or
lose it, which is another fact of life."
Immersed in Old Memories - Nostalgia
That brings back good memories
means that
something in the
present moment has
caused you to
remember
something
pleasant in your
past, a good memory and a
beautiful moment in your life that happened during a
simpler time,
when
joy and
pleasure was just a normal
experience. But as you
get older,
things can get complicated, causing you to
lose touch with that
amazing
feeling of
discovery.
Not all old memories are good memories
-
One memory leads to
another memoryOnce in a while
we like to visit old
memories. We have to
see what we can remember and how we still perceive that
experience and
understand our old memories. Sometimes we can spark old memories by
playing
songs that we use to listen to as a child, or
by looking
at
old photographs.
Have you ever heard a
song that sparked a distant memory?
Why do songs connect us to
moments in time?
Is it a
memory trace or just our
episodic
memory working by
association.
Retro is looking back or looking
backward or behind. To bring to mind something in the past.
Retrospect is to
review a past course of events or
remember a period of time. To look
back upon a period of time or sequence of events. A
contemplation of
things past. A long and
thoughtful observation.
Introspect -
Backstory -
Time added Value -
Time Travel
Retroactive is something taking effect from
a date in the past. Retroactive in psychology is a descriptive of any
event or stimulus or process that has an effect on the effects of events
or stimuli or process that occurred previously. Affecting things past.
Rosy Retrospection refers to the psychological phenomenon of
people sometimes judging the past disproportionately more
positively than
they judge the present. Although rosy retrospection is a
cognitive bias,
and distorts a person's view of reality to some extent, some people
theorize that it may in part serve a useful purpose in increasing
self-esteem and a person's overall sense of well-being.
False Memories in History.
Memories interpreted as a reconstruction in retrospect, can sometimes
misjudge the original experience.
The Surprising Benefits of Unconsciously Remembering Things. A new
study offers insight on why
sleep and
daydreaming are good moments to
arrange and store
long-term memories.
Generative AI helps to explain human memory and imagination. Recent
advances in generative AI help to explain how memories enable us to learn
about the world, re-live old experiences and construct totally new
experiences for imagination and planning, according to a new study. -
Except we don't always learn from our experiences the way we should
because most people stop learning about themselves and the world around
them. In order to accurately process old memories we need to continually
educate ourselves in order to make sense of what we have experienced.
Was I happy then? Our current feelings can interfere with memories of
past well-being. Research suggests that one reason
happiness can seem so elusive
is that our current feelings can interfere with memories of our past
well-being. An analysis of data from four longitudinal surveys to
investigate how our current feelings influence our memories of past
happiness. Happy people tend to overstate the improvement of their life
satisfaction over time, whereas unhappy ones tend to overstate the
deterioration of their level of happiness. This indicates a certain
confusion between feeling happy and feeling better. People are able to
recall how they used to feel about their life, but they also tend to mix
this memory with the way they currently feel. It seems that feeling happy
today implies feeling better than yesterday. This recall structure has
implications for motivated memory and learning and could explain why happy
people are more optimistic, perceive risks to be lower, and are more open
to new experiences.
Nostalgia is a sentimentality for the past, typically for a
period or place with happy personal associations. Smell and touch are
strong evokers of nostalgia due to the processing of these stimuli first
passing through the amygdala, the emotional seat of the brain. These
recollections of one's past are usually important events, people one cares
about, and places where one has spent time. Music and weather can also be
strong triggers of nostalgia.
Nostalgia is a longing
for something past.
Sentimental is
nostalgic feelings of tenderness and sadness. A personal belief or
judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty.
Sentimentality commonly connotes a reliance on shallow, uncomplicated
emotions at the expense of reason. Originally indicated the reliance on
feelings as a guide to truth.
Reminiscing is
to indulge in enjoyable recollection of
past events. To
recall the past.
Day Dreaming.
Recollection is
the act of recollecting, or recalling to the memory; the operation by
which objects are recalled to the memory, or ideas revived in the mind;
reminiscence; remembrance. The power of recalling ideas to the mind, or
the period within which things can be recollected; remembrance.
Memory Lane is the act of remembering past
journeys or remembering the experiences of ones childhood or younger
years. "Memory Lane, oh how I love thee".
Taking a
Walk Down Memory Lane is when you're thinking about things that
happened a long time ago, and you remember who you were as a person back
then and what you thought of the world in those times. So much has changed
while some things have stayed the same.
Blast from the Past is something that you had almost forgotten
about and have not seen or heard of for a long time, something nostalgic
that returns after a long period of obscurity or absence that suddenly and
strongly makes you remember a previous time in your life, reminding you of
some incredible memories of past experiences, things that have not thought
about in years.
Retrofuturism is
a movement in the creative arts showing the influence of depictions of the
future produced in an earlier era. If futurism is sometimes called a
"science" bent on anticipating what will come. Retrofuturism is the
remembering of that anticipation past visions of the future.
Paleo Future.
Retro
Style is imitative or consciously derivative of lifestyles, trends, or
art forms from history, including in music, modes, fashions, or attitudes.
In popular culture, the "
nostalgia cycle"
is typically for the two decades that begin 20–30 years ago.
Flashback in a story is an interjected scene that takes the narrative
back in time from the current point in the story.
Flashbacks are often
used to recount events that happened before the story's primary sequence
of events to fill in crucial
backstory. In the opposite direction, a
flashforward (or
prolepsis) reveals events that will occur in the future. Both
flashback and flashforward are used to cohere a story, develop a
character, or add structure to the narrative. In literature, internal
analepsis is a flashback to an earlier point in the narrative; external
analepsis is a flashback to a time before the narrative started. In film,
flashbacks depict the subjective experience of a character by showing a
memory of a previous event and they are often used to "resolve an enigma".
Flashbacks are important in film noir and melodrama films. In movies and
television, several camera techniques, editing approaches and special
effects have evolved to alert the viewer that the action shown is a
flashback or flashforward; for example, the edges of the picture may be
deliberately blurred, photography may be jarring or choppy, or unusual
coloration or sepia tone, or monochrome when most of the story is in full
color, may be used. The scene may fade or dissolve, often with the camera
focused on the face of the character and there is typically a voice-over
by a narrator (who is often, but not always, the character who is
experiencing the memory).
Age
Regression
in therapy
is a technique in a
psycho-therapeutic process that facilitates
access to childhood memories, thoughts and feelings. Age regression
includes
hypnotherapy, a process where patients move their focus to
memories of an earlier stage of life in order to explore these memories or
to get in touch with some difficult-to-access aspects of their
personality.
Past Life
Regression -
Genetic Memory -
Human Nature
Emotion and Memory have shown that the most
vivid
autobiographical memories tend to be of emotional events, which are likely
to be recalled more often and with more clarity and detail than neutral
events. The activity of emotionally enhanced memory retention can be
linked to human evolution; during early development, responsive behavior
to environmental events would have progressed as a process of trial and
error. Survival depended on behavioral patterns that were repeated or
reinforced through life and death situations. Through evolution, this
process of learning became genetically embedded in humans and all animal
species in what is known as flight or fight instinct. Artificially
inducing this instinct through traumatic physical or emotional stimuli
essentially creates the same physiological condition that heightens memory
retention by exciting neuro-chemical activity affecting areas of the brain
responsible for encoding and recalling memory. This memory-enhancing
effect of emotion has been demonstrated in a large number of laboratory
studies, using stimuli ranging from words to pictures to narrated slide
shows, as well as autobiographical memory studies. However, as described
below, emotion does not always enhance memory.
Traumatic
Memories -
Music
helps us to Remember
Memories of past events retain remarkable fidelity even as we age.
Even though people tend to remember fewer details about past events as
time goes by, the details they do remember are retained with remarkable
fidelity, according to a new study. This finding holds true regardless of
the age of the person or the amount of time that elapsed since the event
took place. Scientists studying the complex relationship between aging and
memory have found that in a controlled experiment, people can remember the
details about past events with a surprising 94% accuracy, even accounting
for age. These results, published in the journal Psychological Science,
suggest that the stories we tell about past events are accurate, although
details tend to fade with time.
Interpret is to make sense of; assign a meaning to. Give an
interpretation or
explanation to. Create an image or likeness of.
Restate words from one language into another language. Make
sense of a
language.
Make Sense is to be
reasonable or
logical or comprehensible.
Comprehensible is capable of being
comprehended or
understood.
Memoir is a
collection of memories that an individual writes
about moments or events, both public or private, that took place
in the subject's life.
Biography -
Chronicle.
Contemplation is a long and thoughtful
observation. A calm, lengthy, intent
consideration. -
Meditation.
Reflection is a calm, lengthy, intent consideration. Expression without words.
A remark expressing careful consideration.
Reflection can also mean the image of something as reflected by a
mirror or other
reflective material.
The ability to reflect beams or rays.
The phenomenon of a propagating wave of light or sound.
A likeness in which left and right are reversed. Reflection in mathematics
is a transformation in which the direction of one
axis is reversed.
Dreams
-
Abstract
Why do some things go into our
long-term
memory, it's not like I asked my brain to store this
information, it seems to save certain nformation on its own, unless
subconsciously or consciously there's a trigger that activates
the release of
Protein Kinase A that's used in creating long-term memories.
We know there are control mechanisms in long-term memory because
some people have the ability to remember what they see in
incredible detail when they want to. It's like a computer,
you
don't have to know how it works, you just have to know how to
operate it. But you don't have to remember everything in detail,
you just have to remember what's important.
We start out
our lives creating memories. Then we spend a lot of our time remembering
our memories. The most important thing we need to do is to keep learning
and to increase our knowledge, because the most important thing about our
memories is how we process our
memories. So we must continue to learn and
develop. Having memories is not enough. We must have the intelligence to
realize how valuable our memories are. We have to keep on creating new
memories so that our old memories can be compared to our new memories.
Pattern
Recognition.
"I like it
how your brain
reminds you what you were thinking about a few minutes ago.
I was thinking about doing something and then I got distracted, but a few
minutes later, my thoughts returned to that action that I was thinking
about doing. Thanks Brain, I knew I could count on you."
I can see my younger self saying, "Remember me, I was you once.
It's been a while since we talked, so, how have you been?" It's good to
think about things that you have not thought of in a long time. Even
though they may bring back sad memories, I believe that you have to go
back once in a while and see how much you can still remember. Like an
exercise for your memory.
Time Travel.
When I see pictures of myself when I was younger, it's like I'm
looking at a stranger. I can recognize myself, but I can't even imagine
what
my thoughts were like back
then. It would have been great if I kept a
diary, but I doubt that my writing
would have been enlightening enough in any meaningful way. I didn't start
deliberately educating myself until I was 48 years old. I do have a lot of
great memories of great experiences in my youth, but my knowledge was very
limited before turning 48, so processing those experiences and those
learning moments was very vague. I was learning a lot of things in my
younger years, but I was not learning enough in order to crystalize any
real intelligence or any real wisdom. Even though
I thought I was smart and wise
in some ways, I had no idea how much ignorance that I had about myself and
the world around me. I only realized my ignorance when I started to
educate myself when I turned 48. And after 16 years of educating myself, I
am still far from knowing enough that would allow me to consider myself to
be intelligent. Though I have learned many things and have knowledge of
many things, I still have a lot to learn, but at least I know that I still
have a lot to learn. After 16 years, the knowledge is more powerful now
and the lessons are more life changing. But I still make mistakes
sometimes and I still lose focus at times. But I definitely feel the
force. Knowledge is a source of energy, and it's extremely powerful. But
I'm still a grasshopper. More training and more learning is needed. But
soon I'll be ready to control the power of knowledge. I can feel the
force, but I'm not ready to fully connect just yet.
Songs About Remembering
Always
Something There to Remind Me - Naked Eyes - (youtube) - I walk
along the city streets you used to walk along with me, And every step I
take reminds me of just how we used to be, Well, how can I forget you
girl? When there is
always something there to remind me, Always something
there to remind me. As shadows fall I pass the small cafe where we would
dance at night, And I can't help recalling how it felt to kiss and hold
you tight, Well, how can I forget you girl? When there is always something
there to remind me, Always something there to remind me. I was born to
love her and I will never be free, You'll always be a part of me, If you
should find you miss the sweet and tender love we used to share, Just come
back to the places where we used to go and I'll be there, Well, how can I
forget you girl? When there is always something there to remind me, Always
something there to remind me. I was born to love her and I will never be
free, You'll always be a part of me, 'Cause there is always something
there to remind me, Always something there to remind me.
The Way We Were (1975) - Barbra Streisand (youtube)
- Light the corners of my mind, Misty water-colored memories, Of
the way we were, Scattered pictures, Of the smiles we left behind, Smiles
we gave to one another, For the way we were, Can it be that it was all so
simple then? Or has time rewritten every line? If we had the chance to do
it all again, Tell me, would we, would we, Could we, could we? Memories,
May be beautiful and yet, What's too painful to remember, We simply choose
to forget, So it's the laughter, We will remember, Whenever we remember,
The way we were, The way we were, I miss you baby, The way we were.
A
Million Miles Away - The Plimsouls (youtube) - Friday night, I'd just
got back, I had my eyes shut and dreaming about the past, I thought about
you while the radio played, I should have got loaded, some reason I
stayed, I started drifting to a different place, I realized I was falling
off the face of the world, And there was nothing left to bring me back,
I'm a million miles away, A million miles away, I'm just a million miles
away, And there's nothing left to bring me back today, Took a ride, I went
downtown, The streets were empty, there was no one around, To place that
we used to know, Been all the places that we used to go, I'm at the wrong
end of your looking glass, Just trying to hold on to the hands of the past
and you, And there was nothing left to bring me back, I was a million
miles away, A million miles away, I'm just a million miles away, And
there's nothing to bring me back today, Bring me back today, bring me back
today, I started drifting to a different place, I realized, falling off
the face of the world, And there was nothing left to bring me back, I was
a million miles away, I'm a million miles away, I'm a million miles away,
And there's nothing left to bring me back today, Bring me back today,
bring me back today, Bring me back today.
Times
Of Your Life with Lyrics - Paul Anka (youtube)
- Will you remember the times of our lives?
Songs about Looking Back on Fond Memories.
Memories - Maroon 5
(youtube) - Here's to the ones that we got, Cheers to the wish you were
here, but you're not, 'Cause the drinks bring back all the memories,
Of everything we've been through, Toast to the ones here today, Toast
to the ones that we lost on the way, Cause the drinks bring back all
the memories, And the memories bring back, memories bring back you,
There's a time that I remember, when I did not know no pain, When I
believed in forever, and everything would stay the same, Now my heart
feel like December when somebody say your name, 'Cause I can't reach out
to call you, but I know I will one day, yeah, Everybody hurts sometimes,
Everybody hurts someday, ayy ayy, But everything gon' be alright, Go
and raise a glass and say, ayy.
Unforgettable (Duet
with Nat King Cole) (youtube) - Unforgettable, That's what you are,
Unforgettable, Though near or far, Like a song of love that clings to
me, How the thought of you does things to me, Never before, Has
someone been more, Unforgettable, In every way, And forever more
(And forever more), That's how you'll stay (That's how you'll stay),
That's why, darling, it's incredible, That someone so unforgettable,
Thinks that I am, Unforgettable too, No never before, Has someone
been more, Ooh, unforgettable (Unforgettable), In every way (In every
way), And forever more (And forever more), That's how you'll stay
(That's how you'll stay), That's why, darling, it's incredible, That
someone so unforgettable, Thinks that I am, Unforgettable too.
Makin' Memories
(youtube) - I'm makin' memories I'd like to remember, I'm meetin' new
people I'd like to recall, Some of their names like Larry and Steve,
I'm makin' memories I'd like to keep, I had
some fun back in the day, Yeah, I got some stories did I tell ya the one,
The time when we drank and drank till we passed out, There on the ground
boy, that was fun. Tonight I'm makin' memories I'd like to remember, I'm
meetin' new people I'd like to recall, Some of their names like Larry and
Steve, I'm makin' memories I'd like to keep. What is that word I'm lookin'
for, I learned to say it back when I was three, It starts with a C (kitty
cat) (congress) (cousins?), (Kansas?) Candy, yeah that was the name, I
knew I'd remember by the end of the day, I'm makin' memories, memories
that I remember, Yeah, I'm makin' memories that I can keep, Tonight I'm
makin' memories I'd like to remember, I'm meetin' new people I'd like to
recall, Some of their names like Larry and Steve, I'm makin' memories I'd
like to keep, Yeah, I'm makin' memories I'd sure like to keep.
Having a good memory is extremely valuable. But
having a good memory doesn't matter if you don't remember the things that
matter. So knowing how to remember only counts when you
remember what counts.
Little Things to Remember
Remember that your
memory is an amazing
gift, use it wisely, for it has unlimited potential.
Remember that
you can learn anything that you want, as long as can
read,
listen and
learn
effectively.
Remember to
learn
something new everyday, especially things that are
important and informative.
Remember to learn things in
logically ordered steps, at the
right time and in the right way.
Remember to
not to believe everything that you read, hear or see,
analyze
information carefully.
Remember that
intelligence is a journey, and if you stop
learning, you will never know how great you can be.
Remember to
dream
and to visualize, think of
new ideas,
no matter how big or how small they are.
Remember to
write about anything that you feel like writing about.
Writing down your thoughts can be liberating and immortal.
Remember to
write down things that you want to do, and things that you
need to do.
Responsibilities. Remember to read your things to do list everyday, and take the
steps to reach your
goals.
Remember to keep things
simple,
learn to
manage time, use moderation, and learn to stay balanced.
Remember to always
eat healthy foods,
and do not over eat. Learn to savor the moment.
Remember to drink enough
clean water
everyday.
Remember to practice
good
hygiene.
Remember to
exercise and to
be active, but know your limitations.
Remember to
rest when you're
tired.
Learn
to relax every part of your body, especially the face and the
stomach area.
Remember to do different
breathing exercises throughout the day, understand how
they effect you, focus only on your
breathing.
Remember to
exercise your focus and attention, staying sharp
takes practice.
Remember to be
aware
of yourself, and your surroundings, several times a day.
Keep an open mind.
Remember that
you have vulnerabilities, so learn what they are.
Remember to
understand how you feel, and that
you can
control your feelings.
Remember that
you have abilities, and you also have a brain,
which means that you have
controls, so don't stress yourself.
Remember to
relax and take breaks, but
don't sit for long periods of
time.
Remember to
be
nice to the planet, it's the only home we have, and we share
it with all life forms.
Remember to
be
nice to people, learn to be honest, especially with
yourself. Take an
oath.
Remember to Learn how to respect other people, and learn how to
respect yourself.
Remember to
Learn how to
forgive, and learn why forgiveness is
important.
Remember to Learn how to understand people and learn to
understand yourself.
Remember to Learn how to understand and
control your emotions, and learn how to
understand the emotions of others, especially when others
have trouble controlling their emotions.
Remember to not allow other people to control your thinking, and
don't allow outside forces to intrude on your wellbeing.
Remember to Learn how to control your fears. Thinking logically
is a lot healthier than worrying.
Remember to keep in touch with people, even if its only for a
moment.
Remember to
love.
Remember to
love yourself, be proud but be modest.
Remember that mistakes and accidents can happen, and the only time
that you fail is when you don't
learn from your mistakes.
Remember to learn from
experiences, good or bad.
Remember to share your knowledge.
Remember to
laugh,
especially at yourself.
Remember to listen to
music, practice dancing, or
play
learning games or do something
entertaining.
Celebrate life.
Remember that
you can solve any problem, as long as you learn how to solve
it.
Remember to
measure value and cost accurately.
Remember, as long as you keep learning, you will always have
control, power, freedom, potential and possibilities.
Remember to Remember.
A Poem about
RememberingOur memory is so important, we need to use it every
day, never take it for granted, for there's always a price to pay.
It shapes our personalities, and makes us who we are, sometimes making
us laugh, and sometimes leaving a scar. We'll always have good
memories, and we'll always have bad, but we learn from our experiences,
so that knowledge we'll always have. We know it's not perfect, for
sometimes we forget, it doesn't mean it's lost, it just means we
misplaced it. Even with so much to remember, and so much to make sense,
it's choosing what to remember, that will always make a difference. It’s remembering your ideas your thoughts your dreams your goals,
it’s remembering to write them down, so everyone knows. It’s
remembering that time that song that poem that movie, it’s remembering
to say I love you, and being proud to say I’m me. It’s remembering to
exercise our body, and that incredible mind of ours, for our body will
carry us through life, and our mind beyond the stars. So let us not
forget, especially in the month of December, that life is a miracle
full of magic, and we should always remember to remember.
"
Little
Things To Remember was a book that I started working on in
2008. I stopped working on the book when this website
BK101 became
more important. I will finish the book one day, though it will
not be the same book that I started out with."
Would you rather lose all of your old memories, or lose your ability to make new memories?
It's not just what you remember, but more importantly, it's how you
perceive that memory. Is your opinion of that memory correct?