Knowledge Management
Knowledge Management is the
process of capturing,
developing and
sharing knowledge,
and
effectively using organizational
knowledge
or
social knowledge to achieve
goals.
It refers to a
multi-disciplinary approach to achieving
organizational
objectives by making the
best use of knowledge to
improve services or
products to the highest level of
quality possible. "
Knowledge is the Key, it's
time to unlock our
potential."
Knowledge Worker
are
workers whose
main capital is
knowledge. The main
responsibilities of a knowledge worker is the
advancement of knowledge and the
producing and
distributing knowledge
products, and the handling and distribution of
information. This
includes the
direct manipulation
of symbols to create an original knowledge product, or to add obvious
value to an existing one. Knowledge workers spend 38% of their time
searching for information and work in
various departments and time zones or from remote sites. Knowledge workers
are sometimes are called "
gold collars",
because of their high salaries, as well as because of their relative
independence in
controlling the process of their own
work. Most knowledge workers prefer some level of
autonomy, and do not like
being overseen or managed. They prefer a system at their disposal to
create, process and
enhance their own knowledge.
Knowledge workers can bring benefits to organizations in a variety of
ways. These include: Making
connections and analyzing
data to establish relationships, understanding
cause and effect,
the ability to
brainstorm,
the ability to think broadly using
divergent thinking, the ability to drill down and creating more focus
using
convergent thinking,
producing a new capability, creating or modifying a strategy, identifying
and understanding
trends,
assessing
input in order to evaluate
complex or
conflicting priorities.
Roles of knowledge workers across the workforce are incredibly diverse.
The typology of knowledge worker roles suggested by them are "controller,
helper, learner, linker, networker, organizer, retriever, sharer, solver,
and tracker".
Controller - People who
monitor the organizational performance based on raw information. (Analyze,
dissemination, information organization, monitoring).
Helper - People who transfer information to
teach others, once they passed a problem. (Authoring, analyze,
dissemination, feedback, information search, learning, networking).
Learner - People who use information and
practices to improve personal skills and competence. (Acquisition,
analyze, expert search, information search, learning, service search).
Linker - People who associate and mash up
information from different sources to generate new information. (Analyze,
dissemination, information search, information organization, networking).
Networker - People who create personal or
project related connections with people involved in the same kind of work,
to share information and support each other. (Analyze, dissemination,
expert search, monitoring, networking, service search).
Organizer - People who are involved in
personal or organizational planning of activities, e.g. to-do lists and
scheduling. (Analyze, information organization, monitoring, networking).
Retriever - People who search and collect
information on a given topic. (Acquisition, analyze, expert search,
information search, information organization, monitoring).
Sharer - People who disseminate information
in a community. (Authoring, co-authoring, dissemination, networking).
Solver - People who find or provide a way
to deal with a problem. (Acquisition, analyze, dissemination, information
search, learning, service search).
Tracker
- People who monitor and react on personal and organizational
actions that
may become problems. (Analyze, information search, monitoring,
networking).
Knowledge Base Manager
is responsible for curating, organizing, and maintaining an organization's
repository of information and
expertise. They ensure that the
knowledge base is accurate, up-to-date, and easily accessible to team
members. Knowledge-sharing and collaborative interactions are important.
Knowledge manager is a professional who's responsible for overseeing the
storage and distribution of corporate knowledge within a company.
Knowledge manager maintains company knowledge base and ensure that proper
distribution processes are in place so that employees have the tools they
need to succeed by keeping information in a readily accessible place and
making information known to everyone in the organization. Finding the
right information is important. Knowledge workers must know how to
identify important information from a large database of information that
they need to be familiar with. They should be in a position to
weed out less important
information and focus on essential information that will help them
solve problems, answer questions, and generate ideas. Knowledge management
is to ensure that the right information is available to the right people
at the right time. This enhances decision-making, fosters innovation, and
improves overall efficiency and productivity within the organization.
Knowledge Management
Responsibilities -
Transparency (accountable) -
Information Literacy -
Agent -
Knowledge Officers -
Big
Data -
Digital -
Data
-
Organizing -
Categorizing
-
Systems -
Technology Education -
Interfaces -
Keyboard -
Usability
-
Least Effort -
Questions and
Answers -
Mind Maps -
Visualizing Tools -
Skills -
LinksOne of the main goals of KM is to
facilitate
learning and create a
learning environment where everyone
benefits from an organizations combined knowledge and
experiences. Using the power of an organizations
collective
intelligence to
solve problems, minimize
mistakes, minimizing
waste, eliminating
pollution, accomplishing
goals, making jobs easier and
less stressful, while at the same
time
maximizing productivity.
Knowledge Communication
Knowledge Communication is the activity of
interactively conveying and
co-constructing insights, assessments,
experiences, or skills through
verbal and
non-verbal means.
Knowledge
systems can be regarded as
agents communicating
between
domain experts and
end
users. Communication knowledge is distinct from the domain
knowledge.
Three aspects of
communication knowledge are domain-related knowledge,
discourse
knowledge and mediating knowledge. This frame of reference is
applied in the contexts of
knowledge acquisition, user
interface
management in knowledge systems, text generation in expert critiquing
systems and
tutoring systems.
If decision makers, communicators, experts, and the public understand what
the
crisis is about and share their knowledge, the process of handling it
will be optimized.
Effective crisis communication implies the necessity of an unhindered
but
purposeful exchange of
information within and between authorities, organizations, media,
involved individuals, and groups before, during, and after a crisis.
Knowledge Preservation
-
Knowledge Mobilization -
Science Communication
-
Informing the Public -
Freedom of Information -
Rights to
Access Information and
Knowledge -
Avoiding Misinformation -
Crisis Management
Knowledge
Ecosystem is an approach to knowledge management that helps to foster
the dynamic evolution of knowledge interactions between entities to
improve
decision-making and
innovation
through improved evolutionary
networks of
collaboration.
Knowledge-Based Systems is a
computer program that reasons and uses a
knowledge base to
solve complex problems.
Knowledge Engineering refers to all technical, scientific
and social aspects involved in building, maintaining and using
knowledge-based systems.
Knowledge-Based Engineering is the application of
knowledge-based systems technology to the domain of manufacturing design
and production.
Knowledge Base
-
Intelligence Briefing
-
Intelligence Types
Business
Intelligence is a set of techniques and tools for the acquisition and
transformation of
raw data
into
meaningful and
useful information for business
analysis purposes. Business
Intelligence comprises the strategies and technologies used by enterprises
for the data analysis and
management of
business information. Common functions of
business intelligence technologies include reporting, online analytical
processing, analytics, dashboard development, data mining, process mining,
complex event processing, business performance management, benchmarking,
text mining, predictive analytics, and prescriptive analytics.
IT.
Business Analytics is the process of transforming data into insights
to improve business decisions. Tools used to create insights from data
include data management, data visualization, predictive modeling, data
mining, forecasting simulation, and optimization. Business Analytics
refers to the skills, technologies, and practices for iterative
exploration and investigation of past business performance to gain insight
and drive business planning. Business analytics focuses on developing new
insights and understanding of business performance based on data and
statistical methods. In contrast, business intelligence traditionally
focuses on using a consistent set of metrics to both measure past
performance and guide business planning. In other words, business
intelligence focuses on description, while business analytics focuses on
prediction and prescription.
Intelligence Assessment is the development of
forecasts of behavior or
recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organization, based
on a wide range of available
information sources both overt and covert. Assessments are developed
in response to requirements declared by the leadership in order to inform
decision making. An
intelligence
assessment
reviews both available information and previous assessments for relevance
and currency. Where additional information is required, some
collection may be directed by the
analyst.
Intelligence Cycle is when decision makers provide feedback and
revised requirements.
Intelligence Collection Management is the process of managing and
organizing the
collection of intelligence from various sources. The collection
department of an intelligence organization may attempt basic validation of
what it collects, but is not supposed to analyze its significance.
Intelligence Analysis Management is the process of managing and
organizing the analytical processing of raw intelligence information.
Intelligence Analysis is the application of individual and collective
cognitive methods to weigh data and test hypotheses within a secret
socio-cultural context. The descriptions are drawn from what may only be
available in the form of deliberately deceptive information; the analyst
must correlate the similarities among deceptions and extract a common
truth. Although its practice is found in its purest form inside national
intelligence agencies, its methods are also applicable in fields such as
business intelligence or competitive intelligence.
Intelligence Cycle Management refers to the overall activity of
guiding the intelligence cycle, which is a set of processes used to
provide decision-useful information (intelligence) to leaders. The cycle
consists of several processes, including planning and direction (the focus
of this article), collection, processing and exploitation, analysis and
production, and dissemination and integration. The related field of
counterintelligence is tasked with impeding the intelligence efforts of
others. Intelligence organizations are not infallible (intelligence
reports are often referred to as "estimates," and often include measures
of confidence and reliability) but, when properly managed and tasked, can
be among the most valuable tools of management and government.
Organizational Learning is the process of creating, retaining, and
transferring knowledge within an organization. An organization improves
over time as it gains
experience. From this experience, it is able to
create knowledge.
Knowledge-Sharing: A How-to Guide. How is knowledge exchanged and
shared when interdisciplinary research teams work together?
Social Learning
-
Work Ethics
Intellectual Capital is the result of mental processes that form a set
of intangible objects that can be used in economic activity and bring
income to its owner (organization), covering the competencies of its
people (human capital), the value relating to its relationships
(relational capital), and everything that is left when the employees go
home (structural capital), of which intellectual property (IP) is but one
component. It is the sum of everything everybody in a company knows that
gives it a competitive edge.
Brain Drain.
Organizational Memory is the accumulated body of data,
information,
and
knowledge created in the course of an individual organization’s
existence. Falling under the wider disciplinary umbrella of knowledge
management, it has two repositories: an
organization's Archives, including
its electronic data bases; and individuals’
memories.
Institutional Memory is a collective set of facts, concepts,
experiences and know-how held by a group of people. As it transcends the
individual, it requires the ongoing transmission of these memories between
members of this group.
Organizing Knowledge Cognitively is a system of grouping and
categorizing our brain to use, sort and
store information. System changes
and adapts as the amount of knowledge about a particular subject changes
and grows.
Digital Asset Management consists of management tasks and
decisions surrounding the ingestion, annotation, cataloguing,
storage,
retrieval and distribution of digital assets.
Data Visualization -
Mind Maps -
Represent
Digital Asset is anything that exists in a binary format and comes
with the right to use. Files that do not possess the aforementioned right
are not considered assets.
Digital assets are classified as images,
multimedia and textual content files.
Intelligence of another Kind - Intelligence is your best Defense
Counterintelligence is tasked with
impeding the intelligence efforts
of others, or any activity aimed at protecting an
agency's intelligence
program from an opposition's intelligence service. It includes gathering
information and conducting activities to prevent
espionage, sabotage,
assassinations or other intelligence activities conducted by, for, or on
behalf of foreign powers,
organizations or persons.
Spying -
AI abuse -
Supercomputers
-
War Profiteering
Intellipedia is an online system for
collaborative data sharing
used by the United States Intelligence Community. Consists of three
wikis running on the separate JWICS (Intellipedia-TS), SIPRNet (Intellipedia-S),
and Intelink-U (Intellipedia-U) networks. The levels of classification
allowed for information on the three wikis are Top Secret, Secret, and
Sensitive But Unclassified/For
Official Use Only information,
respectively. Each of the wikis is used by individuals with appropriate
clearances from the 16 agencies of the US intelligence community and
other national-security related organizations, including Combatant
Commands and other federal departments. The wikis are not open to the
public.
Cyber intelligence (CYBINT) - Financial intelligence
(FININT) - Geo-spatial intelligence (GEOINT) - Human intelligence (HUMINT)
- Imagery intelligence (IMINT) - Measurement and signature intelligence
(MASINT) - Open-source intelligence (OSINT) - Signals intelligence
(SIGINT) - Technical intelligence (TECHINT) -
Intelligence Advisor Jobs (indeed)
Intelligence Community is a federation of 16 separate United States
government agencies that work separately and together to conduct
intelligence activities considered necessary for the conduct of foreign
relations and national security of the United States. Member organizations
of the IC include
intelligence agencies, military intelligence, and
civilian intelligence and analysis offices within federal executive
departments. The IC is headed by the Director of National Intelligence,
who reports to the President of the United States.
Organizing Knowledge
Knowledge Organization is an intellectual discipline concerned with
activities such as document description,
indexing, and classification that
serve to provide systems of
representation and order for knowledge and
information objects. It addresses the "activities carried out and tools
used by people who work in places that
accumulate information
resources (e.g., books, maps, documents, datasets, images) for the use of
humankind, both immediately and for posterity. It discusses the processes
that are in place to make resources findable, whether someone is searching
for a single known item or is browsing through hundreds of resources just
hoping to discover something useful.
Information
organization supports a myriad of information-seeking scenarios."
Traditional human-based approaches
performed by librarians,
archivists, and subject specialists are increasingly challenged by
computational (big data) algorithmic techniques. KO as a field of study is
concerned with the nature and quality of such
knowledge organizing
processes (KOP) (such as taxonomy and ontology) as well as the resulting
knowledge organizing systems (KOS). Divergent historical and theoretical
approaches towards
organizing knowledge are based on different views of
knowledge, cognition, language, and social organization. This richness
lends itself to many complementary ways to consider knowledge
organization. The academic International Society
for Knowledge Organization (ISKO) engages with these issues via the
research journal Knowledge Organization.
Database is an organized body of
related information.
Databases
-
Classification
- Curation.
Systems
Knowledge Base is the content of a particular
field of
knowledge.
Knowledge Base is a technology used to store complex
structured and
unstructured information used by a computer system.
Information Architecture is the structural design of shared
information environments; the art and
science of organizing and labeling
websites, intranets, online communities and software to support usability
and findability; and an emerging community of practice focused on bringing
principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape.
Data
Architecture.
Knowledge
Infrastructures -
Knowledge Infrastructures
Information needs is
relevant information needed for a person to complete a given task.
Intrinsic -
Prerequisite.
Knowledge Acquisition is the process used to define the
rules and ontologies required for a
knowledge-based system.
Knowledge Extraction is the creation of
knowledge from
structured (relational databases, XML) and unstructured (text, documents,
images) sources. The resulting knowledge needs to be in a machine-readable
and machine-interpretable format and must represent knowledge in a manner
that facilitates inferencing.
Information Extraction -
Data Extraction (acquisition)
Knowledge
Policy describes the institutional aspects of
knowledge creation,
management, and use within the context of an organization's mandate or
business model. Social knowledge policies balance between progress in the
knowledge economy to promote global competitiveness with social values,
such as equity, unity, and the well-being of citizens.
Ethics
-
Knowledge Principles for Government (PDF)
Chief Information Officer is a
senior
executive in an enterprise who works with
information technology and
computer systems, in order to support enterprise
goals. The CIO makes executive decisions regarding matters such as the
purchase of IT equipment from suppliers or the creation of new IT systems.
Also as a business leader, the CIO is
responsible for leading and
directing the workforce of their
specific organization. A CIO is typically "required to have strong
organizational skills." This is
particularly relevant for the chief information officer of an organization
who must balance roles and responsibilities in order to gain a competitive
advantage, whilst keeping the best interests of the
organization's
employees in mind. CIOs also have the responsibility of recruiting, so it
is important that they work proactively to source and nurture the best
employees possible.
Chief Knowledge Officer duties involve
intellectual
capital and
organizing, and the
preservation and
distribution of knowledge
in an organization.
Organization
Structure.
Information
Governance is the set of multi-disciplinary structures, policies,
procedures, processes and controls implemented to
manage information at an
enterprise level, supporting an organization's immediate and future
regulatory,
legal, risk,
environmental and operational requirements.
Enterprise Information Management specializes in finding solutions for
optimal use of information within organizations to support decision-making
processes or day-to-day operations that require the availability of
knowledge.
Enterprise Interoperability Framework is used as a guideline for
collecting and structuring knowledge/solution for an enterprise to
exchange and use information. The Enterprise Interoperability Framework
defines the domain and sub-domains for interoperability research and
development in order to identify a set of pieces of knowledge for solving
enterprise interoperability problems by removing barriers to
interoperability.
Service-Oriented Architecture (PDF)
Employee Engagement is defined as one who is fully absorbed
by and
enthusiastic about their work and
so takes positive action to further the organization's reputation and
interests. This could help reduce
Human Capital Flight or brain drain, which happens when highly skilled
or well-educated individuals leave a company for what ever reason.
Gamification in Knowledge Management (PDF) -
Learning Games -
Technical Communications -
Technical Writing.
Tactic Knowledge - Implicit Knowledge
Tacit Knowledge is the kind of
knowledge that is difficult to
transfer
to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it.
Abstract -
Prerequisite -
Comprehension -
Generalizing -
Implicit Learning -
Document Writing -
Explained
Implicit is something said
indirectly and
not clearly expressed so that the true
meaning of the message can not be accurately
understood.
Explicit Knowledge is
knowledge that can be readily
articulated,
codified, accessed and verbalized and easily
transmitted to others.
Distributed Knowledge refers to all the
knowledge that a
community of agents possesses and might apply in solving a problem.
Human Capital refers to the stock of knowledge, habits, social and
personality attributes, including creativity, embodied in the ability to
perform labor so as to produce
economic value.
"Whether you're connecting people with people, or connecting people to
Documents that other people created, you are still making connections."
“Sharing knowledge is the greatest of all callings. There's nothing like it in the land”
-
The
Satire of the Trades.
"KM is organizing what we know, so that we can determine where we are and accurately predict where we're going."
The
Power of the Internet
Questions to ask:
Do employees understand the acquisition of knowledge and
information? Do employees know how to use the tools and software that will be
used in the acquisition of knowledge and information? Do
employees know how to organize and categorize knowledge and
information in order to combine or compare knowledge with new
knowledge, or compare knowledge or combine knowledge with the
knowledge of fellow employees.
An organizations knowledge may be in the form of procedures,
data, facts, unique processes used, and Information about those
processes used, employee names with job titles,
area of expertise and contact info,
a list of functions provided by skilled employees, products used
and Information about those products, machines used and
information about those machines, resources used (electric, oil,
gas, etc..),
cost of operation, pay rates, cost of services provided,
suppliers used and their contact information, and so on and so
on. The KM platform may also include goals, objectives,
milestones, performance indicators, and other important
operation factors. This includes tagging and labeling
information correctly so that it can be easily found in searches
and inquires.
One of the first steps of KM is to
provide the software platform, and
interface,
that will be used in the collecting, storing and the organizing all of the
knowledge and information that the organization currently has. Then the
organization must decide who will manage the knowledge? Who will organize
its structure? Who will facilitate its input? How will the organizations
knowledge and information be collected? How much training will it take to
make everyone in the organization proficient in knowledge input, and also,
proficient in the use of knowledge and information? Who will provide the
training and how will it be verified?
An organization must learn to
Translate
Tacit Knowledge
that's been accumulated into lessons and
Explicit Knowledge,
while at the same time showing the
value and the potential of
Human Capital,
Intangible Assets and
Intellectual Capital.
Organizing Knowledge
should be made easily accessible
by creating a
User Friendly Interface
with
Menu that's easy to use and navigate
through
so that people can easily
find the
information they seek. This makes it
easy to
Transfer and
Share information, knowledge and ideas with others, while at
the same time, assisting people in decision making and
Problem
Solving.
Intelligence Assessment.
KM also makes it easier to educate and train people by creating
a
Learning
Pathway, which saves time, people and
resources.
Transfer of Learning Transfer & Retention of Implicit
Critical Knowledge.
Learning Management System is a software application for the
administration, documentation, tracking, reporting and delivery of
electronic educational technology courses or training programs. (also
called
e-learning).
Professional Development is learning to earn or maintain professional
credentials such as academic degrees to formal coursework, conferences and
informal learning opportunities situated in practice. It has been
described as intensive and collaborative, ideally incorporating an
evaluative stage. There are a variety of approaches to professional
development, including consultation, coaching, communities of practice,
lesson study, mentoring, reflective supervision and technical assistance.
Synchronize -
Integrate
- Align
KM also reduces mistakes and errors that are
associated with peoples lack of information by
making
information and knowledge more available.
Like knowing what research has been done, Knowing what
ideas have
been pursued and knowing what type of help is
available, and so on.
As more information and knowledge is
acquired KM also provides a platform that makes it easy to
add to your Knowledge Database. KM also helps you to visualize
and understand what your accumulated knowledge and information means as a
whole.
Personal Knowledge Management is a collection of processes
that a person uses to gather, classify, store, search, retrieve, and share
knowledge in his or her daily activities.
Systems
Management for a small business startup with ten computers,
automated centralized processes may take more time to learn how to use and
implement than just doing the management work manually on each computer. A
very large business with thousands of similar employee computers may
clearly be able to save time and money, by having IT staff learn to do
systems management automation. A small branch office of a large
corporation may have access to a central IT staff, with the experience to
set up automated management of the systems in the branch office, without
need for local staff in the branch office to do the work.
Application Performance Management is the monitoring and
management of performance and availability of software applications. APM
strives to detect and diagnose complex application performance problems to
maintain an expected level of service.
BK101 Knowledge Management Responsibilities
Maintain and Manage Knowledge Repository for Education
Resources. Update it on a Daily, Weekly and Monthly Basis.
Knowledge Management Activities Include:
Periodic
Knowledge Audits that help define what knowledge has been generated
and if that knowledge is available for use. To identify new knowledge,
identify relevant knowledge, identify old knowledge and identify existing
knowledge. To define what knowledge is
required by users, and then acquire that knowledge using
knowledge extraction and
information extraction. To verify knowledge,
validate knowledge, evaluate knowledge,
register knowledge,
create new knowledge,
organize knowledge,
categorize knowledge,
classify knowledge,
manage knowledge,
cross-reference
knowledge, develop knowledge, plan knowledge, use knowledge,
reuse knowledge,
edit knowledge,
update knowledge, remove outdated knowledge, disseminate knowledge,
create knowledge user friendly interface and search engine, analyze knowledge feedback.
To learn more about the BK101 education project, you should read the
home page, the
about page, the
instructions page, the
research page,
the
human search engine page, and
then
read the rest of BK101.
Information Governance is the set of multi-disciplinary
structures, policies, procedures, processes and controls implemented to
manage information at an enterprise level, supporting an organization's
immediate and future regulatory, legal, risk, environmental and
operational requirements.
Knowledge Management Strategy (PDF)
Develop Knowledge Management Strategy and Requirements
Create a knowledge sharing platform with easy to use
interface.
(Openplace Service)
Information Broker (data mining -
Illegal profiles) -
Human
Search Engine -
Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)
-
National
Information Officers Association - Database Guardian -
Knowledge
Bank Manager - Knowledge Inventory Specialist -
Subject-Matter Expert -
Chief Information Officer (CIO) -
Knowledge Management Consultant -
Information Sources -
Information Systems
Reward people for knowledge input, especially when a persons
knowledge input improves quality, productivity or safety.
Educate people about the benefits and the importance of
knowledge sharing.
Educate and train people about effective Knowledge Sharing
Techniques, KS Principles, KS Responsibilities, KS Standards,
Knowledge Validation Standards, Knowledge Dissemination
Standards, Social Learning Techniques, KS Security Policies,
KS Privacy Policies, Structured Socializing to increase
communication between Departments, Collaboration Skills,
Knowledge Transfer Software Tools and Skills, How to Resolve
Issues, How to Innovate, How to Measure Knowledge Assets.
Knowledge Management Implementation (youtube)
Open Web Platform is a collection of Web technologies
developed by the World Wide Web Consortium and other Web standardization
bodies such as the Unicode Consortium, the Internet Engineering Task
Force, and Ecma International.
Platform Service is a category of cloud computing services
that provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the
infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an
app.
Lessons
Learned -
Best Practices
Knowledge-Based Engineering is the application of
knowledge-based systems technology to the domain of manufacturing design
and production. The design process is inherently a knowledge-intensive
activity, so a great deal of the emphasis for KBE is on the use of
knowledge-based technology to support computer-aided design (CAD) however
knowledge-based techniques (e.g. knowledge management) can be applied to
the entire product lifecycle.
Knowledge-Based Systems is a
computer program that reasons and
uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. A knowledge based
system has two types of sub-systems: a
Knowledge Base and an inference
engine. The knowledge base represents facts about the world, often in some
form of subsumption ontology. The inference engine represents logical
assertions and conditions about the world, usually represented via IF-THEN
rules.
Systems.
Open Knowledge Base Management is a set of computer
software for systems management of applications that use knowledge
management techniques (the KBM in OpenKBM stands for Knowledge Based
Management).
Object model for representing the systems to be managed.
Object-oriented Hierarchy of monitoring information types
such as events, fault, and statistics.
Data acquisition, signal processing, and
Event Processing Engines.
Forward chaining
Event Correlation Engine.
Knowledge Based Management Language for codifying event
correlation rules, and signal and event processing logic.
Frameworks for both
Thick Client and web-based graphical user interfaces.
Expert System S.p.A.
is a software company founded in Modena, Italy in 1989. It specializes in
the analysis and management of unstructured information using a semantic
approach.
Develop, Edit, and Publish Knowledge Base Content to Support Education Objectives.
Educational Consultant
is an independent consultant who helps parents/students and
organizations with educational planning. They are classed as "educational,
vocational, and
school counselors." Educational Consultants, however, are normally
self-employed (or are part of consulting firms), while school counselors
are employed by a school.
Use the Worlds Accumulated Knowledge as a
Guide for
Solving Problems and Making Improvements.
Managing Codified Knowledge
Knowledge Based Theory
considers knowledge as the most strategically significant resource of a
firm. Its proponents argue that because knowledge-based resources are
usually difficult to imitate and socially complex, heterogeneous knowledge
bases and capabilities among firms are the major determinants of sustained
competitive advantage and superior corporate performance.
Learning Community
-
Strategy Development -
Evidence-Based Practice
(physical health questions)
Create Knowledge Resources and Knowledge Bases that are valuable
and easy to use.
Human Search Engines.
Create
effective processes in strategy,
planning, execution and improvement that are required for the
capture, organization, dissemination, and utilization of
knowledge.
Collate is to compare Information Critically and
Assemble in proper sequence.
Tacit Knowledge versus Explicit Knowledge (PDF)
Analyzing the effectiveness of
Knowledge Management Programs by
observing its usage and evaluate its impact and benefits as well
as by collecting insights, understandings, and practical
know-how of the
Environment and the
Community.
Information Technology Consulting -
Knowledge AdvisorsDemonstrate proficiency with Knowledge
Management Principles and Tactics in adherence to Knowledge
Management Methodology Guidelines
to help improve Content Delivery.
Analyze technical processes to formulate and develop new and
modified information processing systems.
Dynamic Knowledge Repository is a computerized system that
systematically captures, organizes and categorizes an organization's
knowledge. The repository can be searched and data can be quickly
retrieved. The effective knowledge repositories include factual,
conceptual, procedural and meta-cognitive techniques. The key features of
knowledge repositories include communication forums. A knowledge
repository can take many forms to "contain" the knowledge it holds. A
customer database is a knowledge repository of customer information and
insights – or electronic explicit knowledge. A Library is a knowledge
repository of books – physical explicit knowledge. A community of experts
is a knowledge repository of tacit knowledge or experience. The nature of
the repository only changes to contain/manage the type of knowledge it
holds. A repository (as opposed to an archive) is designed to get
knowledge out. It should therefore have some rules of structure,
classification, taxonomy, record management, etc., to facilitate user
engagement.
Enhanced the creation
and storage of information in databases.
Content Management.
Check the availability of knowledge and its
use for different projects.
Information Sources.
Use the available knowledge for
new product development.
Ideas.
Use Knowledge Management System to transform
ideas and implement appropriate solutions to efficiently manage
the intelligence of the available resources of the community.
Management.
Facilitate and drive the flow of knowledge
across all local services by linking people and information,
supporting
collaborative working, promoting techniques to
capture and share knowledge and by sharing answers, insights,
expertise, ideas and information. Establishing
principles and
standards about knowledge
sharing and acquiring.
Encourage, Mentor and Coach others on how to
share knowledge effectively and efficiently. Increase
awareness.
Provided guidance to people to help increase knowledge sharing
within the community and assist people by showing them all
the right questions to ask.
Collaborative
Communication (Knowledge Consulting) -
Information Assistants -
Knowledge Management Tools -
Qualities and Skills of a Worker
-
Human Search Engine -
Social Learning
-
Job Titles
Act as a mediator to answer queries from
people who wish to know more about knowledge management products
and practices.
The Universal Knowledge Moderator for globally distributed and
collaborative e-manufacturingAnalyze
social networks and the formation of
communities.
Structured Socialization - Knowledge Network -
Cyber Consulting -
Website Development
Manage current knowledge management practices
as well as design new knowledge distribution policies and
encourage use of new practices.
Utilize knowledge base resources and design a training module
for people to help them access knowledge management tools.
Online Training.
EMC builds
information infrastructures and virtual infrastructures.
Create the best ways to disseminate information and knowledge so that is
easily accessible to everyone and easy to understand by anyone who uses
the information and knowledge service.
Decentralization is the process of redistributing or
dispersing functions, powers, people or things
away
from a central location or authority. While centralization, especially
in the governmental sphere, is widely studied and practiced, there is no
common definition or understanding of decentralization. The meaning of
decentralization may vary in part because of the different ways it is
applied. Concepts of decentralization have been applied to group dynamics
and management science in private businesses and organizations, political
science, law and public administration, economics and technology.
Society for
Technical Communication -
My
Database Gurus
Focus on improving database effectiveness and develop
collaborative ways for improving productivity and skills.
Maintain in-depth information about managed
databases.
Q&A System Implementation -
Decision Support System -
Collaborations
Maintain good
communications skills and expert planning skills.
Maintain good
analyzing skills and maintain the ability to
tackle critical situations.
Maintain
constructive relationships with people of all ages and
races.
Maintain and improve
leadership qualities and abilities that
would help supervise and guide people.
Work with project manager and project analysts to clarify and
refine project goals, user goals, the target audience and
measurement criteria. Work with project team members to develop user scenarios in
support of stated user goals, and, when appropriate, use cases.
Analyze and communicate any results from competitive analysis
completed for the project.
Contribute to content and functional requirements. Define
site structure and create site maps. Define global and
local navigation.
Create wireframe prototype of page mockups. Identify and
design for cross-site integration needs.
Work with/as
visual designer to create final designs.
Direct
prototyper and
visual designer in developing prototypes
for Usability and Design Review.
Site map (which should include a prototype page inventory
indicating which pages will be prototyped) and or screen flow
diagrams.
The Knowledge Management Skill Set above is also part of a
subroutine in
artificial
intelligence development.
It also encompasses Key factors that will become infused with
the Development of the
human
operating system.
"Knowledge and information is uncharted
territory, it's time that we learn are way around our most valuable resource."
Organizing - Order
Organizing
is putting
things in a
correct order or placement, or
in a
specific location,
making things easier to find and to learn from. The act of rearranging
elements following one or more rules.
Logical or
comprehensible arrangement of
separate elements.
Organize
is to give
structure or order,
operating according to some
principle or
idea. To
plan and direct
a complex undertaking. Arrange by
systematic
planning and
united effort. Form or
join a
union. Create as an
entity. Grouping.
Making things easier to
compare.
Reorganize is to
change the way that
something was originally organized. To
rearrange a plan or structure of
something. To make anew or to
redo something again but in a
new way or
different way.
Update.
The Law of Proximity states objects that are near or
proximate to each other tend to be grouped together. It is part of the
Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization and
Gestalt psychology.
Knowledge Organization -
Library
Science -
Ontology -
Seeing the Whole Picture
-
Mind Maps -
Symmetry -
PatternsOrder is a
logical or
comprehensible
arrangement of separate elements. A
condition of regular or proper
sequential
arrangement. Arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events.
Defrag.
Arrange is to put things into a proper or
systematic order.
Organize thoughts,
ideas, or temporal events. Plan, organize, and carry out an event. To set
printed matter into a specific format. To arrange in music is to
adapt for performance in
a different way.
Rearrange is to put things
into a new order or arrangement. Changing an arrangement.
Arrangement is an
orderly grouping of things
or persons into an organized
structure for
classifying. The
spatial property of
the way in which something is placed. To agree how something is done. An
arrangement in
music is adapting a piece of
music.
Integrate is to combine one
thing with another thing so that they become a whole. To make into a whole
or make part of a whole. To bring people or groups with particular
characteristics or needs into equal participation of a social group or
institution. Integration is the action of incorporating a racial or
religious group into a community.
Why do we
collect things? It's not
just about
hording or being a
pack rat. We should be
consuming knowledge
and not just
consuming things.
Format is the organization of
information according to preset specifications. Determine the arrangement
of data for storage and display. Divide a
data
disk into marked sectors so that it may store data. The general
appearance of a publication.
Compartment
is a space into which an area is subdivided. A partitioned section,
chamber, or separate room within a larger enclosed area.
Compartmentalize is to divide things into
sections or
categories.
Compartmentalization of Thoughts.
Sort i
s to
arrange
things systematically in groups and separate according to type, class,
etc.. A category of things
distinguished by some common characteristic or quality. An operation that
segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion. Arrange
or order by classes or categories. An approximate definition or example.
The Great Sorter.
Separate is to
divide into components or constituents, or to divide into parts,
pieces, fragments, or portions, or by
sex,
race, or
age. To arrange or order by
classes or
categories.
Configuration is an arrangement of parts or elements.
Links.
Anthology
is a collection of literary or musical works, such as poems or short
stories.
A collection of various things.
Collection is several things
grouped together or
considered as a
whole. A publication containing a variety of works. The act of gathering
something together.
Collecting includes
seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying,
storing, and maintaining items that are of interest to an individual
collector. Collections differ in a wide variety of respects, most
obviously in the nature and scope of the objects contained, but also in
purpose, presentation, and so forth. The range of possible subjects for a
collection is practically unlimited, and collectors have realized a vast
number of these possibilities in practice, although some are much more
popular than others. In collections of manufactured items, the objects may
be
antique or simply
collectable. Antiques are
collectable items at least 100 years old, while other collectables are
arbitrarily recent. The word vintage describes relatively old collectables
that are not yet antiques.
Collect is to
gather together a large number of things.
Collector is a person who collects things.
Accrue is to come into the possession of
something. To grow by addition. Accruement is the act of
accumulating.
Accumulate is to
gather together or
acquire an increasing number or quantity of
something. Gradually gather and build up or acquire things to a
resulting whole. Get or gather together a large number of something.
Collect in one place and growing to a large number or quantity.
Accumulate in Stages -
Learning -
Knowledge -
Accumulative KnowledgeCompendium is a
collection of concise but detailed information about a particular subject,
especially in a book or other publication. A collection of things,
especially one systematically gathered.
Assemblage
is a collection or gathering of things or people. A
system of components
assembled together for a particular purpose. Several things grouped
together or considered as a whole. A machine or object made of
pieces
fitted together.
Assembly is a
group of machine parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit. A
public facility to meet for open discussion or a group of persons who are
gathered together for a common purpose.
Amalgamate is to
join together into a
whole. To bring or combine together or with something else.
Bond.
Accession is a new item added to an existing collection of books,
paintings, or artifacts. A process of increasing by addition as to a
collection or group. The act of attaining or gaining access to a new
office or right or position. The attainment or acquisition of a position
of rank or power, typically that of monarch or president.
Conglomerate is
a number of different things or parts that are put or
grouped together to form a whole but
remain distinct entities.
Combination
is a collection of things that have been
combined or assembled from
separate parts or qualities. A
group of
people having a
common purpose. The act of combining things to form a
new whole. An
arrangement of elements
into specified groups.
Configuration
is an arrangement of parts or elements.
Gather is to
assemble or get
together and collect
in one place. Draw and bring closer. Get people together.
Harvest.
Combine is to put
something together or to join things together for a common purpose or in a
common action. To gather in a mass, sum, or whole.
Kit and Caboodle is the whole lot
of persons or things or all of something, or refers to taking everything
with you or covering all your bases in preparation for your needs. (The
origin of Kit and Kaboodle comes from 18th century England. The word
“kith” refers to an estate. Therefore, “the entire kith” would refer to
all the contents of the estate. Soldiers in the 1700s would also carry a
kitbag with them when going into battle, known as the “kaboodle.”)
Construction -
Building -
Organization -
Coordinate -
Synthesize -
Compound.
Compilation is something that is compiled
as into a single
book or file or
list. The action or process of producing something, especially a list, a
book, or a report, by assembling information collected from other sources.
A thing, especially a book, record, or broadcast program, that is put
together by assembling previously separate items.
Compile is to get or gather together a
large number of something. To put things together out of existing material.
Compilation is the process of producing something by assembling
information collected from other sources. Something collected or a
compiled as a list, book, or a report.
Compile
is a computer program to translate source code written in a particular
programming language into
computer-readable machine code that can be
executed.
Compilation Album is a collection of several separate recordings by
either one performer or by several performers.
Greatest hits album or best-of album is a type of compilation album
that collects popular and commercially successful songs by a particular
artist or band.
Product Bundling is offering several products or services for sale as
one combined product or service package.
Consolidation is
the act of combining into an integral whole or solid mass.
Memory Consolidation
Consolidate is to bring together into a
single whole or system. To unite into one. Form into a solid mass or
whole.
Compositing is the process or technique of combining visual elements
from separate sources into single images, often to create the illusion
that all those elements are parts of the same scene. In physical
compositing the separate parts of the image are placed together in the
photographic frame and recorded in a single exposure. A compositor is a
person who is responsible for making sure all of the visual elements of
the film flow together perfectly, like the animations, background plates,
graphics and
special effects.
Composition is the spatial property
resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to
the whole. A mixture of ingredients.
Structure.
Compose is to put things together out of existing material. To make
up plans or basic details for a particular
goal in order to form a substance,
or to
write music, or to produce a
literary work. Compose also means to
be
calm and quiet.
Compounded is to put things together or
add things together and create something by mixing or combining things so
as to form a whole.
Compounded is chemistry
is to combined a chemical compound to make more intense, stronger, or more
marked.
Mix is to
combine things together, or add
as an additional element or part with something else.
Blend is to combine components
together
thoroughly into one new component.
Organizing Principle is a core assumption from which
everything else by proximity can derive a
classification or a
value. It is
like a central reference point that allows all other objects to be
located, often used in a conceptual framework. Having an organizing
principle might help one simplify and get a handle on a particularly
complicated domain or phenomenon. On the other hand, it might create a
deceptive prism that colors one's judgment.
Organizing Terms -
Aggregate
Organizing in
management is a systematic process of
structuring, integrating, co-ordinating task
goals, and
activities to
resources in order to attain objectives.
Viable System Model.
Organ System Level of Organization is
when two or more organs work together for a specific
function. An
organ-system grade organization
is when different organs are joined together to form organ
system.
Constituting is to form
something or to compose or
represent something.
To set up or
lay the groundwork
for something important that has direction and function.
Aggregate is a whole formed by
combining several, typically disparate or different elements.
A material or structure formed
from a loosely compacted mass of fragments or particles. Formed or
calculated by the
combination of many separate units or items; total.
Compound -
Cement.
Aggregate Data
are data combined from several measurements. When data are aggregated,
groups of observations are replaced with summary statistics based on those
observations.
Aggregate (wiki).
Cluster is a
grouping of a number of similar things. To come together or cause to
gather. A cluster in computing is a group of
linked
computers.
Cluster Analysis
is the task of
grouping a set of objects in such a
way that objects in the same group or cluster are more similar in some
sense to each other than to those in other groups or other clusters. It is
a main task of exploratory data analysis, and a common technique for
statistical data analysis, used in many fields, including pattern
recognition, image analysis, information retrieval, bioinformatics, data
compression, computer graphics and machine learning.
Cohering is to
cause something to form a
united, orderly, and aesthetically consistent whole. Have internal
elements or parts logically connected so that aesthetic consistency
results. Come or be in close contact with; stick or hold together and
resist separation.
Natural Kind is an intellectual grouping, or
categorizing of things, in a manner that is reflective of the
actual world and not just human interests. Some
treat it as a classification identifying some structure of truth and
reality that exists whether or not humans recognize it. Others treat it as
intrinsically useful to the human mind, but not necessarily reflective of
something more objective. Candidate examples of natural kinds are found in
all the sciences, but the field of chemistry provides the paradigm example
of elements.
Composite is a
conceptual whole made up of complicated and related
parts. Somthing consisting of separate interconnected parts.
Composite Entity
is a thing
composed of other things. It is one of the most basic concepts
in a
knowledge base of commonsense knowledge.
Part is
something determined in relation to something that includes it. Something
less than the whole of a human
artifact. A
portion of a
natural object or something divided from something from
which together constitutes a
whole.
A part is a piece, a portion, a division, a fragment or a segment of
something such as an object, activity, or a period of time, which when
combined with other pieces, can make up
the whole of something.
Component is an
abstract
part of something. Something determined in
relation to something that
includes it.
Thing
is a separate and self-contained entity. An
artifact or entity that is not
named specifically.
Entity is
something
perceived or
known or
inferred to have its
own distinct
existence, either
living or nonliving.
Constituent is
being a part of something or the part of the physical
structure.
An artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite
entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or
attached to a system. Something determined in relation to something that
includes it. An abstract part of something. Constituent in grammar is a
word, phrase or clause forming part of a larger grammatical construction.
Constituent can also mean a member of a constituency or a citizen who is
represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes.
Constituency is the body of voters who elect a representative for their
area. district represented by one or more elected officials. An
interest or fan group; a group of a people in some category.
Paradigm is a
systematic arrangement of all the
inflected forms of a word. Paradigm
also means a standard or typical example or the generally accepted
perspective of a particular discipline at a given time.
Paradigm Shift.
Documentation -
Knowledge Base
Pooling is the grouping together of resources, assets, equipment,
personnel and effort for the purposes of maximizing advantage or
minimizing risk to the users.
Atom order theory in the mathematical field of order theory, an
element a of a partially ordered set with least element 0 is an
atom if 0
< a and there is no x such that 0 < x < a. Equivalently, one may define an
atom to be an element that is minimal among the non-zero elements, or
alternatively an element that covers the least element 0.
Crystal phases are the differing
configurations that atoms can take in order to make a solid.
Crystal Lattices -
Levels (layers) -
Symmetry.
Order Theory is a
branch of
mathematics which investigates the
intuitive notion of order using
binary relations. It provides a formal framework for describing
statements such as "
this is less than
that" or "this precedes that".
Partial Order on a set is an arrangement such that, for certain pairs
of elements, one precedes the other. The word partial is used to indicate
that not every pair of elements needs to be comparable; that is, there may
be pairs for which neither element precedes the other. Partial orders thus
generalize total orders, in which every pair is comparable.
Partial Order Relation is any relation that
is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. A total order relation is a
partial order in which every element of the set is comparable with every
other element of the set. All total order relations are partial order
relations, but the converse is not always true.
Menu Navigation -
Search Features Directory is an
alphabetical list of names and addresses.
Directory in file systems is a cataloging
structure which
contains
references to other computer files, and possibly other
directories. A directory is an organizational unit, or container, used to
organize folders and files into a hierarchical structure.
Directory in computing is a file system cataloging structure which
contains references to other computer files, and possibly other
directories. On many computers, directories are known as
Folders, or drawers to provide some
relevancy to a workbench or the traditional office file cabinet. Files are
organized by storing related files in the same directory. In a
Hierarchical file system (that
is, one in which files and directories are organized in a manner that
resembles a tree), a directory contained inside another directory is
called a subdirectory. The terms parent and child are often used to
describe the relationship between a subdirectory and the directory in
which it is cataloged, the latter being the parent. The top-most directory
in such a filesystem, which does not have a parent of its own, is called
the root directory.
Sorting
Algorithm -
Operating System
Hierarchy is an
arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which
the items are represented as being "above," "below," or "at the
same level as" one
another.
Alphabetical.
File System is used to control how data is stored and
retrieved. Separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name,
the information is easily isolated and identified.
Database.
File
Manager is a computer program that provides a user interface
to manage files and folders.
Clustered File System (wiki) -
Journaling File System (wiki)
Path in computing is the general form of the name of a file or directory,
specifies a unique location in a file system. A path points to a file
system location by following the directory tree hierarchy expressed in a
string of characters in which path components, separated by a delimiting
character, represent each directory.
Archive
is an accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are
located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated
over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept
to show the function of that person or organization.
Archival Science
-
Library Science -
Curating Archives
Self-Archiving is the act of (the author's) depositing a free copy of
an electronic document online in order to provide open access to it. The
term usually refers to the self-archiving of
peer-reviewed research
journal and conference articles, as well as theses and book chapters,
deposited in the author's own institutional repository or open archive for
the purpose of maximizing its accessibility, usage and citation impact.
The term green open access has become common in recent years,
distinguishing this approach from gold open access, where the journal
itself makes the articles publicly available without charge to the reader.
Archivist is an
information professional who assesses, collects, organizes, preserves,
maintains control over, and provides access to records and archives
determined to have long-term value. The records maintained by an archivist
can consist of a variety of forms, including letters, diaries, logs,
various other writings, official documents, sound and/or picture
recordings, etc.
Referencing is a relation between objects in which
one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link
to, another object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to
the second object. The second object, the one to which the first object
refers, is called the referent of the first object.
Reference.
Cross-Referencing is an instance within a document which
refers to
related information elsewhere in
the same document. In both printed and online dictionaries
cross-references are important because they form a
network
structure of relations existing between different parts of data,
dictionary-internal as well as dictionary external. In programming,
"cross-referencing" means the listing of every file name and line number
where a given named identifier occurs within the program's source tree. In
a relational database management system, a table can have an xref as
prefix or suffix to indicate it is a cross-reference table that joins two
or more tables together via primary key. A cross reference helps
strengthen a document's
structure and supports the whole document.
Index
Taxonomies are general principles of scientific
classification.
Connections (Neural Network)
-
Links -
Networks
Replication in computing in computing involves sharing information so
as to ensure consistency between redundant resources, such as software or
hardware components, to improve reliability, fault-tolerance, or
accessibility.
Redundant.
Logical Volume Management
provides a method of allocating space on mass-storage devices that is more
flexible than conventional partitioning schemes. In particular, a volume
manager can concatenate, stripe together or otherwise combine partitions
(or block devices in general) into larger virtual ones that administrators
can re-size or move, potentially without interrupting system use. Volume
management represents just one of many forms of storage virtualization;
its implementation takes place in a layer in the device-driver stack of an
operating system (OS) (as opposed to within storage devices or in a
network).
Partitioning a division of a hard disk drive. Or a
subdivision of a computer's memory, usually for use by a single job. Or
the division of a database.
Checksum.
Dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two
parts (subsets). In other words, this couple of parts must be jointly
exhaustive: everything must belong to one part or the other, and mutually
exclusive: nothing can belong simultaneously to both parts.
Pros and Cons.
Snapshot is the state of a system at a particular point in
time. The term was coined as an analogy to that in photography. It can
refer to an actual copy of the state of a system or to a capability
provided by certain systems.
Scale.
Human-Based Computation is a computer science technique in
which a machine performs its function by
outsourcing certain steps
to humans, usually as microwork. This approach uses differences in
abilities and alternative costs between humans and computer agents to
achieve symbiotic human-computer interaction.
Intelligent Software Assistant
Conduit software allows the user to synchronize information to and
from various destinations.
The developers of Conduit aim to provide a
complete solution to keeping all of a user's information synchronized,
regardless of where and how the data is stored.
Evidence Management -
Intelligent Agent -
Semantic Web
Interdiscipline (simultaneous)
Document Management System
-
Association of
Records Managers and Administrators -
Concept
Searching
Digital
Library is a special library with a focused collection of
digital objects that can include text, visual material, audio material,
video material, stored as electronic media formats (as opposed to print,
microform, or other media), along with means for organizing, storing, and
retrieving the files and media contained in the library collection.
Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be
maintained by individuals, organizations, or affiliated with established
physical library buildings or institutions, or with academic
institutions. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed
remotely via computer networks. An electronic library is a type of
information retrieval system.
Digital
Library Software
Culling is the process of segregating organisms from a group
according to desired or undesired characteristics. In animal breeding,
culling is the process of removing or segregating animals from a breeding
stock based on specific trait. This is done to exaggerate desirable
characteristics, or to remove undesirable characteristics. For livestock
and wildlife, culling often refers to the act of killing removed animals.
In fruits and vegetables, culling is the sorting or segregation of fresh
harvested produce into marketable lots, with the non-marketable lots being
discarded or diverted into food processing or non-food processing
activities. This usually happens at collection centres located at, or
close to farms. Culling is sometimes used as a term to describe
indiscriminate killing within one particular species which can be due to a
range of reasons, for example, badger culling in the United Kingdom.
Media
and Digital Curation (preservation)
Help: Category
are intended to group together pages on similar subjects. They are
implemented by a MediaWiki feature that adds any page with a text like [[Category:XYZ]]
in its wikimarkup to the automated listing that is the category with name
XYZ. Categories help readers to find, and navigate around, a subject area,
to see pages sorted by title, and to thus find article relationships.
Categories are normally found at the bottom of an article page. Clicking a
category name brings up a category page listing the articles (or other
pages) that have been added to that particular category. There may also be
a section listing the subcategories of that category. The
subcategorization feature makes it possible to organize categories into
tree-like structures to aid navigation. The term category does refer to
both the title of a category page—the category pagename—and the category
itself. Keeping this in mind while reading about categorization, plus
learning a category page layout is a worthwhile investment in research
techniques.
National
Association of Professional Organizers -
Become a Professional Organizer -
Block Storage
Metadata Management involves managing
data about other data,
whereby this "other data" is generally referred to as content data. The
term is used most often in relation to Digital media, but older forms of
metadata are catalogs, dictionaries, and taxonomies. For example, the
Dewey Decimal Classification is a metadata management system for books
developed in 1876 for libraries.
Object Storage Device is a computer data storage
architecture that manages data as objects, as opposed to other storage
architectures like file systems which manage data as a file hierarchy and
block storage which manages data as blocks within sectors and tracks. Each
object typically includes the data itself, a variable amount of metadata,
and a globally unique identifier. Object storage can be implemented at
multiple levels, including the device level (object storage device), the
system level, and the interface level. In each case, object storage seeks
to enable capabilities not addressed by other storage architectures, like
interfaces that can be directly programmable by the application, a
namespace that can span multiple instances of physical hardware, and data
management functions like data replication and data distribution at
object-level granularity.
Digital Object Memory is a digital storage space intended to
keep permanently all related information about a concrete physical object
instance that is collected during the lifespan of this object and thus
forms a basic building block for the Internet of Things (IoT) by
connecting digital information with physical objects. Such memories
require each object instance to be uniquely identified and this ID to be
attached to the physical object. The underlying techniques to create
identification codes and to attach them to objects are manifold but
machine-readable techniques are mandatory. Commonly used are barcodes with
one or two dimensions (e.g. QRcode or DataMatrix) and radio based tags
like RFID or NFC. Such codes or tags are a low cost solution but demand an
underlying server infrastructure to host the memory data.
Centralized Database in every country, with a backup in
several different locations.
Databases -
Database Index
-
Digital Executor“
For Every Minute
Spent in Organizing, an Hour is Earned.” -
Benjamin Franklin.
Recordkeeping Principles:
Accountability -
Integrity -
Protection -
Compliance -
Availability -
Retention -
Disposition -
Transparency.
Recordkeeping Principles (wiki)
-
Records Management -
Knowledge Base.
Categorizing - Groups
Category is a
collection of things sharing a
common attribute. A general
concept that marks divisions or coordination's in a
conceptual
scheme.
Categorizing is the process in which ideas and objects are
recognized, differentiated, and understood, and then grouped into
categories for
some specific purpose. A
category
illuminates a relationship between the subjects and objects of
knowledge. Categorization is fundamental in language, prediction,
inference, decision making and in all kinds of environmental interaction.
Order -
Patterns
Categorical Perception is a phenomenon of
perception of distinct
categories when there is a gradual change in a variable along a continuum.
It was originally observed for auditory stimuli but now found to be
applicable to other perceptual modalitie.
Coordination is the regulation of
diverse elements into an integrated
and
harmonious operation.
The grammatical relation of two constituents having the same grammatical
form. Being of coordinate importance, rank, or degree.
The skillful and effective
interaction of movements.
Coordinate is to bring
order and
organization to things by intentionally matching desirable
correlations that are of equal
importance, rank, or degree in order to
operating as a unit and
bring into common action,
movement, or condition. Coordinated can also mean being
dexterous in the use of more
than one set of muscle movements.
Integrate is to form or unite into a whole. Formed into a whole or
introduced into another entity. Resembling a living organism in
organization or development. Not segregated and
Not Fragmented.
Assimilate.
Classify or
Separate is to arrange or order by classes
or categories. To
identify
an object, we also must classify it, without
profiling.
Private Information.
Classification is a process related to
categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized,
differentiated and understood. The act of distributing things into classes
or categories of the same type. The action or process of classifying
something according to shared qualities or characteristics. A group of
people or things arranged by class or category. The basic cognitive
process of arranging into classes or categories.
Classified.
Binary Classification is the task of classifying the elements of a
given set into two groups (predicting which group each one belongs to) on
the basis of a classification rule. Contexts requiring a decision as to
whether or not an item has some qualitative property, some specified
characteristic, or some typical binary classification include: Medical
testing to determine if a patient has certain disease or not – the
classification property is the presence of the disease. A "pass or fail"
test method or quality control in factories, i.e. deciding if a
specification has or has not been met – a Go/no go classification.
Information retrieval, namely deciding whether a page or an article should
be in the result set of a search or not – the classification property is
the relevance of the article, or the usefulness to the user. Binary
classification is dichotomization applied to practical purposes, and in
many practical binary classification problems, the two 2 groups are not
symmetric – rather than overall accuracy, the relative proportion of
different types of errors is of interest. For example, in medical testing,
a false positive (detecting a disease when it is not present) is
considered differently from a false negative (not detecting a disease when
it is present).
Classes
is a collection of things sharing a common attribute. Arrange or order by
classes or categories.
Attribute is to decide as to where
something belongs in a
scheme. A
construct whereby
objects or individuals can be distinguished.
Distinctive is a feature that helps to
distinguish a person
or thing so that it is capable of being classified.
Distinguish is to detect something with the
senses that can be
marked as different when
compared to
other things.
Differentiated is
having a distinctive feature, attribute, or trait that can be
identified and shown to be
different.
Characteristic is a prominent attribute or aspect of something or
any
measurable property or distinguishing
quality.
Category Theory
is used to formalize concepts of other high-level abstractions such as
sets, rings, and groups. Category theory formalizes
mathematical structure
and its concepts in terms of a
labeled directed graph called a category,
whose nodes are called objects, and whose labelled directed edges are
called arrows (or
morphisms).
A category has two basic properties: the ability to compose the
arrows associatively, and the
existence of an
identity arrow for
each object. The language of category theory has been used to
formalize concepts of other high-level abstractions such as sets, rings,
and groups. Informally, category theory is a general theory of functions.
Several terms used in category theory, including the term "morphism", are
used differently from their uses in the rest of mathematics. In category
theory, morphisms obey conditions specific to category theory itself.
Group or grouping is any number of
entities or members considered as a unit. A system for classifying
things into groups. The activity of putting things together in groups.
Group Theory
studies the algebraic
structures known as groups.
Symmetry.
Group
in mathematics is an
algebraic structure consisting of a set of
elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form
a third element.
Form is a category
of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality. A
perceptual
structure
to compose or represent or develop into a distinctive entity to give
shape. Any
spatial
attributes, especially as defined by outline. The spatial arrangement
of something as distinct from its substance. The visual appearance of
something or someone. Form in biology is a group of organisms within a
species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups. An arrangement of
the elements in a composition or discourse. A particular mode in which
something is manifested. Form in physical chemistry is a distinct state of
matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and
physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary.
Form also means to make something, usually for a specific
function.
Index Term is a term that captures the essence of the topic of a
document. Index terms make up a controlled vocabulary for use in
bibliographic records. They are an integral part of bibliographic control,
which is the function by which libraries collect, organize and disseminate
documents. They are used as keywords to retrieve documents in an
information system, for instance, a catalog or a search engine. A popular
form of keywords on the web are tags which are directly visible and can be
assigned by non-experts. Index terms can consist of a word, phrase, or
alphanumerical term. They are created by analyzing the document either
manually with subject indexing or automatically with automatic indexing or
more sophisticated methods of keyword extraction. Index terms can either
come from a controlled vocabulary or be freely assigned.
Web Indexing.
Index in publishing is a list of words or phrases ('headings') and
associated pointers ('locators') to where useful material relating to that
heading can be found in a document or collection of documents.
Index Publishing.
Subject Indexing is the act of describing or classifying a
document by index terms or other symbols in order to indicate what the
document is about, to summarize its content or to increase its findability.
In other words, it is about identifying and describing the subject of
documents. Indexes are constructed, separately, on three distinct levels:
terms in a document such as a book; objects in a collection such as a
library; and documents (such as books and articles) within a field of
knowledge.
Subject Documents are classified and searched by subject -
as well as by other attributes such as author, genre and document type.
This makes "subject" a fundamental term in this field. Library and
information specialists assign subject labels to documents to make them
findable. There are many ways to do this and in general there is not
always consensus about which subject should be assigned to a given
document. To optimize subject indexing and searching, we need to have a
deeper understanding of what a subject is. The question: "what is to be
understood by the statement 'document A belongs to subject category X'?"
Entity Linking is the task of determining the
identity of entities mentioned in text.
Links.
Typology is classification according to general type.
Typology Archaeology is the classification of
things according to their physical characteristics.
Tag
in reference to
metadata is a non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece
of information (such as an Internet bookmark, digital image, or computer
file). This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be
found again by browsing or searching. Tags are generally chosen informally
and personally by the item's creator or by its viewer, depending on the
system.
Legal
Coding is the process of creating summary or keyword data from a
Document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a
fast-search index or database of documents for use in litigation.
Objective Coding Definitions. The recording of basic data such as date,
author, or document type, from documents into a database. Extracting
information from electronic documents such as date created, author
recipient, CC and linking each image to the information in pre-defined
objective fields. In direct opposition to Subjective coding where legal
interpretations of data in a document are linked to individual documents.
Also called bibliographic coding.
Extracting such information
from a
Document as its author, its
mailing date, etc. Objective coding is usually done from the document text
or image, because the metadata may be inaccurate. For example, a document
written and signed by a partner might show the administrative assistant as
the author in the metadata, because it was originally typed on the
assistant’s computer.
Document Classification
Abstraction is a concept or
idea not associated with any
specific instance. The process of formulating general concepts by
abstracting common properties of instances. A general
concept formed by extracting common
features from specific examples.
Abstraction in its
main sense is a conceptual process by which general rules and concepts are
derived from the usage and classification of specific examples, literal
("real" or "concrete") signifiers, first principles, or other methods. "An
abstraction" is the product of this process — a concept that acts as a
super-categorical noun for all subordinate concepts, and connects any
related concepts as a group, field, or category. Conceptual abstractions
may be formed by filtering the information content of a concept or an
observable phenomenon, selecting only the aspects which are relevant for a
particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to the
more general idea of a ball selects only the information on general ball
attributes and behavior, eliminating the other characteristics of that
particular ball. In a type–token distinction, a type (e.g., a 'ball') is
more abstract than its tokens (e.g., 'that leather soccer ball').
Abstract and Concrete
Library Classification is a system by which
library
resources are
arranged according to subject. Library classifications use a
notational system that represents the order of topics in the
classification and allows items to be stored in that order. Library
classification systems group related materials together, typically
arranged in a hierarchical tree structure. A different kind of
classification system, called a faceted classification system, is also
widely used which allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an
object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways. The
library classification numbers can be considered identifiers for resources
but are distinct from the
International Standard Book Number (ISBN) or
International
Standard Serial Number (ISSN) system. -
Category: Subject (wiki).
Table of Contents are titles or descriptions of subjects or content to
help speed up location of desired information.
Glossary, also known as a vocabulary or clavis, is an
alphabetical list of terms in a particular
domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. Traditionally, a
glossary appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book
that are either newly introduced, uncommon, or specialized. While
glossaries are most commonly associated with non-fiction books, in some
cases, fiction novels may come with a glossary for unfamiliar terms.
Reference Book -
Category Subject Tree -
Knowledge Base
Cataloging is the process of creating metadata representing
information resources, such as books, sound recordings, moving images,
etc. Cataloging provides information such as creator names, titles, and
subject terms that describe resources, typically through the creation of
bibliographic records. The records serve as surrogates for the stored
information resources. Since the 1970s these metadata are in
machine-readable form and are indexed by information retrieval tools, such
as bibliographic databases or search engines. While typically the
cataloging process results in the production of library catalogs, it also
produces other types of discovery tools for documents and collections.
Bibliographic control provides the philosophical basis of cataloging,
defining the rules for sufficiently describing information resources to
enable users to find and select the most appropriate resource. A cataloger
is an individual responsible for the processes of description, subject
analysis, classification, and authority control of library materials.
Catalogers serve as the "foundation of all library service, as they are
the ones who organize information in such a way as to make it easily
accessible".
Knowledge Organization -
Knowledge Visualization -
Data
Bibliographic Database is a database of bibliographic records, an
organized digital collection of references to published literature,
including journal and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports,
government and legal publications, patents, books, etc. In contrast to
library catalogue entries, a large proportion of the bibliographic records
in bibliographic databases describe articles, conference papers, etc.,
rather than complete monographs, and they generally contain very rich
subject descriptions in the form of keywords, subject classification
terms, or abstracts. A bibliographic database may be general in scope or
cover a specific academic discipline like computer science. A significant
number of bibliographic databases are proprietary, available by licensing
agreement from vendors, or directly from the indexing and abstracting
services that create them. Many bibliographic databases have evolved into
digital libraries, providing the full text of the indexed
contents.[citation needed] Others converge with non-bibliographic
scholarly databases to create more complete disciplinary search engine
systems, such as Chemical Abstracts or Entrez.
Metadata
is data that provides information about other data or data about data.
Many distinct types of metadata exist, including descriptive metadata,
structural metadata, administrative metadata, reference metadata and
statistical metadata. Descriptive metadata is descriptive information
about a resource. It is used for discovery and identification. It includes
elements such as title, abstract, author, and keywords. Structural
metadata is metadata about containers of data and indicates how compound
objects are put together, for example, how pages are ordered to form
chapters. It describes the types, versions, relationships and other
characteristics of digital materials. Administrative metadata is
information to help manage a resource, like resource type, permissions,
and when and how it was created. Reference metadata is information about
the contents and quality of statistical data. Statistical metadata, also
called process data, may describe processes that collect, process, or
produce statistical data.
Quantifier in logic is a construct that specifies the quantity of
specimens in the domain of discourse that satisfy an open formula.
Set
Theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which
informally are collections of objects. Although any type of object can
be collected into a set, set theory is applied most often to objects that
are relevant to mathematics.
Set in mathematics is a collection of distinct
objects, considered as an object in its own right.
Predicate in mathematical logic is the characteristic function or the
indicator function of a relation.
Indicator Function defined on a set X that indicates membership of an
element in a subset A of X, having the value 1 for all elements of A
and the value 0 for all elements of X not in A. It is usually denoted by a
symbol 1 or I.
Subjects are the subject matter of a conversation or discussion.
A branch of
knowledge.
The sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or
learned. Academic.
Content is everything that is included in a collection and that is held or
included in something.
What a communication that is about something is about.
Context.
New research
reveals that
infants can use even a
few
labeled examples to spark the
acquisition of object categories. Those
labeled examples lead infants
to initiate the process of categorization, after which they can integrate
all subsequent objects, labeled or unlabeled, into their evolving
category representation. Even before infants
begin to speak, hearing language promotes object categorization. Hearing
the same label, "That's a dog!" applied to a diverse set of objects -- a
collie, a terrier, a pug -- promotes infants' acquisition of object
categories (e.g., the category "dog"). But in infants' daily lives, most
objects go unlabeled. Infants are constantly seeing new things, and even
the most determined caregivers cannot label each one.
Related
Subject Pages -
Collaboration -
Artificial Neural Network
-
Human Search Engine -
Filtering -
Learning
Methods -
Research -
Management -
Structure -
Constructs -
Visual Maps -
Time Management -
Planning.
Systems
System is a set of interacting or
interdependent component
parts forming a complex/intricate whole. Every system is delineated by its
spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its
environment, described by its
structure and
purpose and
expressed in its functioning.
System is an instrumentality that combines
interrelated interacting
artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity. A group of independent
but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole. A complex of methods
or
rules governing behavior. An organized structure for arranging or
classifying. A
procedure or
process for obtaining an
objective. The
living body considered as made up of
interdependent components forming a
unified whole. An ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being
methodical and well
organized.
Subsystem is a self-contained
system within a larger system.
Systems Thinking -
Subroutine -
Controls
Systems Science
is an interdisciplinary field that studies the nature of systems—from
simple to complex—in nature, society, cognition, and science itself. To
systems scientists, the world can be understood as a system of systems.
The field aims to develop interdisciplinary foundations that are
applicable in a variety of areas, such as psychology, biology, medicine,
communication, business management, engineering, and social sciences.
Systems science covers formal
sciences such as
complex systems, cybernetics, dynamical systems theory,
information theory, linguistics or
systems theory. It has applications in the field of the natural and
social sciences and engineering, such as control theory, operations
research, social systems theory,
systems biology, system dynamics, human factors, systems ecology,
systems engineering and systems psychology. Themes commonly stressed in
system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and
its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of
dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while
at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus
destructive). Concerns about
Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature
of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful
insights.
Dynamical System is a system in which a function describes the time
dependence of a point in an ambient space, such as in a parametric curve.
Complex System is a system
composed of many components which may
interact with each other. Examples of complex systems are Earth's global
climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid,
transportation or communication systems, social and economic organizations
(like cities), an ecosystem, a living cell, and ultimately the entire
universe. Complex systems are systems whose behavior is
intrinsically difficult to model due to the
dependencies, competitions, relationships, or other types of interactions
between their parts or between a given system and its environment. Systems
that are "complex" have distinct properties that arise from these
relationships, such as nonlinearity, emergence, spontaneous order,
adaptation, and
feedback loops,
among others. Because such systems appear in a wide variety of fields, the
commonalities among them have become the topic of their independent area
of research. In
many cases it is useful to represent such a system as a
network where
the nodes represent the components and the
links their interactions.
Examples of complex systems are
Earth's global climate, organisms, the
human brain,
social organization, an ecosystem, a
living cell, and
ultimately the entire universe.
Machine Learning -
Hierarchical Organization.
Complexity characterizes the behavior of a system or model whose
components
interact in multiple ways and follow
local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher
instruction to
define
the various possible
interactions. The term is generally used to
characterize something with many parts where those parts interact with
each other in multiple ways, culminating in a
higher order of
emergence greater than
the sum of its parts. The study of these complex linkages at various
scales is the main
goal of complex systems theory.
Levels of Complexity.
Complex is a
complicated in
structure; consisting
of interconnected parts. A conceptual whole made up of complicated and
related parts. A whole structure (as a building) made up of
interconnected or related structures.
Complexity Factor is the level of
complexity to any situation or system. Complexity factor can be measured
by the number of parts or factors or types, by the number of their
interrelationships and interconnections, and by the number of unknowns or
degrees of uncertainty.
Intricate is something having many
complex
arranged elements.
Elaborate is something marked by complexity
and richness of
detail. To
develop or
execute with care and in
minute detail. Elaborate is to add details in order to clarify the
meaning of something in a learned way.
Unraveling complex systems: The
backtracking method. Scientists have developed a new method to analyze
the dynamical, out-of-equilibrium properties of complex disordered
systems, such as gold with magnetic impurities or opinions spreading on
social media. In physics, a "disordered system" refers to a physical
system whose components -- e.g. its atoms -- are not organized in any
discernible way. The approach is called the Backtracking Dynamical Cavity
Method and it works by looking first at the end state of the system rather
than the beginning; instead of studying the system's trajectory forward
from the start, it traces the steps backward from stable points.
Cavity Method is one of the cornerstones of the statistical physics of
disordered systems such as spin glasses and other complex systems. It is
able to analytically and asymptotically exactly describe the equilibrium
properties of a broad range of models.
Systems Thinking involves the use of
various techniques to study systems of many kinds. In nature, examples of
the objects of systems thinking include ecosystems - in which various
elements (such as air, water, movement, plants, and animals) interact. In
organizations, systems consist of people, structures, and
processes that
operate together to make an organization "healthy" or "unhealthy". Systems
engineering is the discipline that utilizes systems thinking to design,
build, operate and maintain complex engineered systems.
Expert System.
Systems
Theory is discovering patterns and elucidating principles that
can be discerned from and applied to all types of systems at all nesting
levels in all fields of research.
Systems Theory
is the interdisciplinary study of systems. A system is an entity with
interrelated and interdependent parts; it is defined by its boundaries and
it is more than the sum of its parts (subsystem). Changing one part of the
system affects other parts and the
whole system, with predictable patterns
of behavior. Positive growth and adaptation of a system depend upon how
well the system is adjusted with its
environment, and systems often exist to accomplish a common purpose (a
work function) that also aids in the maintenance of the system or the
operations may result in system failure. The goal of systems theory is
systematically discovering a system's dynamics, constraints, conditions
and elucidating principles (purpose, measure, methods, tools, etc.) that
can be discerned and applied to systems at every level of nesting, and in
every field for achieving optimized
equifinality. General systems theory
is about broadly applicable concepts and principles, as opposed to
concepts and principles applicable to one domain of knowledge. It
distinguishes, dynamic or active systems and static or passive systems.
Active systems are activity structures or components that interact in
behaviours and processes. Passive systems are structures and components
that are being processed. E.g. a program is passive when it is a disc file
and active when it runs in memory. The field is related to systems
thinking and systems engineering.
Systems
Analysis is the process of studying a
procedure or business in order to
identify its goals and purposes and create systems and procedures that
will achieve them in an efficient way.
Computer Systems Analyst
specializes in analyzing, designing and implementing information systems.
Systemic is something that affects an
entire system.
Systemic
is something that is spread throughout the environment and is
system-wide, affecting a group or
system, such as a body, economy, market or society
as a whole.
Systemic Problem is a problem due to issues inherent in the overall
system, rather than due to a specific, individual, isolated factor.
Contrast with pilot error, user error, or mistake. A change to the
structure, organization or policies in that system could alleviate the
systemic problem. On an
Ishikawa diagram or fishbone diagram of
cause-and-effect
links, the source of the problem can be said to be a common cause,
rather than a special cause.
Systemics refers to an initiative to study systems from a
holistic point of view.
Endemic.
Systematic is
done or acting according to a
fixed plan
or system; methodical. Characterized by
order and
planning.
Systems Science studies the nature of systems—from simple to
complex—in nature, society, and science itself.
Systems Engineering focuses on how to design and manage
complex engineering systems over their life cycles.
Physical System is a portion of the physical universe chosen for
analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment. The
environment is ignored except
for its effects on the system. The split between system and environment is
the analyst's choice, generally made to simplify the analysis. For
example, the water in a lake, the water in half of a lake, or an
individual molecule of water in the lake can each be considered a physical
system. An isolated system is one that has negligible interaction with its
environment. Often a system in this sense is chosen to correspond to the
more usual meaning of system, such as a particular machine. In the study
of quantum coherence, the "system" may refer to the microscopic properties
of an object (e.g. the mean of a pendulum bob), while the relevant
"environment" may be the internal degrees of freedom, described
classically by the pendulum's thermal vibrations.
Isolated System
in
physical science is a physical system so far removed from other
systems that it does not
interact with them, or a
thermodynamic system enclosed by rigid
immovable walls through which neither
matter nor
energy can pass.
Virtual Particles.
Coupling is the degree of
interdependence
between software modules; a measure of how
closely connected two routines or modules are; the strength of the
relationships between modules.
Loose Coupling system is one in which each of its components has, or
makes use of, little or no knowledge of the definitions of other separate
components. Subareas include the coupling of classes, interfaces, data,
and services. Loose coupling is the opposite of tight coupling, which is
when a group of classes are highly dependent on one another.
Cohesion refers to the degree to which the elements inside a module
belong together. In one sense, it is a measure of the strength of
relationship between the methods and data of a class and some unifying
purpose or concept served by that class. In another sense, it is a measure
of the strength of relationship between the class's methods and data
themselves.
System
Integration is defined as the process of
bringing together the
component subsystems into one system and ensuring that the
subsystems
function together as a system. In information technology, systems
integration is the process of
linking together different computing systems
and software applications physically or functionally, to act as a
coordinated whole.
Subsystems is a system
that is part of some larger system.
Subset.
Artificial Intelligence Systems Integration is making individual
software components, such as
speech synthesizers, interoperable with other
components, such as
common sense knowledge bases, in order to create
larger, broader and more capable
A.I. systems. The main methods that have
been proposed for integration are message routing, or communication
protocols that the software components use to communicate with each other,
often through a middleware blackboard system.
Systems Design is the process of defining the architecture,
components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy
specified requirements.
Systems
Architect defines the architecture of a computerized system
in order to fulfill certain requirements. Such definitions include: a
breakdown of the system into components, the component interactions and
interfaces (including with the environment, especially the user), and the
technologies and resources to be used in the design.
Open System is thinking or
organizing with a radically different way of thinking or organizing.
System Image
is a serialized copy of the entire state of a computer system stored in
some
non-volatile form such as a
file. A system is said to be capable of using system images if it can be
shut down and later restored to exactly the same state. In such cases,
system images can be used for backup. Hibernation is an example that uses
an image of the entire machine's
RAM.
Management Information System focuses on the management of
information technology to provide efficiency and effectiveness or strategy
decision making. The concept may include systems termed transaction
processing system, decision support system, expert system, or executive
information system.
Systems Management refers to enterprise-wide administration
of distributed systems including (and commonly in practice) computer
systems. Systems management is strongly influenced by network management
initiatives in telecommunications. The application performance management
(APM) technologies are now a subset of Systems management. Maximum
productivity can be achieved more efficiently through event correlation,
system automation and predictive analysis which is now all part of APM.
System Administration is a person who is responsible for the
upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems;
especially multi-user computers, such as servers.
File
System
Certified Information Systems Security Professional is an
independent information security certification governed by the
International Information System Security Certification Consortium, also
known as (ISC).
Technical Communication is a means to convey scientific,
engineering, or other technical information. Individuals in a variety of
contexts and with varied professional credentials engage in
technical
communication. Some individuals are designated as technical communicators
or technical writers. These individuals use a set of methods to research,
document, and present technical processes or products. Technical
communicators may put the information they capture into paper documents,
web pages, computer-based training, digitally stored text, audio, video,
and other media. The Society for Technical Communication defines the field
as any form of communication that focuses on technical or specialized
topics, communicates specifically by using technology or provides
instructions on how to do something. More succinctly, the Institute of
Scientific and Technical Communicators defines technical communication as
factual communication, usually about products and services. The
European Association for Technical Communication briefly defines technical
communication as "the process of defining, creating and delivering
information products for the safe, efficient and effective use of products
(technical systems, software, services)". Whatever the definition of
technical communication, the overarching goal of the practice is to create
easily accessible information for a specific audience.
Electronic Commerce is a transaction of buying or selling
online.
System Safety concept calls for a
risk management strategy based on
identification, analysis of hazards and application of remedial controls
using a systems-based approach. This is different from traditional safety
strategies which rely on control of conditions and causes of an accident
based either on the Epidemiological analysis or as a result of
investigation of individual past accidents. The concept of system safety
is useful in demonstrating adequacy of technologies when difficulties are
faced with probabilistic risk analysis. The underlying principle is one of
synergy: a whole is more than sum of its parts. Systems-based approach to
safety requires the application of scientific, technical and managerial
skills to hazard identification, hazard analysis, and elimination,
control, or management of hazards throughout the life-cycle of a system,
program, project or an activity or a product. "Hazop" is one of several
techniques available for identification of hazards.
Decision Making -
Decision Tree -
Engineering -
Development
Steady State is a system or a process in a steady state,
when the variables (called state variables) which define the behavior of
the system or the
process are unchanging in time. In continuous time, this
means that for those properties p of the system, the partial derivative
with respect to time is zero and remains so.
Interactive - Interface
Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more
objects
have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is
essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way
causal effect.
Interact is to
act together or towards others or with others.
Interactive is capable of acting on or
influencing each other.
Interactive Map responds to
touch or when the
mouse moves over it, off of it, or clicks on it.
Interactive Learning -
Virtual Reality
-
Augmented Reality -
Haptic Feedback -
Interface
Interactivity
is the interaction with computers and other machines with a user
interface. Multiple views on interactivity exist. In the
contingency view of interactivity, there are three levels:
No interactive: when a message is not related to previous messages.
Reactive: when a message is related only to
one immediately previous message.
Interactive: when a message is related to a number of
previous messages and to the relationship between them. Many fields are
concerned with interactivity, including information science, computer
science, human-computer interaction, communication, and industrial design,
where the meaning of the term interactivity can vary.
Interactivity accepts and responds to
input.
Interaction Design is defined as "the practice of
designing
interactive digital products, environments, systems, and services.
Interactive
Design is the
design of user interfaces for machines and
software, such as computers, home appliances, mobile devices, and other
electronic devices, with the focus on maximizing usability and the user
experience. The goal of user interface design is to make the user's
interaction as simple and efficient as possible, in terms of accomplishing
user goals (user-centered design).
Interaction Design Pattern are a way to describe solutions to common
usability or
accessibility problems in a specific context. They document
interaction models that make it easier for users to understand an
interface and accomplish their tasks. A formal way of documenting a
solution to a common design problem.
Experience Management
is the process of monitoring every
interaction
people experience with a company in order to spot opportunities for
improvement.
Behavioral Pattern are design patterns that identify common
communication patterns among objects and realize these patterns. By doing
so, these patterns increase flexibility in carrying out this
communication. Examples of this type of design pattern include: Blackboard
design pattern: provides a computational framework for the design and
implementation of systems that integrate large and diverse specialized
modules, and implement complex, non-deterministic control strategies.
Chain of responsibility pattern: Command objects are handled or passed on
to other objects by logic-containing processing objects. Command pattern:
Command objects encapsulate an action and its parameters. "Externalize the
stack": Turn a recursive function into an iterative one that uses a stack.
Interpreter pattern: Implement a specialized computer language to rapidly
solve a specific set of problems. Iterator pattern: Iterators are used to
access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing
its underlying representation. Mediator pattern: Provides a unified
interface to a set of interfaces in a subsystem. Memento pattern: Provides
the ability to restore an object to its previous state (rollback). Null
object pattern: Designed to act as a default value of an object. Observer
pattern: a.k.a. Publish/Subscribe or Event Listener. Objects register to
observe an event that may be raised by another object. Weak reference
pattern: De-couple an observer from an observable. Protocol stack:
Communications are handled by multiple layers, which form an encapsulation
hierarchy. Scheduled-task pattern: A task is scheduled to be performed at
a particular interval or clock time (used in real-time computing).
Single-serving visitor pattern: Optimise the implementation of a visitor
that is allocated, used only once, and then deleted. Specification
pattern: Recombinable business logic in a boolean fashion. State pattern:
A clean way for an object to partially change its type at runtime.
Strategy pattern: Algorithms can be selected on the fly, using
composition. Template method pattern: Describes the program skeleton of a
program; algorithms can be selected on the fly, using inheritance. Visitor
pattern: A way to separate an algorithm from an object.
Card Sorting is a technique in
user experience design in
which a person tests a group of subject experts or users to generate a dendrogram (
category tree) or folksonomy. It is a useful approach for
designing information architecture, workflows, menu structure, or web site
navigation paths.
Culturomics -
N Grams -
Just Works
Touchpoint
can be defined as
any way a consumer can interact with a business, whether
it be person-to-person, through a website, an app or any form of
communication (“Touchpoint Glossary”, n.d.). When consumers come in
contact with these touchpoints it gives them the opportunity to
compare
their
prior perceptions of the business and
form an opinion.
Software Design Pattern are formalized best practices that the
programmer can use to solve common problems when designing an application or system.
Interfaces - Control Panels - Menus
Interface is a
device
that allows a person to
communicate to a
computer or to a person. Interface controls can be physically operated or
voice operated. A
touchscreen,
keyboard, mouse,
microphone and
speaker can both send and receive data
through the interface. An interface
program controls a
display for the user to both send
and receive data through and interact with the system. An interface is a
shared boundary across which two separate components of a computer system
exchange information. The exchange can be
between
software, computer
hardware, peripheral devices, humans
and combinations of these. An interface is the overlap where two theories or phenomena affect each
other or have
links with each other. An
interface is a computer
circuit consisting
of the hardware and associated circuitry that
links one device
with another computer or a hard disk drive or
other peripheral.
Dashboard -
Menu Navigation -
Command Lines -
Controls
-
Design Usability -
Code -
Interactive -
Virtual
Reality
User Interface in the industrial design field of
human–machine interaction, is the space where
interactions between humans
and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective
operation and control of the machine from the human end, whilst the
machine
simultaneously feeds back information that aids the operators'
decision-making process.
"A user
interface is like a joke, if you have to explain it, it's not that good."
Application Programming Interface is a way for two or more computer
programs to communicate with each other. It is a type of software
interface, offering a service to other pieces of software.
API is a document or standard that
describes how to build or use such a connection or interface is called an
API specification. A computer system that meets this standard is said to
implement or expose an API. The term API may refer either to the
specification or to the implementation.
API is a set of subroutine definitions,
protocols, and tools for building
application software. In general terms, it is a set of clearly
defined methods of communication between various software components. It
defines methods of communication between various software components and
provides access to data of an operating system, application, or other
service. A good API makes it easier to develop a computer program by
providing all the building blocks, which are then put together by the
programmer. An API may be for a web-based system, operating system,
database system, computer hardware or software library. An API
specification can take many forms, but often includes specifications for
routines, data structures, object classes, variables or remote calls.
POSIX, Microsoft Windows API, the C++ Standard Template Library and Java
APIs are examples of different forms of APIs. Documentation for the API is
usually provided to facilitate usage.
API services
are a means for an application to interact with a server-side system to
retrieve and/or update data.
The whole thing about
interfaces is getting them to do what we want them to do, and also to have
them work no matter what level of experience you have. We occasionally
find ourselves trying to fit a square peg inside a round hole, and when it
doesn't work, for some reason we keep trying anyway, and that is when we
get frustrated. Everyone should learn to understand how interfaces work,
and how our brain works too. So what would be the perfect interface? An
interface that you can modify, so you should have a known standard of
operation code, so if you needed to modify it, you can.
Flexible user interface distribution for ubiquitous multi-device
interaction. Researchers have developed mobile software platform
technology that allows a mobile application (app) to be executed
simultaneously and more dynamically on multiple smart devices. Its high
flexibility and broad applicability can help accelerate a shift from the
current single-device paradigm to a multiple one, which enables users to
utilize mobile apps in ways previously unthinkable.
Mindtouch.
Graphical User Interface
- GUI
AI improves touchscreen interfaces for users with impairments. A new
algorithmic approach to user interface optimization that takes individual
differences into account.
Dark
Patterns: User Interfaces Designed to Trick People (youtube)
-
Marketing.
Bio-interface
is the region of contact between a
biomolecule, cell, biological tissue or living organism or organic
material considered living with another biomaterial or inorganic/organic
material. The motivation for biointerface science stems from the urgent
need to increase the understanding of interactions between biomolecules
and surfaces. The behavior of complex macromolecular systems at materials
interfaces are important in the fields of biology, biotechnology,
diagnostics, and medicine. Biointerface science is a multidisciplinary
field in which biochemists who synthesize novel classes of biomolecules
(peptide nucleic acids, peptidomimetics, aptamers, ribozymes, and
engineered proteins) cooperate with scientists who have developed the
tools to position biomolecules with molecular precision (proximal probe
methods, nano-and micro contact methods, e-beam and X-ray lithography, and
bottom up self-assembly methods), scientists who have developed new
spectroscopic techniques to interrogate these molecules at the
solid-liquid interface, and people who integrate these into functional
devices (applied physicists, analytical chemists and bioengineers). Topics
of interest include, but are not limited to: Neural interfaces. Cells in
engineered microenvironments and regenerative medicine. Computational and
modeling approaches to biointerfaces. Membranes and membrane-based
biosensing. Peptides, carbohydrates and DNA at biointerfaces. Pathogenesis
and pathogen detection. Molecularly designed interfaces.
Nanotube/nanoparticle interfaces. Related fields for biointerfaces are
biomineralization, biosensors, medical implants, and so forth.
Dashboard in management information systems an easy to read, often
single page,
real-time user interface, showing a graphical presentation of
the current status (snapshot) and historical trends of an organization’s
or computer appliance's key performance indicators to enable instantaneous
and informed decisions to be made at a glance.
Dashboard in business is a type of
graphical user interface which
often provides at-a-glance views of key performance indicators
relevant to a particular objective or business process. In other usage,
"dashboard" is another name for "progress report" or "report." The
"dashboard" is often displayed on a web page which is linked to a database
that allows the report to be constantly updated.
Dashboard is a
control panel placed in front of the driver
of an automobile, housing instrumentation and controls for operation of
the vehicle.
Grow is dashboard software
to unify and blend your business data in real time.
Control Panel in engineering is a flat, often vertical, area where
control or
monitoring instruments
are displayed or it is an enclosed unit that is the part of a system that
users can access, such as the control panel of a security system.
Control Panel in windows allows computer users to view and
manipulate
basic system settings and controls via applets, such as adding hardware,
adding and removing software, controlling user accounts, and changing
accessibility options. Additional applets can be provided by third party
software.
Menu -
Menu Sample
Head-Up
Display is any transparent display that presents data
without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints. The
origin of the name stems from a pilot being able to view information with
the head positioned "up" and looking forward, instead of angled down
looking at lower instruments. A HUD also has the advantage that the
pilot's eyes do not need to refocus to view the outside after looking at
the optically nearer instruments. Although they were initially developed
for military aviation, HUDs are now used in commercial aircraft,
automobiles and other, mostly professional applications. (HUD).
Peripheral
is an added system device used to put information into and get information
out of the computer.
Input device sends
data or instructions to the computer, such as a mouse, keyboard, graphics
tablet, image scanner, barcode reader, game controller, light pen, light
gun, microphone, digital camera, webcam, dance pad, and read-only memory);
Output device provides output from the
computer, such as a computer monitor, projector, printer, headphones and
computer speaker);
Input / Output device
performs both input and output functions, such as a computer data storage
device (including a disk drive, USB flash drive, memory card and tape
drive). Many modern electronic devices, such as internet capable digital
watches, keyboards, and tablet computers, have interfaces that allow them
to be used as computer peripheral devices.
Sensors.
Actuator
is a
mechanism that puts something
into
automatic
action.
Actuate is to put in
motion, or initiate a
device, reaction, circuit. To give an incentive for action.
Input
Device is a piece of computer hardware equipment used to provide data
and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer
or information appliance. Examples of input devices include
keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras and
joysticks. Audio input devices may be used for purposes including
speech recognition. Many companies are utilizing
speech recognition to help assist users to use their device(s). Input
devices can be categorized based on: Modality of input (e.g. mechanical
motion, audio, visual, etc.) Whether the input is discrete (e.g. pressing
of key) or continuous (e.g. a mouse's position, though digitized into a
discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous). The number
of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensional traditional mice, or
three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD applications).
Console is a scientific instrument
consisting of displays and an input device that an operator can use to
monitor and control a system, especially a computer system.
System Console is the
text entry and display device for
system
administration messages, particularly those from the BIOS or boot loader,
the kernel, from the init system and from the system logger. It is a
physical device consisting of a keyboard and a screen, and traditionally
is a text terminal, but may also be a graphical terminal. System consoles
are generalized to computer terminals, which are abstracted respectively
by virtual consoles and terminal emulators. Today communication with
system consoles is generally done abstractly, via the standard streams (stdin,
stdout, and stderr), but there may be system-specific interfaces, for
example those used by the system kernel.
Virtual Console is a conceptual combination of the keyboard and
display for a computer user interface. It is a feature of some Unix-like
operating systems such as BSD, Linux, illumos and UnixWare in which the
system console of the computer can be used to switch between multiple
virtual consoles to access unrelated user interfaces. Virtual consoles
date back at least to Xenix and Concurrent CP/M in the 1980s.
Linux Console is a system console internal to the Linux kernel (a
system console is the device which receives all kernel messages and
warnings and which allows logins in single user mode). The Linux console
provides a way for the kernel and other processes to send text output to
the user, and to receive text input from the user. The user typically
enters text with a
computer keyboard and reads the
output text on a computer monitor. The Linux kernel supports virtual
consoles – consoles that are logically separate, but which access the same
physical keyboard and display. The Linux console (and Linux virtual
consoles) are implemented by the VT subsystem of the Linux kernel, and do
not rely on any user space software. This is in contrast to a terminal
emulator, which is a user space process that emulates a terminal, and is
typically used in a graphical display environment.
Console Application is a computer program designed to be used via a
text-only computer interface, such as a
text terminal, the command line interface of some operating systems (Unix,
DOS, etc.) or the text-based interface included with most Graphical User
Interface (GUI) operating systems, such as the Win32 console in Microsoft
Windows, the Terminal in macOS, and xterm in Unix. A user typically
interacts with a console application using only a keyboard and display
screen, as opposed to GUI applications, which normally require the use of
a mouse or other pointing device. Many console applications such as
command line interpreters are command line tools, but numerous text-based
user interface (TUI) programs also exist.
Console in video games is a
command line
interface where the personal computer game's settings and variables
can be edited while the game is running. Consoles also usually display a
log of warnings, errors, and other messages produced during the program's
execution. Typically it can be toggled on or off and appears over the
normal game view.
Video Game Console is a computer device that outputs a video signal or
visual image to display a
video game that
one or more people can play.
Home Video Game Console is a video game device that is primarily used
for home gamers, as opposed to in arcades or some other commercial
establishment.
Handheld Game Console is a small, portable self-contained video game
console with a built-in screen, game controls, and speakers. Handheld game
consoles are smaller than home video game consoles and contain the
console, screen, speakers, and controls in one unit, allowing people to
carry them and play them at any time or place.
Remote Control
is an electronic device used to operate another device from a distance,
usually wirelessly. In consumer electronics, a remote control can be used
to operate devices such as a television set, DVD player or other digital
home media appliance. A remote control can allow operation of devices that
are out of convenient reach for direct operation of controls. They
function best when used from a short distance. This is primarily a
convenience feature for the user. In some cases, remote controls allow a
person to operate a device that they otherwise would not be able to reach,
as when a garage door opener is triggered from outside.
Remote Control.
Wii Remote is the primary game controller for Nintendo's Wii home
video game console.
Game Controller is a device used with games or entertainment systems
to provide input to a video game, typically to control an object or
character in the game. A controller is usually connected to a game console
or computer by means of a wire or cord, although, since the mid-2000s,
wireless controllers have become widespread. Input devices that have been
classified as game controllers include keyboards, mouses, gamepads,
joysticks, etc. Special purpose devices, such as steering wheels for
driving games and light guns for shooting games, are also game
controllers.
Command Line Interface - Programing
Command-Line Interface is a means of interacting with a
computer program where
the user or client issues commands to the program in the form of
successive lines of text or command lines. A program which handles the
interface is called a
command language interpreter or shell. The CLI was
the primary means of interaction with most computer systems on computer
terminals in the mid-1960s, and continued to be used throughout the 1970s
and 1980s on OpenVMS, Unix systems and personal computer systems including
MS-DOS, CP/M and Apple DOS.
The interface is usually implemented with a command line shell, which is a
program that accepts commands as text input and converts commands into
appropriate
operating system functions. Command-line interfaces to
computer operating systems are less widely used by casual computer users,
who favor graphical user interfaces or menu-driven interaction.
Command-Line Interface is also known as a console
user interface
or a character user interface.
Computer Terminal is an electronic or
electromechanical hardware device that is
used for entering data into, and
displaying or printing data from, a computer or a computing system. The
teletype was an example of an early day hardcopy terminal, and predated
the use of a computer screen by decades.
Computer Code.
Kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's
operating system and
generally
has complete control over everything in
the system. It is the portion of the operating system code that is
always resident in memory, and
facilitates
interactions between hardware and software components. A full
kernel controls all hardware resources (e.g. I/O, memory, cryptography)
via device drivers, arbitrates conflicts between processes concerning such
resources, and optimizes the utilization of common resources e.g. CPU &
cache usage, file systems, and network sockets. On most systems, the
kernel is one of the first programs loaded on startup (after the
bootloader). It handles the rest of startup as well as memory,
peripherals, and input/output (I/O) requests from software, translating
them into data-processing instructions for the central processing unit.
The critical code of the kernel is usually loaded into a separate area of
memory, which is protected from access by application software or other
less critical parts of the operating system. The kernel performs its
tasks, such as running processes, managing hardware devices such as the
hard disk, and handling interrupts, in this protected kernel space. In
contrast, application programs such as browsers, word processors, or audio
or video players use a separate area of memory, user space. This
separation prevents user data and kernel data from interfering with each
other and causing instability and slowness, as well as preventing
malfunctioning applications from affecting other applications or crashing
the entire operating system. Even in systems where the kernel is included
in application address spaces, memory protection is used to prevent
unauthorized applications from modifying the kernel. The kernel's
interface is a low-level abstraction layer. When a process requests a
service from the kernel, it must invoke a system call, usually through a
wrapper function. There are different kernel architecture designs.
Monolithic kernels run entirely in a single address space with the CPU
executing in supervisor mode, mainly for speed. Microkernels run most but
not all of their services in user space, like user processes do, mainly
for resilience and modularity. MINIX 3 is a notable example of microkernel
design. Instead, the Linux kernel is monolithic, although it is also
modular, for it can insert and remove loadable kernel modules at runtime.
This central component of a computer system is responsible for executing
programs. The kernel takes responsibility for deciding at any time which
of the many running programs should be allocated to the processor or
processors.
Input
in computer science is to provide or give something to the computer,
in other words, when a computer or device is receiving a command or signal
from outer sources, the event is referred as input to the device. Some
computer devices can also be categorized as input devices because we use
these devices to send instructions to the computer, some common examples
of computer input devices are: Mouse, Keyboard, Touchscreen, Microphone,
Webcam, Softcam, Touchpad, Trackpad, Image scanner, Trackball.
Input/Output or I/O, is the communication between an information
processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world, possibly a
human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or
data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from
it. The term can also be used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to
perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are the pieces of
hardware used by a human (or other system) to communicate with a computer.
For instance, a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a
computer, while monitors and printers are output devices. Devices for
communication between computers, such as modems and network cards,
typically perform both input and output operations.
CMD.exe is the
command-line interpreter on Windows NT, Windows CE, OS/2 and eComStation
operating systems. It is the counterpart of COMMAND.COM in DOS and Windows
9x systems (where it is also called "MS-DOS Prompt"), and analogous to the
Unix shells used on Unix-like systems.
Computer Crash -
Computer Reboot
System Console -
Virtual Console
Graphical
User Interface is a type of user interface that allows users to
interact with electronic devices through
graphical icons and visual
indicators such as secondary notation, instead of text-based user
interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced
in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line
interfaces (CLIs), which require commands to be typed on a computer
keyboard.
API.
Graphical User Interface Testing is the process of testing a product's
graphical user
interface to ensure it meets its
specifications. This is normally done through the use of a variety of test
cases.
Application Programming Interface is a set of subroutine definitions, protocols, and tools for
building application software. In general terms, its a set of clearly
defined methods of communication between various
software components. A
good API makes it easier to develop a
computer program by providing all
the building blocks, which are then put together by the programmer. An API
may be for a web-based system,
operating system, database system, computer
hardware, or software library. An API specification can take many forms,
but often includes specifications for routines, data structures,
object classes, variables, or remote calls. POSIX, Microsoft Windows API,
the C++ Standard Template Library, and Java APIs are examples of different
forms of APIs. Documentation for the API is usually provided to facilitate
usage. The status of APIs in intellectual property law is controversial.
-
PDF.
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (wiki)
Application Performance Management is the monitoring and management of
performance and availability of software applications. APM strives to
detect and diagnose complex application performance problems to maintain
an expected level of service.
Apps
(design software)
Application Layer is an abstraction layer that
specifies the shared protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a
communications network. The application layer abstraction is used in both
of the standard models of computer networking: the Internet Protocol Suite
(TCP/IP) and the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model).
OSI Model is a conceptual model that characterizes and
standardizes the communication functions of a
telecommunication or
computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and
technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication
systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication
system into abstraction
Layers. The original version of the model defined
seven layers.
Text-Based User Interface
is a retronym coined sometime after the invention of graphical user
interfaces. TUIs display computer graphics in text mode. An advanced TUI
may, like GUIs, use the entire screen area and accept mouse and other
inputs. Text-Based User Interface uses the entire screen area and accept
mouse and other inputs.
Retronym is
a word introduced because an existing term has become inadequate.
Text Entry Interface is an interface that is used to enter
text information into an electronic device. A commonly used device is a
mechanical computer keyboard. Most laptop computers have an integrated
mechanical
keyboard, and desktop computers are usually operated primarily
using a keyboard and mouse. Devices such as smartphones and tablets mean
that interfaces such as virtual keyboards and voice recognition are
becoming more popular as text entry systems.
Cyber-Physical System is a mechanism
controlled or monitored by
computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with internet and its users.
In cyber physical systems, physical and software components are deeply
intertwined, each operating on different spatial and temporal scales,
exhibiting multiple and distinct behavioral modalities, and interacting
with each other in a myriad of ways that change with context. Examples of
CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile systems, medical monitoring,
process control systems,
robotics systems, and
automatic pilot avionics.
typically designed as a network of interacting elements with physical
input and output instead of as standalone devices. The notion is closely
tied to concepts of robotics and sensor networks with intelligence
mechanisms proper of computational intelligence leading the pathway.
Interactive.
Usability - End User Design
Usability is the
ease of use and
learnability of a
human-made object such as a tool or a device. In
software engineering, usability is
the degree to which a software can be used by specified consumers to
achieve quantified objectives with
effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a quantified
context of use. The object of use can
be a software application, website, book, tool, machine, process, vehicle,
or anything a human interacts with. A usability study may be conducted as
a primary job function by a usability analyst or as a secondary job
function by designers, technical writers, marketing personnel, and others.
It is widely used in consumer electronics,
communication, and knowledge transfer objects (such as a cookbook, a
document or online help) and mechanical objects such as a door handle or a
hammer. Usability includes methods of measuring usability, such as needs
analysis and the study of the
principles behind an object's perceived efficiency or elegance. In
human-computer
interaction and computer science, usability studies the
elegance and clarity with which the interaction with a computer program or
a web site (web usability) is designed. Usability differs from user
satisfaction and user experience because usability does not directly
consider usefulness or utility.
Key Factors of
Usability: More efficient to use—takes less time to accomplish a
particular task. Easier to learn—operation can be learned by observing the
object. More satisfying to use.
Learnability:
How easy is it for users to accomplish basic tasks the first time they
encounter the design? Efficiency: Once users have learned the design, how
quickly can they perform tasks? Memorability: When users return to the
design after a period of not using it, how easily can they re-establish
proficiency? Errors: How many errors do users make, how severe are these
errors, and how easily can they recover from the errors? Satisfaction: How
pleasant is it to use the design?
Usability User
Experience -
Utility -
Overuse Dangers
Usability Engineering is a field that is concerned generally with
human-computer
interaction and specifically with devising human-computer
interfaces that have high
usability or
user friendliness. It provides
structured methods for achieving efficiency and elegance in interface
design.
Functional -
Interface.
End User
is a person who ultimately uses or is
intended to ultimately use a
product. The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain
the product.
End-User Development refers to activities and tools that allow
end-users or people who are not professional software developers to
program computers.
User-Centered Design is a framework of processes in which the needs, wants, and limitations of
end users of a product, service or process are given extensive attention
at each stage of the design process. (not restricted to
interfaces or technologies).
Behavioral Design is a sub-category of
design, which is concerned with how
design can shape, or be used to
influence human behavior.
Interface.
Accessibility
refers to the
design of products, devices, services, or environments for
people who experience
disabilities.
The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible development
ensures both "direct access" (i.e. unassisted) and "indirect access"
meaning compatibility with a person's assistive technology (for example,
computer screen readers).
Accessibility can be viewed as the "
ability to access" and benefit from
some system or entity. The concept focuses on enabling access for people
with disabilities, or special needs, or enabling access through the use of
assistive technology; however,
research
and
development in
accessibility brings benefits to everyone. Accessibility is not to be
confused with usability, which is the extent to which a product (such as a
device, service, or environment) can be used by specified users to achieve
specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a
specified context of use. Accessibility is strongly related to universal
design which is the process of creating products that are usable by people
with the widest possible range of abilities, operating within the widest
possible range of situations. This is about making things
accessible to
all people (whether they have a disability or not).
Human Interface Guidelines is a method to improve the experience for
the users by making application interfaces more intuitive, learnable, and
consistent. Most guides limit themselves to defining a common look and
feel for applications in a particular desktop environment. The guides
enumerate specific policies.
Human-Centered Design is a design and management framework
that develops solutions to problems by involving the human perspective in
all steps of the problem-solving process. Human involvement typically
takes place in observing the problem within context, brainstorming,
conceptualizing, developing, and implementing the solution.
Human Computer Interaction is the process of researching the design and
the use of
computer technology that focuses on the
interfaces between people
or users and
computers. Researchers in the field of HCI both observe the ways in which
humans
interact with computers and design technologies that let humans
interact with computers in novel ways.
Hands-On Computing is a branch of human-computer interaction research
which focuses on computer interfaces that respond to human touch or
expression, allowing the machine and the user to interact physically.
Hands-on computing can make complicated computer tasks more natural to
users by attempting to respond to motions and interactions that are
natural to human behavior. Thus hands-on computing is a component of
user-centered design, focusing on how users physically respond to virtual
environments.
Human Factors is the practice of designing products, systems, or
processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the
people who use them.
Human Factors is also known as comfort design, functional
design, and systems.
Human Interface Device is
a type of computer device that interacts directly with, and most often
takes input from, humans and may deliver output to humans.
(
HID)
Refactoring UI: Bad
About (youtube).
The
Humane Interface is a book about user interface design
written by Jef Raskin and published in 2000.
Analytical
Dashboards
User Interface Design is the design of user
interfaces for machines and software, such as
computers, home appliances, mobile devices, and other electronic devices,
with the focus on maximizing usability and the user experience. The goal
of user interface design is to make the user's interaction as simple and
efficient as possible, in terms of accomplishing user goals (user-centered
design). (
UI)
User Experience Design is the process of enhancing user satisfaction with a product by improving
the usability, accessibility, and pleasure provided in the interaction
with the product. User experience design encompasses traditional
human–computer interaction (HCI) design, and extends it by addressing all
aspects of a product or service as perceived by users. (
UX).
Experience Design is the practice of designing products,
processes, services, events, omnichannel journeys, and environments with a
focus placed on the quality of the user experience and culturally relevant
solutions.
Direct Manipulation Interface
is a human–computer
interaction style which involves continuous
representation of objects of interest and rapid, reversible, and
incremental actions and feedback. As opposed to other interaction styles,
for example, a command language, the intention of direct manipulation is
to allow a user to manipulate objects presented to them, using actions
that correspond at least loosely to manipulation of physical objects. An
example of direct-manipulation is resizing a graphical shape, such as a
rectangle, by dragging its corners or edges with a mouse. Having
real-world metaphors for objects and actions can make it easier for a user
to learn and use an interface (some might say that the interface is more
natural or intuitive), and rapid, incremental feedback allows a user to
make fewer errors and complete tasks in less time, because they can see
the results of an action before completing the action, thus evaluating the
output and compensating for mistakes.
Touchscreen -
Monitors
Web
Browser is a software application for accessing information on the
World Wide Web. Each individual web page, image, and video is identified
by a distinct
URL,
enabling browsers to retrieve and display them on the user's device. Note
that a web browser is not the same thing as a
search engine, though
the two are often confused. For a user, a search engine is just a
website, such as
google.com, that stores
searchable data about other websites. But in order to connect to and
display websites on their device, a user needs to have a web browser
installed. The most popular web browsers are
Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Internet
Explorer, and Edge. The first web browser, called
WorldWideWeb, was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim
Berners-Lee. He then recruited Nicola Pellow to write the Line Mode
Browser, which displayed web pages on dumb terminals; it was released in
1991. The purpose of a web browser is to fetch information resources and
display them on a user's device.
Common user
interface features of browsers: Back and forward buttons to go back
to the previous page visited or forward to the next one. A refresh or
reload button to reload the current page. A stop button to cancel loading
the page. (In some browsers, the stop button is merged with the reload
button). A home button to return to the user's home page. An address bar
to input the URL of a page and display it. A search bar to input terms
into a search engine. (In some browsers, the search bar is merged with the
address bar).
Wireframe
(website terminology)
Classic
Shell is a perfect example of being able to modify an
interface for personal preference.
C-Panel web hosting Control Panel.
Menu
-
Navigation
Line Mode Browser is the second web browser ever created. The browser
was the first demonstrated to be portable to several different operating
systems. Operated from a simple command-line interface, it could be widely
used on many computers and computer terminals throughout the Internet. The
browser was developed starting in 1990, and then supported by the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as an example and test application for the libwww library.
Internet of Things.
Operating Systems -
HOS -
Designing -
Engineering -
Development
Virtual
Desktop (computers) -
Human Factors Ergonomics (good
posture)
Networks (computers)
-
Matrix -
Computer Simulations
Brain Computer
Interface -
Interface
Human-Computer
Interaction Laboratory -
Dash
Boards
Interactive Video usually refers to a technique used to
blend interaction and linear
film or video.
Multimedia
is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as
text, audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia
contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as
text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material.
E-Assessment (testing
examinations)
Electronic Performance Support Systems is any computer
software program or component that improves user performance.
Path of Least Resistance
Path of Least Resistance is the physical or metaphorical
pathway that provides the least
resistance to
forward
motion by a given object or entity, among a set of
alternative paths.
A path that has
balance,
synchronicity and
sustainability along
with
low entropy.
Balanced -
Work Skills -
Ethics
-
Relaxed -
Can't Control Everything
Principle of Least Effort postulates that animals, people, even
well-designed machines will naturally choose the
path of least resistance
or
effort. States that an information-seeking client will tend to use
the most convenient search method, in the least exacting mode available.
Information seeking behavior stops as soon as minimally acceptable results
are found. This theory holds true regardless of the user's proficiency as
a
searcher, or their level of subject
expertise. Also, this theory takes
into account the user’s previous information-seeking experience. The user
will use the tools that are most familiar and easy to use that find
results. The principle of least effort is known as a “
deterministic
description of human behavior”. The principle of least effort applies not
only in the library context, but also to any
information-seeking activity. For
example, one might consult a generalist co-worker down the hall rather
than a specialist in another building, so long as the generalist's answers
were within the
threshold of
acceptability.
Law of Reversed Effort
believes that the harder we try or the more effort we give, the more
difficult things become. If we take our time and think rationally,
sometimes
working
smarter becomes more
productive
than
working harder.
Working Smarter, not harder, means
finding ways to use your energy and time to
work more efficiently, which can
help you complete tasks more quickly. To do this, you can use various
strategies to help you
prioritize
your work, helping you identify the most important tasks.
You
can take
the path of least resistance,
but just because there is no resistance on your path, this doesn't mean
that you're going in the right direction. Sometimes
going against the grain is the right direction.
Linking - Making Connections
Link is to
connect, fasten, or
put together two or more things. To become
joined or
united or linked like a
single element of a
chain.
To make a
connection between things
or make a
logical or
causal
connection
between ideas. Link
in computing is
an instruction that
connects one part of a program or an element on a list to another
program or list. Link in
communication is a two-way radio communication system that is part of
a more extensive
telecommunication
network.
Chain is a
series of things
depending on each other as if linked together. A linked or connected
series of objects. A series of rings or
links fitted into one another to make a flexible ligament. Chain in
chemistry is a
series of
linked atoms, generally in
an organic molecule.
Hyperlink is a reference to data that the reader can directly follow
either by
clicking, tapping, touching, talking or hovering. A hyperlink points to a whole
document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text
with hyperlinks. The text that is linked is called anchor text. A
software
system that is used for viewing and creating hypertext is a hypertext
system, and to create a hyperlink is to hyperlink (or simply to link). A
user following hyperlinks is said to
navigate or browse the hypertext. The
document containing a hyperlink is known as its source
document. For
example, in an online reference work such as Wikipedia, many words and
terms in the text are hyperlinked to definitions of those terms.
Hyperlinks are often used to implement reference mechanisms such as tables
of contents, footnotes, bibliographies, indexes, letters and glossaries.
In some hypertext hyperlinks can be bidirectional: they can be followed in
two directions, so both ends act as anchors and as targets. More complex
arrangements exist, such as many-to-many links. The effect of following a
hyperlink may vary with the hypertext system and may sometimes depend on
the link itself; for instance, on the
World Wide Web most hyperlinks cause
the target document to replace the document being displayed, but some are
marked to cause the target
document to open in a new window. Another
possibility is transclusion, for which the link target is a document
fragment that replaces the link anchor within the source document. Not
only persons browsing the document follow hyperlinks; they may also be
followed automatically by programs. A program that traverses the
hypertext, following each hyperlink and gathering all the retrieved
documents is known as a Web spider or crawler.
Clickbait is a fraudulent link
that looks interesting, but actually, it takes you down a rabbit hole.
Permalink is a URL that is intended to remain
unchanged for many years into the future, yielding a
hyperlink that is
less susceptible to link rot. Permalinks are often rendered simply, that
is, as friendly URLs, so as to be easy for people to type and remember.
Most modern blogging and content-syndication software systems support such
links. Sometimes URL shortening is used to create them.
Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic
devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text which the reader
can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at
multiple levels of detail (also called StretchText). The hypertext pages
are interconnected by
hyperlinks, typically activated by a mouse click, keypress sequence or by touching the screen. Apart from text, hypertext is
sometimes used to describe tables, images and other presentational content
forms with hyperlinks. Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the
structure of the World Wide Web, with pages often written in the Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML). It enables an easy-to-use and flexible connection
and sharing of information over the Internet.
Linking Data is a method of publishing
structured data so that it can
be
interlinked and become more useful through semantic queries. It builds
upon standard Web technologies such as HTTP, RDF and URIs, but rather than
using them to serve web pages for human readers, it extends them to share
information in a way that can be read automatically by computers. This
enables data from different sources to be connected and queried.
Interconnected is
reciprocally
connected. Operating as a unit.
Interlinked is linked or locked closely
together. Fit together tightly as if by
weaving. Interlaced or
interwoven.
Widespread machine learning methods behind 'link prediction' are
performing very poorly. New research establishes that the metric used
to measure link prediction performance is missing crucial information, and
link prediction tasks are performing significantly worse than popular
literature indicates.
Link Prediction is the problem of predicting the existence of a link
between two entities in a network. Examples of link prediction include
predicting friendship links among users in a social network, predicting
co-authorship links in a citation network, and predicting interactions
between genes and proteins in a biological network. Link prediction can
also have a temporal aspect, where, given a snapshot of the set of links
at time t, the goal is to predict the links at time t + 1. Link prediction
is widely applicable. In e-commerce, link prediction is often a subtask
for recommending items to users. In the curation of citation databases, it
can be used for record deduplication. In bioinformatics, it has been used
to predict protein-protein interactions (PPI). It is also used to identify
hidden groups of terrorists and criminals in security related
applications.
Menu - Navigation - File System
Menu
in computing
is
graphical control element. It is a list of
options or
commands
presented to an operator by a computer or communications system.
Choices
given from a menu may be selected by the operator by a number of methods.
Interfaces.
Web Navigation refers to the process of
navigating a network
of information resources in the World Wide Web, which is organized as
hypertext or hypermedia. The user
interface that is used to do so is
called a web browser. A central theme in web design is the development of
a web
navigation interface that maximizes usability.
Navigation Structure -
Navigation Types of Websites
Mode as a computer interface is a distinct setting within a computer
program or any physical
machine interface, in which the same user input
will produce perceived results different to those that it would in other
settings. The best-known modal interface components are probably the Caps
lock and Insert keys on the standard computer keyboard, both of which put
the user's typing into a different mode after being pressed, then return
it to the regular mode after being re-pressed.
In computing and telecommunications,
a menu is a list of options or commands presented to an operator by a
computer, a Human or a communications system.
File System is used to control how data is stored and
retrieved. Without a file
system, information placed in a storage medium
would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of
information stops and the next begins. By separating the data into pieces
and giving each piece a name, the information is easily isolated and
identified. Taking its name from the way paper-based information systems
are named, each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic
rules used to manage the groups of information and their names is called a
"file system".
Hierarchical File System is a proprietary file system
developed by Apple Inc. for use in computer systems running Mac OS.
File System Hierarchy Standard defines the directory
structure and directory contents in Unix-like operating systems.
Connectome -
Association Structures -
Links -
Networks
Journaling File System is a file system that keeps track of changes
not yet committed to the file system's main part by recording the
intentions of such changes in a data structure known as a "journal", which
is usually a circular log. In the event of a system crash or power
failure, such file systems can be brought back online more quickly with a
lower likelihood of becoming corrupted. Depending on the actual
implementation, a journaling file system may only keep track of stored
metadata, resulting in improved performance at the expense of increased
possibility for data corruption. Alternatively, a journaling file system
may track both stored data and related metadata, while some
implementations allow selectable behavior in this regard.
File System Permissions are methods to assign permissions or
access rights to specific users and groups of users. These systems control
the ability of the users to view, change, navigate, and execute the
contents of the file system.
Directory Computing is a file system cataloging structure
which contains references to other computer files, and possibly other
directories. On many computers, directories are known as folders, or
drawers to provide some relevancy to a workbench or the traditional
office file cabinet.
Information Retrieval is the activity of obtaining
information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of
information resources. Searches can be based on full-text or other
content-based indexing. Automated information retrieval systems are used
to reduce what has been called "information overload". Many universities
and public libraries use IR systems to provide access to books, journals
and other documents. Web search engines are the most visible IR
applications.
Metadata
is "data [information] that provides information about other data,
relating to emails, telephone calls, web pages, video traffic, IP
connections and cell phone locations.
Descriptive
metadata describes a resource for purposes such as discovery and
identification. It can include elements such as title, abstract, author,
and keywords.
Structural metadata indicates
how compound objects are put together, for example, how pages are ordered
to form chapters.
Administrative metadata
provides information to help manage a resource, such as when and how it
was created, file type and other technical information, and who can access
it.
Tagging is a keyword or term assigned to a piece of
information (such as an Internet bookmark, digital image, database record,
or computer file). This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows
it to be found again by browsing or searching. Tags are generally chosen
informally and personally by the item's creator or by its viewer,
depending on the system, although they may also be chosen from a
controlled vocabulary.
Search
Engines -
Human Search Engine -
Search Tips
File Viewer is application software that presents the data
stored in a computer file in a human-friendly form. The file contents are
generally displayed on the screen, or they may be printed. Also, they may
be read aloud using speech synthesis.
Computer File is a computer resource for recording data
discretely in a computer storage device. Just as words can be written to
paper, so can information be written to a computer file. There are
different types of computer files, designed for different purposes. A file
may be designed to store a picture, a written message, a video, a computer
program, or a wide variety of other kinds of data. Some types of files can
store different several types of information at once. By using computer
programs, a person can open, read, change, and close a computer file.
Computer files may be reopened, modified, and copied an arbitrary number
of times. Typically, computer files are organised in a file system, which
keeps track of where the files are, and enables people to access them.
File Format
(preservation) -
Operating
Systems
File System Permissions are methods to assign permissions or
access rights to specific users and groups of users. These systems control
the ability of the users to view, change, navigate, and execute the
contents of the file system.
Page Orientation is the way in which a rectangular page is
oriented for normal viewing. The two most common types of orientation are
portrait and landscape. The specific word definition comes from the fact
that a close-up portrait of a person's face and upper body is more fitting
for a canvas or photo where the height of the display area is greater than
the width, and is more common for the pages of books. Landscape originally
described artistic outdoor scenes where a wide view area is needed, but
the upper part of the painting would be mostly sky and so is omitted. Page
orientation is also used to describe the dimensions of a video display.
The most common video display orientation is landscape mode, especially
the 4:3 ratio, which is 4 units wide and 3 units tall, and the more recent
16:9 widescreen landscape display mode. Portrait screen orientation is
also used for computer displays, though less commonly than landscape, and
is the most popular orientation for mobile devices. Portrait is preferred
for editing page-layout work, in order to view the entire page on the
screen at once without wasted space along the sides, and for
script-writing, legal work (in drafting contracts etc.), and other
applications where it is useful to see a maximum number of lines of text.
It is also common in public information displays.
Website Development -
Structure -
Interfaces
Q&A Website
Presentation - Summarization -
Explanation - Navigation - Exploration
Decision Tree Learning -
Decision Tree
Tree Structure is a way of representing the
hierarchical
nature of a
structure in a
graphical form. It is named a "tree structure"
because the classic representation resembles a tree, even though the chart
is generally upside down compared to an actual tree, with the "root" at
the top and the "leaves" at the bottom.
Tree
Mapping is a method for displaying hierarchical data using
nested rectangles.
Alternating Decision Tree
is a machine learning method for
classification. It generalizes decision
trees and has connections to boosting. An ADTree consists of an
alternation of decision nodes, which specify a predicate condition, and
prediction nodes, which contain a single number. An instance is classified
by an ADTree by following all paths for which all decision nodes are true,
and summing any prediction nodes that are traversed.
Logistic Model Tree
is a classification model with an associated supervised training algorithm
that combines logistic regression (LR) and decision tree learning.
Pruning Decision Trees is a technique in
machine learning
that reduces the size of decision trees by removing sections of the tree
that provide little power to classify instances. Pruning reduces the
complexity of the final classifier, and hence improves predictive accuracy
by the reduction of overfitting.
Network Topology is the arrangement of the various elements
(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the
topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or
logically. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of
a network, including device location and cable installation, while logical
topology illustrates how data flows within a network, regardless of its
physical design. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections,
transmission rates, or signal types may differ between two networks, yet
their topologies may be identical.
Computer Vision is an interdisciplinary field that deals
with how computers can be made for gaining high-level understanding from
digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to
automate tasks that the human visual system can do.
More Organizing Terms and Methods
Presentation -
Meeting Presentation
Word Matrix -
Data
Visualization -
Mind Maps
Organizing -
Collaboration Tools
Immersion -
Simultaneous Subject Teaching
Learning Management System (HOPE
PC)
Three-Click Rule is an unofficial web design rule concerning
the design of website navigation. It suggests that a user of a website
should be able to find any information with no more than three mouse
clicks. It is based on the belief that users of a site will become
frustrated and often leave if they cannot find the information within the
three clicks. Although there is little analytical evidence that this is
the case, it is a commonly held belief amongst designers that the rule is
part of a good system of navigation. Critics of the rule suggest that the
number of clicks is not as important as the success of the clicks or
information sent.
Clickbait.
Workflow consists of an orchestrated and repeatable pattern
of business activity enabled by the systematic organization of resources
into processes that transform materials, provide services, or process
information. It can be depicted as a sequence of operations, declared as
work of a person or group, an organization of staff, or one or more simple
or complex mechanisms. From a more abstract or higher-level perspective,
workflow may be considered a view or representation of real work. The flow
being described may refer to a document, service or product that is being
transferred from one step to another. Workflows may be viewed as one
fundamental building block to be combined with other parts of an
organization's structure such as information technology, teams, projects
and hierarchies.
Flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an
algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various
kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic
representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Flowcharts
are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or
program in various fields.
Site Map is a list of pages of a web site accessible to
crawlers or users. It can be either a document in any form used as a
planning tool for Web design, or a Web page that lists the pages on a
website, typically organized in hierarchical fashion. Sitemaps make
relationships between pages and other content components. It shows shape
of information space in overview. Sitemaps can demonstrate organization,
navigation, and labeling system.
Topic Map is a standard for the representation and
interchange of knowledge, with an emphasis on the findability of
information. Topic maps were originally developed in the late 1990s as a
way to represent back-of-the-book index structures so that multiple
indexes from different sources could be merged. However, the developers
quickly realized that with a little additional generalization, they could
create a meta-model with potentially far wider application. A topic map
represents information using topics, representing any concept, from
people, countries, and organizations to software modules, individual
files, and events, associations, representing hypergraph relationships
between topics, and occurrences, representing information resources
relevant to a particular topic. Topic Maps are similar to concept maps and
mind maps in many respects, though only Topic Maps are ISO standards.
Topic Maps are a form of semantic web technology similar to RDF.
Bloom's Taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models used
to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and
specificity. The three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive,
affective and sensory domains.
Mind Maps (visual tools)
Interconnectivity
-
Interconnectedness -
Networks
Spatial intelligence
Most subjects share common information and knowledge. That is
why you will see the
Cross Reference Links in Black.
Semiotics is the study of
meaning-making, the study of sign processes and meaningful
communication. This includes the study of
signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness,
analogy, allegory, metonymy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and
communication.
Jeet Grid System
-
Content
Organization
Workspace is a file or directory that allows a user to gather various
source code files and resources and work with them as a cohesive unit.
workspaces refer to the grouping of windows in some window managers.
Grouping applications in this way is meant to reduce clutter and make the
desktop easier to navigate.
Interfaces Info-Graph (image)
Presentation -
HPC Interface -
Mind Maps
(visualizing)
Model View Controller is a software architectural pattern
mostly (but not exclusively) for implementing user interfaces on
computers.
Knowledge Navigator describes a device that can access a large
networked database of hypertext information, and use software agents to
assist searching for information.
WebSphere Portal is a set of software tools that enables
companies to build and manage web portals. It provides a single
access point to web content and applications, while delivering
differentiated, personalized experiences for each user.
Content Management System
Content Management System is a computer application that
supports the creation and modification of digital content using a simpler
interface to abstract away low-level details unless required, usually
supporting multiple users working in a collaborative environment. Allows
publishing, editing, modifying,
organizing, deleting, and maintaining
content from a central interface.
Content
Management is a set of processes and technologies that supports the
collection,
managing, and publishing of information in any form or medium.
When stored and accessed via computers, this information may be more
specifically referred to as digital content, or simply as content. Digital
content may take the form of text (such as electronic documents),
multimedia files (such as audio or video files), or any other file type
that follows a content lifecycle requiring management.
Open Source Software.
Content in media is the information and experience(s) directed towards
an end-user or audience.
Context.
Cognitive Content is the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered,
or learned.
Content Format
is an encoded format for converting a specific type of data to displayable
information. Content formats are used in recording and transmission to
prepare data for observation or interpretation.
User
Needs
The user needs to know how to use the different features of the
application easily.
The user needs to be able to explore details of specific content easily and
intuitively.
The user needs to be able to seamlessly move between options.
The user needs to have quick access to additional options or actions they
can perform.
The user needs to be able to perform different types of actions, so
controls need to be easily accessed, but
hidden when not in use.
The user needs a way to navigate between different sections of
the app, so controls need to be
easily accessed, but hidden when not in use.
The user needs a way to navigate between different sections of
the app without being distracted in
each individual section.
The user needs a consistent way of navigating through content
without being distracted by
additional content.
The user needs to navigate from one piece of content to the next
without having to go back to the
index.
The user needs to have access to the menus anytime while in the
application.
The user needs to be able to view relevant information without losing their
current place in the UI.
The user needs to see their current position in the context of
an entire content set, or move to a
specific section of a long list or gallery more quickly.
Navigation Design Patterns for Mobile
Requirements Elicitation is the practice of collecting the
requirements of a system from users, customers and other stakeholder.
10 Usability Heuristics for User Interface Design
Visibility of system status: The
system should always keep users informed about what is going on,
through appropriate feedback within reasonable time.
Match between system and the real world:
The system should speak the users' language, with words, phrases
and concepts familiar to the user, rather than system-oriented
terms. Follow real-world conventions, making information appear
in a natural and logical order.
User control and freedom: Users
often choose system functions by mistake and will need a clearly
marked "emergency exit" to leave the unwanted state without
having to go through an extended dialogue. Support undo and
redo.
Consistency and standards: Users
should not have to wonder whether different words, situations,
or actions mean the same thing. Follow platform conventions.
Error prevention: Even better
than good error messages is a careful design which prevents a
problem from occurring in the first place. Either eliminate
error-prone conditions or check for them and present users with
a confirmation option before they commit to the action.
Recognition rather than recall:
Minimize the user's memory load by making objects, actions, and
options visible. The user should not have to remember
information from one part of the dialogue to another.
Instructions for use of the system should be visible or easily
retrievable whenever appropriate.
Flexibility and efficiency of use:
Accelerators -- unseen by the novice user -- may often speed up
the interaction for the expert user such that the system can
cater to both inexperienced and experienced users. Allow users
to tailor frequent actions.
Aesthetic and minimalist design:
Dialogues should not contain information which is irrelevant or
rarely needed. Every extra unit of information in a dialogue
competes with the relevant units of information and diminishes
their relative visibility.
Help users recognize, diagnose, and
recover from errors: Error messages should be expressed
in plain language (no codes), precisely indicate the problem,
and constructively suggest a solution.
Help and documentation: Even
though it is better if the system can be used without
documentation, it may be necessary to provide help and
documentation. Any such information should be easy to search,
focused on the user's task, list concrete steps to be carried
out, and not be too large.
Switch
Control Overview
Switch Control, a new feature in iOS 7 that provides
comprehensive switch access. Switch Control lets you control
your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch using a single switch, or
multiple switches. Use any of several methods to perform actions
such as selecting, tapping, dragging, typing, and even freehand
drawing. The basic technique is to use a switch to select an
item or location on the screen, and then use the same (or a
different) switch to choose an action to perform on that
item or location.
Three basic methods are:
Item scanning (default): Highlights items on the screen until
you select one.
Point scanning: Use scanning crosshairs to pick a screen
location.
Manual selection: Move from item to item on demand (needs
multiple switches).
Questions and Answers - Help Desk
Questionnaire is a
research instrument consisting of
a series of
questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents.
Questionnaire Construction
refers to a
series of
questions asked to individuals to obtain
statistically useful information about a given topic. When properly
constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires can provide
valuable data about any given subject.
Feedback -
Surveys.
Q and A Website is a website where the site creators use the
images of pop culture icons to answer input from the site's visitors,
usually in question/answer format.
Comparison of Q&A Websites (wiki)
Question Manager is a system that allows institutional staff
to manage questions from ‘clients’. Questions being offered to ‘
experts’
to give answers. The answers are eventually packaged into a concise of
question-answer pair that is made available to the client.
Self-Service Software allows people to secure
answers to
their inquiries and/or needs through an automated
interview fashion
instead of traditional search approaches.
Question Answering is a computer science
discipline within the fields of
information
retrieval and
natural language processing (NLP),
which is concerned with building systems that
automatically answer questions posed by humans
in a natural language.
A structured database of knowledge or
information, usually a
knowledge
Base.
Watson on jeopardy answering questions.
Knowledge Graph is a
knowledge
Base used by Google and its services to enhance its search engine's
results with information gathered from a variety of sources. The
information is
presented to
users in an infobox next to the search results. Knowledge Graph display was added to Google's
search engine in 2012.
It provides structured and detailed information
about the topic in addition to a list of links
to other sites. The goal is that users would be
able to use this information to resolve their
query without having to navigate to other sites
and assemble the information themselves. The
short summary provided in the knowledge graph is
often used as a spoken answer in Google Now
searches.
Visualizing
Knowledge.
Freebase
was a large collaborative knowledge base consisting of data composed
mainly by its community members. It was an online collection of
structured data
harvested from many sources, including individual, user-submitted wiki
contributions. Freebase aimed to create a global resource that allowed
people (and machines) to access common information more effectively. It
was developed by the American software company Metaweb and ran publicly
beginning in March 2007. Metaweb was acquired by Google in a private sale
announced 16 July 2010. Google's Knowledge Graph was powered in part by
Freebase.
Underlay Search Engine - MIT Scientists are building a new
Search Engine
called the Underlay knowledge database, which is a future search engine
app that is meant to
serve the
common good rather than
private enterprise.
A New
Model for Knowledge. The Underlay is not truth, but
assertions of
truths and their
sources. Through these chains of
relationships, even simple assertions are
interconnected with the entire web of knowledge. Sometimes sources
contradict one another. (presenting information in clear, direct,
human-readable statements).
A Machine-Learning System that Trains Itself by Surfing the Web. And
so it begins ...December 8, 2016. MIT researchers have designed a new
machine-learning system that can learn by itself to extract text
information for statistical analysis when available data is scarce. This
new “
information extraction”
system turns
machine
learning on its head. It works like humans do. When we run out of data
in a study (say, differentiating between fake and real news), we simply
search the Internet for more data, and then we piece the new data together
to make sense out of it all. That differs from most machine-learning
systems, which are fed as many training examples as possible to increase
the chances that the system will be able to handle difficult problems by
looking for patterns compared to training data.
Teaching-Machines to Understand and Summarize Text -
Machine Readable.
Answer Hub -
Exo-Platform -
Twiki
Self Teaching Machine
Information Stations -
Information Sources
Human Search Engines -
Validity
3 Keys to Successful Enterprise Question and Answer System
Implementation -
Q & A Styles
Build and
manage your own custom question and answer website like Quora or
Stack Overflow -
D Zone
If you don't ask the right questions, you will most likely never get the correct answers that you need.
Question and Answer Website Guidelines
1st Option: If there is a match
to the question a person will also see related questions and
top questions that a number of people asked when seeking
similar information about this subject, word or phrase. (Filter Options
Available). Answer Page is to help people to define the
question more.
Visualizing
Possible Questions and Answers. People will also see a second list that has things
related to this subject. This is to aid the
person in defining what the question may be, and
also help the person to be more aware of other
questions that might need to be asked in order
to fully understand the information.
A person can also read comments from experts and
non-experts relating to the subject matter.
2nd Option: Person can
E-mail an Expert, or E-mail the Knowledge Community
if time is not important.
3rd Option: A
person can contact
24-Hr. Assistant or Avatar, if
24-Hr. Assistant
or Avatar is not available, then a
phone# is
posted.
4th Option:
If there is no exact match to the question, then
a page will appear to inform the user that there
was no exact match.
Issue
Tracking System is a computer software package that manages and
maintains lists of issues. Issue tracking systems are generally used in
collaborative settings—especially
in large or distributed collaborations—but
can also be employed by individuals as part of a time management or
personal productivity regime. These systems often encompass resource
allocation, time accounting, priority management, and oversight workflow
in addition to implementing a centralized issue registry.
Ticketing System.
Q&A Software Resources
Q-Hub -
Stack Exchange -
Shapado
User Voice -
Question 2 Answer -
OS QA
Do I need to setup a
Database?
Wikimedia Discovery is building a
trusted and relevant source of knowledge.
Knowledge
Visualization
"Which questions
should you be asking? And when should you be
asking questions? We can answer most of the
simple questions with simple answers, but how do
you know that full understanding has been
verified? One way is by verifying the level of
intelligence of the user, and knowing the user,
and then showing more choices and possible
questions that surround that particular
question, like knowing why the person asked this
question in the first place. So you have to know
the difference between a simple question, and a
more important question, one that needs more
then just a simple answer. You have to know the difference between someone asking a
question for no real reason, and someone asking
a question for a particular reason and for a
particular purpose in mind. Listening is an
ability that should not be over looked or be
taken for granted."
Answer Rank Algorithm
Brainboost is a metasearch engine designed to provide
specific answers to questions asked in natural language. Currently it only
supports English. The Brainboost engine uses machine learning and natural
language processing AI techniques to answer the questions.
Ratings.
Answers.com is an Internet-based knowledge exchange, which
includes WikiAnswers, ReferenceAnswers, VideoAnswers, and five
international language Q&A communities.
Speech Recognition - Voice Questions
Voice Command Device is a device controlled by means of the
human voice. By removing the need to use buttons, dials and switches,
consumers can
easily operate
appliances with their hands full or while doing other tasks.
Interface.
Voice User Interface makes
human interaction with computers
possible through a voice/speech platform in order to initiate an automated
service or process.
Speech Recognition enables the
recognition and translation
of spoken language into text by computers.
Engineers Translate Brain Signals directly into Speech.
Translation (language
interpretation)
Interactive Voice Response is a technology that allows a
computer to interact with humans through the use of voice and DTMF tones
input via keypad.
Voice Browser is a software application that presents an
interactive voice user interface to the user in a manner analogous to the
functioning of a web browser interpreting Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML).
Visible Speech is a system of phonetic symbols developed by
Alexander Melville Bell in 1867 to represent the position of the speech
organs in articulating sounds.
Speech Synthesis is the artificial production of
human
speech.
Speech Generating Device are electronic augmentative and
alternative communication (AAC) systems used to supplement or replace
speech or writing for individuals with severe speech impairments, enabling
them to verbally communicate.
Text-to-Speech (sight
limitations)
Phonetic Transcription is the visual representation of
speech sounds (or phones).
International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of
phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet.
NATO Phonetic Alphabet is the most widely used
radiotelephonic spelling alphabet.
Hearing Difficulties
Speech Corpus is a
database of speech audio
files and text transcriptions. In speech technology, speech corpora
are used, among other things, to create acoustic models (which can then be
used with a speech recognition or speaker identification engine). In
linguistics, spoken corpora are used to do research into phonetic,
conversation analysis, dialectology and other fields.
ANNABELL (
Artificial
Neural Network with Adaptive Behavior Exploited for Language Learning)
-
2 million interconnected
artificial
neurons, able to learn to communicate using human language
starting from a state of 'tabula rasa'.
Intelligent Avatar Personal Assistant Knowledge Navigator
Intelligent Agent is an
autonomous entity which observes
through
sensors and acts upon an environment using actuators (i.e. it is
an
agent) and directs its activity towards achieving
goals (i.e. it is
"
rational", as defined in economics). Intelligent agents may also learn or
use knowledge to achieve their goals. They may be very simple or very
complex: a reflex machine such as a
thermostat is
an intelligent agent.
Intelligent agents are able to
analyze themselves in terms of behavior,
error and success. Learn and
improve through interaction with the
environment (embodiment).
Accommodate new problem solving rules
incrementally. Learn quickly from large amounts of data. -
PDF.
Expert System is
a computer
system that emulates the
decision-making ability of a
human expert.
Avatar Teaching Assistant -
Intelligent Tutoring System -
Decision Tree
Rule-Based
System are used as a way to
store and manipulate
knowledge to
interpret information
in a useful way.
Inference Engine
is a component of the system that applies logical rules to the
knowledge
base to deduce new information.
Rational Agent
is an
agent that has clear
preferences, models uncertainty via expected values of variables or
functions of variables, and always chooses to perform the action with the
optimal expected outcome for itself from among all feasible actions. A
rational agent can be anything that makes
decisions, typically a person,
firm, machine, or software.
Rational
Agents are also studied in the fields
of cognitive science, ethics, and philosophy, including the philosophy of
practical reason.
Rational
Choice Theory is that aggregate
social behavior results from the behavior of individual actors, each
of whom is making their individual
decisions. Rational choice theory then assumes that an individual has
preferences among the available
choice alternatives that allow them to
state which option they prefer.
Realist -
Logic -
Least
Effort.
Software Agent is a
computer program that acts for a user or
other program in a relationship of agency, which derives from the Latin agere (to do): an agreement to act on one's behalf. Such "action on behalf
of" implies the authority to decide which, if any, action is appropriate.
Automated Online Assistant is a program that uses artificial
intelligence to provide customer service or other assistance on a website.
Such an assistant may basically consist of a dialog system, an avatar, as
well as an expert system to provide specific expertise to the user.
Automated Attendant allows callers to be automatically
transferred to an extension without the intervention of an
operator/receptionist).
Smartphone Technologies
Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing is an interviewing technique
or
surveying technique in which the
respondent or
interviewer uses a
computer to answer the questions. It is similar to computer-assisted
telephone interviewing, except that the interview takes place in person
instead of over the telephone. This method is usually preferred over a
telephone interview when the questionnaire is long and complex. It has
been classified as a personal interviewing technique because an
interviewer is usually present to serve as a host and to guide the
respondent. If no interviewer is present, the term Computer-Assisted Self
Interviewing (CASI) may be used. An example of a situation in which CAPI
is used as the method of data collection is the British Crime Survey.
Characteristics of this interviewing technique are: Either the respondent
or an interviewer sits at a computer terminal and answers a questionnaire
using the keyboard or mouse. Help screens and courteous error messages are
provided. Colorful screens and on and off-screen stimuli can add to the
respondent's interest and involvement in the task. This approach is used
in shopping malls, preceded by the intercept and screening process. It is
also used to conduct business-to-business research at trade shows or
conventions. The
interviewer follows a script provided by a software application. It is a
structured system of microdata collection by telephone that speeds up the
collection and editing of microdata and also permits the interviewer to
educate the respondents on the importance of timely and accurate data. The
software is able to customize the flow of the questionnaire based on the
answers provided, as well as information already known about the
participant. It is used in B2B services and corporate sales. CATI may
function in the following manner: A computerized questionnaire is
administered to respondents over the telephone. The interviewer sits in
front of a computer screen. Upon command, the computer dials the telephone
number to be called. When contact is made, the interviewer reads the
questions posed on the computer screen and records the respondent's
answers directly into the computer. Interim and update reports can be
compiled instantaneously, as the data are being collected. CATI software
has built-in logic, which also enhances data accuracy. The program will
personalize questions and control for logically incorrect answers, such as
percentage answers that do not add up to 100 percent. The software has
built-in branching logic, which will skip questions that are not
applicable or will probe for more detail when warranted.
Skills - Qualities Every Worker Should Have
Communication Skills:
Every person should have the ability to effectively
communicate,
listen,
speak,
read and
write.
Interpersonal Skills:
Gets along with
co-workers. A
self motivated
self-starter and an enthusiastic
team player with the ability to
multi-task and
deal with constantly changing priorities in fast-paced
environments. A person who has
networking skills
and has
empathy and
emotional
intelligence. Possesses a high level of
professionalism,
self-confidence and assertiveness. Exercises
discretion,
ethics, sensitivity,
tact and
confidentiality.
Understands
body language.
Competence -
Mind Set -
Skill Set -
Screening -
Résumé
Work
Etiquette is a
code that governs the expectations of
social behavior in a
workplace, in a group or a society.
Work etiquette tells the individual
how to behave when dealing with situations in a working environment
however difficult the situation is. Office etiquette in particular applies
to co-worker interaction and communication with colleagues. There is no
universal agreement about a standard work etiquette which may vary from
one environment to another.
Etiquette -
Professional Behavior.
Employee
Handbook contains information about
company policies and
procedures.
Work Ethic
is a
value based on hard work and diligence.
A belief that work, hard work and diligence has a moral benefit and an
inherent ability, virtue or value to strengthen character. It is about
prioritizing work and putting
it in the center of life. Social ingrainment of this value is considered
to enhance character through hard work that is respective to an
individuals field of work. Factors are:
Goal-Oriented actions: It is not about making plans or the next
logical steps; it's about getting things done so that the work invested
wouldn't be counter-
productive.
Dedicate on Priority: Focusing on
qualitative activities that a person is capable and where they can make a
difference or a high impact based on objectives.
Being Available and Reliable: Spending time on the work and
building oneself up for the task.
Conscientiousness: A desire to do a task well, being vigilant and
organized.
Creating a rewarding routine/system:
Engaging in tasks that provide strength and energy which can be
transferred to your ultimate goals, creating a habit and a habitat for
success. Embracing positivism.
Diligence
is conscientiousness in paying proper
attention to a task; giving the degree of care required in a given
situation. Persevering determination to perform a task.
Workplace Politics is the process and behavior in
human interactions
involving
power and authority. It is also a tool to assess the
operational capacity and to
balance diverse views of interested parties.
It is also known by other names like office
politics and organizational
politics. It is the use of power and
social networking within an
organization to achieve changes that benefit the organization or
individuals within it. Influence by individuals may serve personal
interests without regard to their effect on the organization itself.
Making A Difference.
Dating -
Relationships -
Conformity -
First Impressions -
Worker Qualities
Are You
Seen as a Jerk at Work -
Counterproductive Work Behavior -
Slacker
Jobs of the Future -
Employee Hiring -
Employee Managing Have experience with
Knowledge Management Tools and
understand
Job
Performance.
Organizational Skills: Good at
problem-solving, decision
making and
reasoning. Is a fast
learner. Is accurate,
organized and
analytical. Is versatile and has
higher-order thinking skills and multitasking abilities. Has ability to
plan and think ahead. Has good
time management skills. Is able to do
research and
synthesis. Has
multiple
skills in more than one area. Follows company policies and procedures. Works
independently and is self-managed and solves problems in a timely and professional manner. Adept at
networking and
building consensus with all levels of society.
Is a
strong analytical and
strategic t
hinker, with ability to draw conclusions
and determine strategies based on data. Has a
willingness to ask questions
and willing to do more than expected. An
independent learner
and is
interested
in Learning.
Honesty and integrity: Openness, shares
experience and
ideas, accepts
responsibilities and has interest in the
job.
Is
cooperative, has a
positive attitude, is mature,
conscientious,
considerate,
polite, loyal and helpful. Has
leadership
abilities, is open
minded and well groomed.
Choosing the Right Tie
-
Morals and Ethics -
kuleana.
Self-advocacy refers to people with disabilities taking control of their
own lives, including being in charge of their own care in the medical
system.
Job
Responsibilities -
Personality and
Personal Development
How to be a Good Waitress -
How to be a Waiter with
Respectful Attitude by Vitorino (youtube)
Punctual: On time, dependable, reliable,
flexible, adaptable, self-motivated and disciplined.
Time Management Skills -
Prioritizing.
Adaptive Performance in the work environment refers to adjusting to
and understanding change in the workplace. An employee who is versatile is
valued and important in the success of an organization. Employers seek
employees with high adaptability, due to the positive outcomes that
follow, such as excellent work performance, work attitude, and
ability to handle stress.
Employees, who display high adaptive performance in an organization, tend
to have more advantages in career opportunities unlike employees who are
not
adaptable to change.
Dimensions of adaptive performance are,
Handling emergencies and crisis
situations: making quick decisions when faced with an emergency.
Handling stress in the workforce:
keeping composed and focused on task at hand when dealing with high demand
tasks.
Creative problem solving:
thinking outside the boundary limits, and innovatively to solve a problem.
Dealing with uncertain
and unpredictable work situations: able to become productive despite the
occurrence of unknown situations.
Learning
and manipulating new technology, task, and procedures: approach new
methods and technological constructs in order to accomplish a work task.
Demonstrating interpersonal
adaptability: being considerate of other people's points of view when
working in a team to accomplish a certain goal.
Demonstrating cultural adaptability: being respectful and considerate
of different cultural backgrounds.
Demonstrating physically oriented adaptability: physically adjusting
one's self to better fit the surrounding environment.
Computer Skills:
Technology skills and is technologically literate.
Understands
computer software, word processing,
e-mail, spreadsheets and internet navigation. Familiar with computer hardware and
maintenance.
Basic Computer Operations - Computer Concepts
Do you understand the basic function of
computer hardware
components such as the CPU, monitor,
keyboard, and file storage?
Do you know the type of personal computer you use or own?
Do you know what
operating system is installed on your computer?
Can you find and start a program?
Can you navigate between programs?
Software.
Can you select a word processing program that you have installed
on your computer?
Can you save files to the hard drive or removable storage, such
as a CD or flash drive?
Can you exit or quit an application?
Can you log off a computer?
Can you shut down a computer properly?
Computer Assisted Instruction Terms (wiki)
Computer Literacy is the ability to use
computers and
related
technology
efficiently, with a range of skills covering levels from elementary
use to programming and advanced problem solving. Computer literacy can
also refer to the comfort level someone has with using
computer programs
and other applications that are associated with computers. Another
valuable component is understanding how computers work and operate.
Computer literacy may be distinguished from computer programming which is
design and
coding of computer programs rather than familiarity and skill
in their use.
How to Use a Computer (youtube)
-
Computer
Basics -
Learn to use Computers
Word Processing Skills
Can you create a new document?
Can you save a document?
Can you cut, copy and paste text?
Can you change font style and size?
Can you utilize spell-check?
Can you center text?
Can you change the line spacing in a document?
Can you set margins?
Can you change the page orientation from portrait to landscape?
Can you include page numbers?
Can you use headers and footers?
Can you create a numbered or bulleted list?
Can you create a table?
Worker Qualities / Working Skills
Spreadsheet Skills
Have you ever used Excel?
Can you use the Formula Bar to perform mathematical
calculations?
Can you use the built-in Function capability to create
equations?
Can you create charts?
Can you sort and filter information?
Internet
Do you know how to check if your computer is connected to
Internet?
Do you know the type of Internet connection that you have on
your computer?
Do you know how to check your Internet connection speed?
Do you know how to check which web browser are you utilizing?
Can you locate a website given the address?
Can you use a browser's capabilities to go back, forward,
reload/refresh, print and stop?
Can you use a web browser to follow links to another website?
Do you know how to adjust browser settings and options?
Do you know what
internet cookies are?
Can you save a website address in the bookmarks or favorites?
Can you find information using a search engine such as Google or
Yahoo?
Can you download and save files, such as graphics, documents, or
PDFs, from the Internet?
Can you download and install software from the Internet?
Can you install and update antivirus software?
Websites
Can you log in to a website? -
Computer Code
Can you upload/download files to and from a website?
Can you insert graphics, images, or clip art to a website?
Email
Do you know how to activate or setup an email account?
Can you read email messages?
Can you compose and send email messages?
Can you reply to an email message?
Can you manage your email by moving messages between folders,
forwarding messages and deleting messages?
Can you send attachments through email?
Can you type at a good speed?
Can you
write
at a good speed?
Can you
read
at a good speed?
Can you
listen at a
good speed?
Are you comfortable with written instructions?
Can you
comprehend what you're reading when you first read something
or do you have to read something a few times in order to
understand it?
Are you comfortable with asking questions?
Are you comfortable with asking for help?
Are you good at keeping yourself busy?
Are you good at problem solving?
Are you comfortable with trying different ways of doing things,
and can you do one thing at a time?
Are you comfortable with being challenged with learning new
things that seem complex and over whelming?
Are you comfortable with admitting that you made a mistake?
Can you stay calm in difficult and stressful situations?
Are you comfortable with working on your own?
Are you comfortable with leadership roles, and can you take the
initiative when needed?
Do you consider yourself to be self-disciplined?
How well can you adapt to different personalities?
Do you have a sense of humor?
"Though the questions above don't cover all the different scenarios, it does give you an idea"
Computer Keyboard is a
typewriter-style device which uses an arrangement of
buttons or keys to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches.
Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape,
interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards became the main input method for computers.
Keyboard keys (buttons) typically have characters engraved or printed on
them, and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written
symbol. However, producing some symbols may require pressing and holding
several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys
produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous
key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands. In normal
usage, the keyboard is used as a text entry interface for typing text and
numbers into a word processor, text editor or any other program. In a
modern computer, the interpretation of key presses is generally left to
the software. A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from
every other key and reports all key presses to the controlling software.
Keyboards are also used for computer gaming — either regular keyboards or
keyboards with special gaming features, which can expedite frequently used
keystroke combinations. A keyboard is also used to give commands to the
operating system of a computer, such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete
combination. Although on Pre-Windows 95 Microsoft operating systems this
forced a re-boot, now it brings up a system security options screen. A
command-line interface is a type of user interface navigated entirely
using a keyboard, or some other similar device that does the job of one.
Computer Keyboard
symbols and
punctuation
marks meanings.
.
Period or full stop
,
Comma
? Question Mark
&
ampersand or and
‘
apostrophe or single quote
`
back quote
"
Quotation mark
*
Asterisk
@
at sign
\
back slash
/
forward slash
{ }
braces or curly braces
{ open brace
} close brace
[ ]
brackets
[ open bracket
] close bracket
( )
parenthesis
( open parenthesis
) close parenthesis
^
caret
:
colon
;
semi-colon
,
comma
=
equal sign
–
minus or
hyphen or Dash
_
underscore+
plus sign
$
dollar sign
!
exclamation mark
>
greater than sign
< less than sign
%
percent
|
pipe or bar
#
pound or number sign or sharp or hash
~
tilde...
Ellipsis
Function Key on a
terminal may either generate short fixed sequences of
characters, sending
special character sequences interpreted directly by the
application program.
Unicode Symbols -
Keyboard Designs
-
Touch Screen
Keystroke Dynamics is
the detailed timing information which describes exactly when each key was
pressed and when it was released as a person is typing at a computer
keyboard. -
Video Courses.
K
eyboard
Shortcut is a sequence or combination of keystrokes on a computer
keyboard which invokes commands in software. Most keyboard shortcuts
require the user to press a single key or a sequence of keys one after the
other. Other keyboard shortcuts require pressing and holding several keys
simultaneously (indicated in the tables below by this sign: +). Keyboard
shortcuts may depend on the keyboard layout. Hot Keys are a specific key combination used to
trigger an action or a series of one or several keys, such as "Ctrl+F" to
search a character string. Such a directive invokes a software or
operating system operation (in other words, cause an event) when triggered
by the user.
Input Method is
an
operating system component
or program that allows any data, such as keyboard strokes or mouse
movements, to be received as
input. In this way users can enter characters
and symbols not found on their input devices. Using an input method is
obligatory for any language that has more graphemes than there are keys on the keyboard.
Computer Mouse
is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion
relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion
of a pointer on a display, which allows a smooth control of the graphical
user
interface. Modern mice often have optical sensors that have no moving
parts. In addition to moving a cursor, computer mice have one or more
buttons to allow operations such as selection of a menu item on a display.
Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and
"wheels", which enable additional control and dimensional input.
Douglas Engelbart applied for a patent in 1967 and received it in
1970, for the wooden shell with two metal wheels (computer mouse – U.S.
Patent 3,541,541).
Kira 99-key Mechanical Keyboard that is programmable with a open
source firmware keyboard layout language. (Should make 3D printed
replacement keys for any language).
Technology Education
Technology is
machinery and equipment that is
developed for
practical purposes using
scientific
knowledge.
Technology is the sum of
techniques,
skills, methods, and
processes that are
used in the
production of goods
or services or in the accomplishment of an
objective or when
solving a problem. -
Technology Addiction.
Technical
is relating to technique or
proficiency
in a
practical skill. Characterizing or showing
skill in or specialized knowledge of applied arts and sciences. Of or
relating to a practical subject that is
organized
according to
scientific principles.
Educational Technology is the study and
ethical practice of
facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and
managing appropriate technological processes and resources.
E-Learning -
Virtual Learning
Technologist is a person who uses
scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
Mastering digital technology to
solve
problems,
organize information and
disseminate
knowledge.
Applied Science Technologist
is a Canadian professional title in
engineering and applied
science technology.
Architectural
Technologist
is a specialist in the technology of
building
design and
construction.
Cardiovascular
Technologist
is a health
specialist who uses imaging
technology to help diagnose cardiac and vascular ailments.
Chemical
Technologist
is a worker who provides technical support or
services in chemical-related fields.
Civic
Technologist
is a specialist capable of satisfying societal needs by
exploiting technologies.
Educational
Technologist
is a specialist in tools to
enhance learning.
Electrical
Technologist
is a person whose knowledge lies between that of
an electrical engineer and an electrical tradesperson.
Engineering
Technologist
is a specialist who implements technology within
a field of engineering.
Industrial
Technologist
is a specialist in the
management, operation, and
maintenance of complex operation systems.
Information
Technologist
helps keep all the computers in an office running efficiently by doing
routine database and computer security duties. The use of computers to
store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or information.
Computer
Knowledge.
Medical
Technologist
is a
healthcare professional who performs diagnostic
analysis on a variety of body fluids.
Polysomnographic
Technologist
is a health specialist who administers
overnight polysomnograms.
Professional
Technologist
is a Canadian professional title in engineering
and technology related fields.
Radiologic
Technologist
is a medical professional who applies doses of
radiation for imaging and treatment.
Surgical
Technologist
is a health specialist who facilitates the conduct
of invasive
surgical procedures.
Technologist
is a European science magazine.
Technical
Director is usually a senior technical person within e.g. a software
company, engineering firm, film studio, theatrical company or television
studio. This person usually possesses the highest level of skill within a
specific technical field and may be recognized as an expert in that
industry.
Information Technology Management is the discipline whereby all of the
information technology
resources of a firm are managed in accordance with
its needs and priorities. These resources may include tangible investments
like computer hardware, software, data, networks and data centre
facilities, as well as the staff who are hired to maintain them. Managing
this responsibility within a company entails many of the basic management
functions, like budgeting, staffing, change management, and organizing and
controlling, along with other aspects that are unique to technology, like
software design, network planning, tech support etc.
Information Technology
-
IT -
Information Management
-
Communication -
IT Service
Management -
Knowledge
Organization.
Technical Support refers to a plethora of services by which
enterprises provide assistance to users of technology products such as
mobile phones, televisions, computers, software products or other
informatic, electronic or mechanical goods. In general, technical support
services address specific problems with a product or service rather than
the provision of training, customization, or other support services. Most
companies offer technical support for the products they sell, either
freely available or for a fee. Technical support may be delivered over by
e-mail, live support software on a website, or a tool where users can log
a call or incident. Larger organizations frequently have internal
technical support available to their staff for computer-related problems.
The Internet can also be a good source for freely available tech support,
where experienced users help users find solutions to their problems. In addition, some fee-based service companies charge for
premium technical support services.
Remote Desktop refers to a software or operating system
feature that allows a personal computer's desktop environment to be run
remotely on one system (usually a PC, but the concept applies equally to a
server), while being displayed on a separate client device. Remote desktop
applications have varying features. Some allow attaching to an existing
user's session (i.e., a running desktop) and "remote controlling", either
displaying the
remote
control session or blanking the screen. Taking over a desktop remotely
is a form of remote administration.
Information Technology Consulting is a field of activity
focuses on
advising organizations on
how best to use
information technology
or
IT in achieving their business objectives. In addition to
providing advice,
IT consultancies often estimate, manage, implement,
deploy, and administer IT systems on behalf of their client organizations
- a practice known as "outsourcing". (also called IT consulting, computer
consultancy, business and technology services, computing consultancy,
technology consulting, and IT advisory).
Chief Technology Officer is an
executive-level position in a company
or other entity whose occupation is focused on the scientific and
technological issues within an organization.
Information and Communications Technology is an extended term for
information technology
or IT which stresses the role of
unified
communications and the integration of
telecommunications
(telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary
enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which
enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. The
term ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audio-visual and
telephone networks with
computer
networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large
economic incentives (huge cost savings due to elimination of the telephone
network) to merge the telephone network with the computer network system
using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution and
management.
Networks (computers) -
Computer Knowledge -
Computer Documentaries
Mobile Device Management is an industry term for the
administration of mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers,
laptops and desktop computers. MDM is usually implemented with the use of
a third party product that has management features for particular vendors
of mobile devices.
Interactive Whiteboard is a large interactive display
in the form factor of a whiteboard. It can either be a standalone
touchscreen computer used independently to perform tasks and operations,
or a connectable apparatus used as a touchpad to control computers from a
projector. They are used in a variety of settings, including classrooms at
all levels of education, in corporate board rooms and work groups, in
training rooms for professional sports coaching, in broadcasting studios,
and others.
Amplify
-
WG -
Citizen Journalism.
Mature
Technology is a technology that has been in use for long
enough that most of its initial faults and inherent problems have been
removed or reduced by further development. In some contexts, it may also
refer to technology that has not seen widespread use, but whose scientific
background is well understood. One of the key indicators of a mature
technology is the ease of use for both non-experts and professionals.
Another indicator is a reduction in the rate of new breakthrough advances
related to it—whereas inventions related to a (popular) immature
technology are usually rapid and diverse, and may change the whole use
paradigm—advances to a mature technology are usually incremental
improvements only.
Technology Fusion involves a transformation of core
technologies. An example is the fusion of mechanical and electronic
engineering to create mechatronics.
ITIL is a set of practices for IT service management (ITSM)
that focuses on aligning IT services with the needs of business. In its
current form (known as ITIL V3), ITIL is published as a series of five
core volumes, each of which covers a different ITSM lifecycle stage.
Although ITIL underpins ISO/IEC 20000 (previously BS 15000), the
International Service Management Standard for IT service management, there
are some differences between the ISO 20000 standard and the ITIL
framework. ITIL describes processes, procedures, tasks, and checklists
which are not organization-specific, but can be applied by an organization
for establishing integration with the organization's strategy, delivering
value, and maintaining a minimum level of competency. It allows the
organization to establish a baseline from which it can plan, implement,
and measure. It is used to demonstrate compliance and to measure
improvement.
Internet Safety -
Innovation -
Information Protection -
Library and information Science
-
Data
Technical Writing is any written
form of writing or drafting
technical communication used in a variety of technical and occupational
fields, such as computer hardware and software, engineering, chemistry,
aeronautics, robotics, finance, consumer electronics, and biotechnology.
It encompasses the largest sub-field within technical communication.
Technical Writer is a professional writer who produces
technical documentation that helps people understand and use a product or
service. This documentation includes online help, manuals (system,
end-user, training), white papers, design specifications, project plans,
test plans, business correspondence, etc. With the rise of e-learning,
technical writers are also charged with creating online training for their
audience of learners. Technical writers explain technologies, processes,
and products in many formats, including print, online, and other
electronic means.
Writing Knowledge (writing tips)
Tool is a device or
implement
used to carry out a particular function. The means whereby some act is
accomplished.
Tool
is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal,
especially if the item is not consumed in the process. Tool use by humans
dates back millions of years, and other animals are also known to employ
simple tools.
Machine is a tool containing one or more parts that uses
energy to perform an intended action.
Machines are usually powered by
chemical, thermal, or electrical means, and are often motorized.
Historically, a power tool also required moving parts to classify as a
machine. However, the advent of electronics has led to the development of
power tools without moving parts that are considered machines. A simple
machine is a device that simply transforms the direction or magnitude of a
force, but a large number of more complex machines exist. Examples include
vehicles, electronic systems, molecular machines, computers, television,
and radio.
Electrical Equipment includes any machine powered by
electricity. It usually consists of an enclosure, a variety of electrical
components, and often a power switch.
Medical Equipment is designed to aid in the
diagnosis,
monitoring or treatment of medical conditions.
Laboratory Equipment (chemistry) -
Agricultural Machinery (farming)
Protective Equipment refers to
protective clothing, helmets,
goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's
body from injury or infection. The hazards addressed by protective
equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemicals, biohazards, and
airborne particulate matter. Protective equipment may be worn for
job-related occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports
and other recreational activities. "Protective clothing" is applied to
traditional categories of clothing, and "protective gear" applies to items
such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others.
Device is an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose. Something
in an artistic work designed to achieve a particular effect.
Instrument is
a device that requires skill for proper use.
Scientific Instrument -
Quality Control.
Engineering
is the practical application of science to commerce or industry.
The discipline dealing with the art or science of applying
scientific knowledge to practical problems.
Engineering.
Manufacture is to
put something together out of artificial or natural components or parts.
Produce naturally. Create or produce in a mechanical way.
The organized action of making of goods and services for sale.
The act of making something (a product) from raw materials.
Technology is Just a Tool
-
Using Technology and KM to Improve Education.
Addicted to Technology?
Or is it just an Addictive Personality?
Polytechnic is a technical school offering instruction in many
industrial arts and applied sciences. Polytechnic is a school, college, or
university that qualifies as an institute of technology or vocational
university. An institution of higher education offering courses in many
subjects, especially vocational or technical subjects.
Institute of Technology is an institution, university or college that
specializes in engineering, technology, applied science, and natural
sciences.
Technology Education Resources
Management Information Sciences (MIS)
Association of
Computer Machinery
Sigite -
Master of Educational Technology Leadership
Youth Learn
Blackboard
i Learn
i
Skills
Improving
Instruction Through Technology
The National
Center for Academic Transformation
Center for
Technology and Teacher Education
21st
Century Educators
International
Society for Technology in Education
Educause
Technology-Based Instruction
Institute
for Computer Based Learning
Tech and
Learning
i learn
technology Blog
Learning Technologies
Campus
Technology
Fundación Proacceso ECO A.C (wiki)
Archives and
Research for Information Technology
The World
Information Technology and Services Alliance
How Does Technology Impact Communication?
Exploration of CBLT
Future Trends in Education Technology (PDF)
Tech Liberation
Future of Education Technology
Future of Higher Ed (PDF)
Intelligent use of
Information Technology
Report on Laptops for Learning (pdf)
Pew Internet Research
A guide to classroom technologies that increase learning, an
educators resource
Technology Classroom School Future
The
Learning Collective Instructional Designers
Tests That Measure Technological Orientation
Technology Skills Assessment
Related Subject Pages -
Smartphones as Tools for
Education -
Computer Based Instructions -
Science
-
Intelligent Tutoring System
-
Hope PC -
Art and Technology -
Social Networks Etiquette -
Learning Methods
-
Testing -
Online Education -
Audio-Visual -
Video Teacher
-
Internet Knowledge -
Search Engines.
Visual Graphics Tools - Flow Chart Software - Mind Maps Creator
Visualization of Knowledge is any technique for creating
images,
diagrams, or
animations to
communicate a message. A mind map is a
way to expand on a particular subject using physical diagrams.
Visualizing Information -
Knowledge Visualization -
Visualization -
Decision Tree
-
Algorithm
Visual Learning is a
learning style
in which information is
presented
to a learner in a visual format. Visual learners can utilize graphs,
charts,
maps,
diagrams, and other forms of visual
stimulation to effectively interpret information. Using graphic
organizers
can improve student performance in the following areas:
Retention. Students remember information
better and can better recall it when it is represented and learned both
visually and verbally.
Reading comprehension.
The use of graphic organizers helps improve the
reading comprehension of
students.
Student achievement. Students
with and without learning disabilities improve achievement across content
areas and grade levels.
Thinking and learning
skills; critical thinking. When students develop and use a graphic
organizer their higher order thinking and
critical thinking skills are
enhanced.
Knowledge Visualization is the use of
visual
representations to
transfer knowledge between at least two persons, aims
to improve the
transfer of
knowledge by using computer and non-computer-based
visualization methods
complementarily.
Mind Mapping is a
visual technique that helps organize thoughts and ideas. It's based on
intuitive connections and can help you identify gaps in your thinking.
Outlining is a way to show how ideas relate
to each other and improve comprehension. Outlining can also help you
gather information from multiple sources.
Categorical is a way to organize content that doesn't have a
hierarchy or sequence. In this case, you can organize the content by
category in a nonlinear structure.
Chronological
order is a way to arrange events in the order they happened or will
happen. It's often used in expository writing.
Taking breaks helps your brain digest information. You can break up
study sessions into smaller chunks to reduce the amount your brain has to
process.
Get enough sleep helps your brain
consolidate and organize memories, process information, and clear out
irrelevant thoughts.
Sit quietly or meditate
for a few minutes before bed can help organize the right and left brain.
Meditation can also help calm your mind.
Graphic Organizer is a
pedagogical tool
that uses visual
symbols to
express knowledge and concepts through
relationships between them.
The main purpose of a graphic
organizer is to
provide a visual aid to
facilitate learning and
instruction. Graphic organizer is also known as a knowledge map,
concept map,
story map, cognitive organizer,
advance organizer, or concept
diagram.
Relationship Model -
Associative Learning -
Human Operating System -
Spatial Intelligence
Mental Model is an internal
representation or
a model of the external reality. A way of representing
reality within one's mind.
Conceptual System is a system of abstract
concepts of various kinds. The abstract concepts can range from
numbers, to emotions, and from social roles, to
mental states.
Cognitive Map is a type of mental
representation
which serves an individual to acquire, code, store, recall, and decode
information about the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in
their everyday or metaphorical spatial environment.
Conceptual Model.
Graphicacy
is defined as the ability to understand and
present information in the
form of sketches, photographs, diagrams,
maps, plans,
charts, graphs and
other non-textual, two-dimensional formats.
Visuo-Spatial Abilities
or the communication of spatial
information that cannot be conveyed
adequately by verbal or numerical means is extremely useful, e.g. the plan
of a town, the pattern of a drainage network or a picture of a distant
place - in other words the whole field of the graphic arts and much of
geography cartography, computer-graphics, photography, itself. All of
these words contain the syllable "graph" which seemed a logical stem for "graphicacy"
which was completed by analogy with literacy, numeracy and articulacy.
Infographic
are graphic
visual representations of
information, data or knowledge intended to present information quickly and
clearly. They can improve cognition by utilizing
graphics to enhance the human visual
system's ability to see
patterns
and
trends. Similar pursuits
are
information visualization, data
visualization,
statistical graphics,
information design, or information
architecture.
Infographics have evolved in recent years to be for mass
communication, and thus are designed with fewer assumptions about the
readers' knowledge base than other types of visualizations.
Isotypes is a method of showing social, technological, biological and
historical
connections in pictorial form. It consisted of a set of
standardized and abstracted pictorial
symbols to
represent
social-scientific data with specific guidelines on how to combine the
identical figures using serial repetition. An early example of
conveying
information quickly and easily to the masses.
Knowledge Visualization
-
Education Visualization -
Visual
Language
Mind Map
is a
diagram used to
visually organize information. A
mind
map is
hierarchical and shows
relationships among pieces of the
whole. It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image in
the center of a blank page, to which
associated representations of ideas
such as images,
words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are
connected directly to the central concept, and other
ideas branch out from
those.
Resources for Mind Maps:
Mind Mapping KM -
Mind Map
Creator -
Mind Map Maker
-
Mind
Meister -
The Brain Map Software.
Cognitive Map is a type of
mental representation which serves an
individual to
acquire, code, store, recall, and decode information about
the relative locations and attributes of phenomena in their everyday or
metaphorical spatial environment.
Hypergraph is a generalization of a graph in which an edge can join
any number of vertices. In contrast, in an ordinary graph, an edge
connects exactly two vertices.
Wolfram.
Perspective in the
graphic arts is an
approximate
representation, generally on a flat surface (such as paper),
of an image as it is seen by the eye. The two most characteristic features
of
perspective are that objects appear smaller as their distance from the
observer increases; and that they are subject to foreshortening, meaning
that an object's dimensions along the line of sight appear shorter than
its dimensions across the line of sight.
Point of View.
Interfaces
-
Menus -
Navigation -
Presentations -
Charts -
Living Charts
Painting Pictures with Words is an imagery
literary device that creates a mental picture for the reader using words.
Word Cloud.
Thinking Maps (PDF) -
Q&A
Table
of Contents are titles or descriptions of subjects or content to
help speed up location of desired information.
Flowchart
is a type of
diagram that represents an
algorithm, workflow or process,
showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting
them with arrows.
Engineering
Drawings -
Models -
Website
Terminology -
Organizing Methods
Organizational Chart is a
diagram that shows the
structure of an
organization and the
relationships and
relative ranks of
its parts and positions/jobs.
Power
Structure.
Map Story is the free
atlas of change tool that everyone can edit, how the world evolves
geographically over time.
Template is a pre-formatted
example on which to base other files
and
documents.
Directory Information Tree
is data represented in a
hierarchical tree-like
structure consisting of
the Distinguished Names (DNs) of
directory service entries.
New model for solving novel problems uses internal cognitive mental map.
Humans and animals have a great ability to solve novel problems by
generalizing from existing knowledge and inferring new solutions from
limited data. This is much harder to achieve with artificial intelligence.
Animals (including humans) navigate by creating a representative map of
the outside world in their head as they move around. Once we know two
locations are close to each other, we can infer that there is a shortcut
between them even if we haven't been there. These maps make use of a
network of "grid cells" and "place cells" in parts of the brain.
Represent - Representations - Representative
Represent is to
take the place of something or be
parallel or equivalent to something.
Express
indirectly by an image, form,
model or
symbol. Serve as
a means of
expressing something. Describe
or present, usually with respect to a particular quality. Bring forward
and present to the mind. Create
an image or
likeness
of something. To establish a mapping of mathematical elements or sets.
Example.
Emblematic
is to serve as a
visible symbol for something abstract, existing only in the
mind; separated from embodiment, or giving concrete form to an
abstract concept. Being or serving as an
illustration of a type.
Interface.
Presentation
is to bring forward and present to the mind. A visual representation
of something. A show or display; the act of
presenting something
to sight or view. Cause to come to know personally. Represent
abstractly, for example in a painting, drawing, or sculpture.
Charts & Graphs.
Expressing
is to articulate; either verbally or with a cry, shout, or noise.
Indicate through a symbol, formula, etc.
Articulate
is to put into words or an expression.
Express or state clearly. Speak,
pronounce, or utter in a certain way.
Appearance is an outward or
visible aspect of a person or
thing. The act of appearing in public view.
Aesthetics
(art).
Representation is a
presentation to the mind in
the form of an
idea or
image. A
creation that is a visual or
tangible rendering of someone or
something. An activity that stands as an
equivalent of something or
results in an equivalent.
Representation can also meant the act of
representing someone else or standing in for
someone or some group and speaking with authority in their behalf, or the
state of serving as an official and authorized delegate or
agent.
Representative.
Representation in
mathematics is a very general relationship
that expresses
similarities between objects.
Representation in
arts is the use of
signs that stand in for
and take the place of something else. It is through representation that
people organize the world and reality through the act of naming its
elements. Signs are arranged in order to form semantic constructions and
express relations.
Illustrate -
Creativity -
Art.
Representation in
psychology is a hypothetical internal
cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental
process that makes use of such a symbol: "a formal system for making
explicit certain entities or types of information, together with a
specification of how the system does this.
Mental Representation
is a hypothetical internal cognitive
symbol that represents
external
reality, or else a mental process that
makes use of such a symbol: "a formal system for making explicit certain
entities or types of information, together with a specification of how the
system does this." Mental representation is the mental imagery of things
that are not actually present to the senses. In contemporary philosophy,
specifically in fields of metaphysics such as philosophy of mind and
ontology, a mental representation is one of the prevailing ways of
explaining and describing the nature of ideas and
concepts.
Visual Representation - Visual Classification
Cognitive Model is an approximation to animal cognitive
processes (predominantly human) for the purposes of comprehension and
prediction.
Conceptual Model
is a
representation of a system, made of the
composition of concepts which
are used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model
represents. Some models are physical objects; for example, a toy model
which may be assembled, and may be made to work like the object it represents.
Mind Map.
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning is representing information
about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve
complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in
a natural language.
Ai.
Depiction
is a form of non-verbal representation in which two-dimensional images are regarded as viable substitutes for things seen, remembered
or imagined.
Camouflage.
Describe is to
represent something in words especially
with sharpness and
detail. To
give an account or
representation of in words. To give a
description of something
factually without being
vague or misleading.
Direct and Indirect Realism arises in the philosophy
of
perception and of mind out
of the debate over the nature of conscious experience; the epistemological
question of whether the world we see around us is the
real world itself or merely an internal
perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes in our brain.
Virtual Reality.
Graph
Drawing to derive two-dimensional depictions of graphs
arising from applications such as social network analysis, cartography,
linguistics, and bioinformatics.
Graph Database is a database that uses graph structures for
semantic queries with nodes, edges and properties to represent and store
data.
Glossary of Graph Theory used to modify notation for graph
invariants so that it applies to the line graph instead of the given
graph.
Spreadsheet
is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and
storage of data in tabular form.
Graphs -
Plots -
Analytics -
Statistics
Meaning
(understanding symbols) -
Art
Abstraction Layer is a way of hiding the implementation
details of a particular set of functionality, allowing the separation of
concerns to facilitate interoperability and platform independence.
Layers (Levels).
Separation of Content and Presentation is a design principle under
which visual and design aspects (presentation and style) are separated
from the core material and structure (content) of a document.
Object-Oriented Design is the process of planning a system
of interacting objects for the purpose of solving a software problem.
Object-Relational Mapping is a programming technique for
converting data between incompatible type systems in object-oriented
programming languages. This creates, in effect, a "virtual object
database" that can be used from within the programming language.
Sentence Diagram is a pictorial representation of the
grammatical structure of a sentence.
Parse Tree is an
ordered, rooted tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string
according to some context-free grammar. The term parse tree itself is used
primarily in computational linguistics; in theoretical syntax, the term
syntax tree is more common.
Labels for
Food Meanings -
Ideas -
Development
Multiple Representations in mathematics are ways to
symbolize, to describe and to refer to the same mathematical entity.
Information Graphics
are
graphic visual representations of information, data or knowledge
intended to present information quickly and clearly. Also known as
Info-Graphic.
Graphic Organizer is a communication tool that uses
visual symbols to express knowledge, concepts, thoughts, or ideas, and the
relationships between them. The main purpose of a graphic organizer is to
provide a visual aid to facilitate learning and instruction.
Information Visualization is the study of (interactive)
visual representations of abstract data to reinforce human cognition. The
abstract data include both numerical and non-numerical data, such as text
and geographic information.
Social Learning Tools
(data sharing) -
Information Literacy
Information is Beautiful Visualizing Data -
Patricio Gonzalez Vivo
Data
Visualization involves the creation and study of the visual
representation of data, meaning "information that has been abstracted in
some schematic form, including attributes or variables for the units of
information.
Database Schema organization of data as a blueprint of how
the
database is constructed (divided into database tables in the case of
relational databases).
Scientific Modeling is a scientific activity, the aim of
which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to
understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate by referencing it to
existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge. It requires selecting
and identifying relevant aspects of a situation in the real world and then
using different types of models for different aims, such as conceptual
models to better understand, operational models to operationalize,
mathematical models to quantify, and graphical models to visualize the
subject. Modelling is an essential and inseparable part of scientific
activity, and many scientific disciplines have their own ideas about
specific types of modelling.
Scientific Visualization concerned with the visualization of
three-dimensional phenomena
(architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), where the
emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination
sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component.
3D Engineering Models (drawings)
A Study of Graphic Communication (PDF)
Multidimensional Scaling is a means of visualizing the level
of similarity of individual cases of a dataset. It refers to a set of
related ordination techniques used in information visualization, in
particular to display the information contained in a distance
matrix.
Knowledge Visualization
Information and knowledge is not always in
chronological order. Sometimes you may find yourself too far
ahead of what you need to know. You may have to go back and
learn something again, or acquire more information about the
subject. So you need to be aware of when more information and
knowledge is needed before continuing to learn from your current
level of knowledge.
Knowing the
chronological order of
information and knowledge makes it easy to
navigate through
knowledge and information, as well as, makes it easy to plan and
manage your learning time efficiently and effectively.
Curriculum is broadly defined as the totality of student
experiences that occur in the educational process. The term often refers
specifically to a planned
sequence of instruction, or to a view of the
student's experiences in terms of the educator's or school's instructional
goals.
Timeline -
Pattern
Recognition -
Mind Map
Outline of Knowledge familiarity with someone or something,
which can include facts, information, descriptions, and/or skills acquired
through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or
practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with
practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical
understanding of a subject); and it can be more or less formal or
systematic.
Wolfram Mathematica is a
Problem Generator for algebra, calculus, statistics, number theory, and
R&D workflows.
Wolfram Physics project leads a new approach to discover the
fundamental theory of physics.
Wolfram
Knowledgebase across thousands of domains, the Knowledgebase contains
carefully curated expert knowledge directly derived from primary sources.
It includes not only trillions of data elements, but also immense numbers
of algorithms encapsulating the methods and models of almost every
field.
Wolfram integrated
technical computing software.
Cellular
Automaton -
Models
Wolfram Alpha Computational Knowledge Engine an Answer Engine
developed in 16 May 2009. Vast collection of built-in data, algorithms,
and methods. Systematic knowledge immediately computable and accessible to
everyone.
Wolfram Research is a private company that creates computational
technology. -
Wolfram Cloud.
Carnegie Mellon Tool Automatically Turns Math Into Pictures -
Mind Maps -
Branchial Graphs
Imprint is your visual learning guide (formerly Lucid) Polywise Inc.
Bloom's Taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models used
to
classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and
specificity. The three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive,
affective and sensory domains.
Tree Structure is a way of
representing
the hierarchical nature of a
structure in a
graphical form. It is named a "tree
structure" because the classic representation
resembles a tree,
even though the chart is generally upside down compared to an actual tree,
with the "root" at the top and the "leaves" at the bottom. A tree
structure is
conceptual, and appears
in several forms.
Tree Data Structure simulates a hierarchical tree structure, with a
root value and subtrees of children with a parent node, represented as a
set of linked nodes.
Family Tree.
Decision Tree
(problem solving)
Tree of Life
-
Story Maps -
Family
History
Topic Map is a standard for the representation and
interchange of knowledge, with an emphasis on the findability of
information.
Network Topology is the arrangement of the various elements
(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the
topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or
logically.
Computer Vision is an interdisciplinary field that deals
with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from
digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to
automate tasks that the human visual system can do.
Decision Tree
is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of
decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event
outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an
algorithm.
Spatial
intelligence -
Organizing -
Folding Proteins
Collaboration
Tools -
Human Search Engine
Most subjects
share common information and knowledge. That is
why you will see the
Cross Reference Links in Black.
Word
Matrix
Design Elements and the Perception of Information Structure (wiki)
Bars and Lines: A Study of Graphic Communication Jeff Zacks and
Barbara Tversky (PDF)
The Science of what we do and don't know about data
visualization.
Processing electronic sketchbook for developing ideas.
Network Science studies complex networks such as
telecommunication networks,
computer networks, biological networks,
cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct
elements or actors represented by nodes (or vertices) and the connections
between the elements or actors as links (or edges).
Conceive - Imagine - Form - Visualize - Envision - Realize - Foresee
Form an idea in the mind. Form a mental picture of something
that is invisible or abstract. A perceptual structure.
Predict. A category of things distinguished by some common
characteristic or quality. The spatial arrangement of something
as distinct from its substance. An arrangement of the elements
in a composition or discourse. The visual appearance of
something or someone. To compose or represent. Give shape or
form to. Establish or impress firmly in the mind. The
phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that
can be used to describe or identify something. Form a mental
image of something that is not present or that is not the case.
Picture to oneself; imagine possible. Perceive
an
idea or situation mentally. Make real or concrete; give
reality or substance to. Be fully aware or cognizant of. Bearing
in mind. Having knowledge of.
Visual Metaphor is one image or set of images used in place
of another to suggest an analogy between the two images or sets of images.
Graphic Arts (design) -
Visual Tools (art)
Abstract and Concrete (when
ideas exist only in the mind)
Physical Body is an identifiable collection of
matter, which may be more or less
constrained by an identifiable boundary, to move together by translation
or rotation, in 3-dimensional space. In common usage an object is a
collection of matter within a defined contiguous boundary in
3-dimensional space. The boundary must
be defined and identified by the properties of the material. The boundary
may change over time. The boundary is usually the visible or tangible
surface of the object. The matter in the object is constrained (to a
greater or lesser degree) to move as one object. The boundary may move in
space relative to other objects that it is not attached to (through
translation and rotation). An object's boundary may also deform and change
over time in other ways.
Example: A
good example should be knowledgeable in itself, and a close
relative that's closely related to other similar valuable
knowledge.
Something that is
representative of all such things in a group.
Something that serves to illustrate or explain a rule.
Something that serves as a pattern of behavior to be imitated as with
a good example, or not to be imitated
as with a bad example.
A parallel or closely similar case, especially when serving as a
precedent or model. A
simulation.
An instance (as a problem to be solved) serving to illustrate
the rule or precept or to act as an exercise in the application
of the rule. Something to be imitated. A task performed or
problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding.
Make a reproduction or copy of. A representation of a physical
object, usually in miniature.
Similarities between objects relationships existing among the
representing objects.
Having the same overall direction; the comparison is indicated
with "to".
Associations
"Being able to visualize things are important. When you here
something, it's good to be able to visualize it because it helps
understand it and remember it. That is why abstract ideas are
harder to imagine and understand."
Abstract -
Abstraction
It all started in caves around 30,000 years ago.
Cave Paintings are a type of parietal art (which category
also includes
petroglyphs, or engravings),
found on the wall or ceilings of caves. The term usually implies
prehistoric origin, but cave paintings can also be of recent production:
In the
Gabarnmung cave of northern Australia, the oldest paintings certainly
predate 28,000 years ago, while the most recent ones were made less than a
century ago.
Typology
"There is no end to what you can do once you start with the
business of collecting facts." (Page 159, to be
exact, from the book 'How to write, speak and think more
effectively')
"All Libraries in the world should have Visualization Maps of
their Books and Educational Materials, as seen from above. So
you can see everything in the library before visiting. So as you
search for Subjects and Categories the map will highlight the
areas you are interested in, and then you can then zoom in and
do a street view, or row aisle view, like you would with Google
maps."
But of course with
Automated Library Systems there will probably be no need for this
"People can not visualize or understand the
value or the importance of knowledge and information, unless
they have learned the necessary knowledge and information in
order to understand it. Example, an engineer or an architect can
visualize a building, like the empire state building, but if you
don't have the necessary knowledge, skills and experience, you
can not visualize that type of building, or would you know
enough in order to build a complex building that high. Now lets
imagine if you had the necessary knowledge and information that
was needed in order to understand the value and the importance
of knowledge and information, What would you see? What would you build?"
"One good thing about the digital world is that it doesn't take up a lot of space in the
physical world. Imagine if it did, your head would increase in
size as you got older to accommodate your growing brain, that's
of course if you continued to educate yourself and learn new
things, and not many people do. So in reality, some peoples
heads would actually get smaller, which doesn't mean that
the big headed people would take over the world, it just means that
it would be easy to spot a big headed person in a crowd of
people, "Hey, there's one now, ask her a question."
Visual Tools Resources
Canva Graphs easier way to create compelling graphs and charts.
Chart Go
Online Chart Tool
Chart Porn
Time Glider
One Dataset, Visualized 25 Ways (flowing data)
Lovely Charts
High Charts
Graphiq
contextually-rich visualizations.
Charts BinSmart
Draw Flowchart Maker, Floor Plan, Chart Maker, Diagram Maker,
Templates.
Scribble
MapsBubbl
is a mind map is a graphical representation of ideas and concepts.
Spider Scribe
Metric Maps
Things Made Thinkable
Using Automatic Show Me
Diagramo
NCH Software
Lucid Chart
Gliffy
Draw.io
Geographic
Information Map Creator
Google knowledge Graph
Visual.ly
Visual Variables
Flowing Data
Neo4j
Structr
Bubbl
Ersatz 1
Semantria
Alchemy Api
Natural Language Interface for Data Visualization.
FlowSense
lets those who may not be experts in machine learning create highly
flexible visualizations from almost any data.
NYU Tandon School of Engineering's Visualization and Data Analytics Lab.
Visflow Web-Based Dataflow Framework
for Visual Data Exploration.
Building Blocks -
Bricks -
Spatial intelligence
(3D Smart)
Visual Thesaurus is a 3D interactive reference tool, powered
by Thinkmap.
Tag Clouds is a visual representation of text data,
typically used to depict keyword metadata (tags) on websites, or to
visualize free form text. Tags are usually single words, and the
importance of each tag is shown with font size or color. This format is
useful for quickly perceiving the most prominent terms and for locating a
term alphabetically to determine its relative prominence. When used as
website navigation aids, the terms are hyperlinked to items associated
with the tag.
Diagramming
Software is software that is used to model, represent and
visualize information.
Loopy tool is to make
interactive simulations that lets you draw the nodes and arrows of your
system and give them definitions. Then, you can actually interact with the
model you made: add inputs into the system and diagram animates. The "+"
or "-" sign on the arrows denotes the effect one node has on the next, and
the nodes grow or shrink accordingly. If you start by adding a positive
input (hit the "up" arrow on the node) to "Kid downloads apps," you'll
watch the "performance" and "joy" nodes shrink while "willingness to lend"
grows. (Open Source and Public Domain).
KM
Resources
Knowledge
Management Training
Knowledge Management Certification
Knowledge
Management Professional Society
All
KM (Fellows Program)
Global Knowledge Initiative
Global Knowledge Research
Presentations
American
Productivity and Quality Center
KM World
RealKM Magazine is a
management discipline that aims to sustainably improve the effectiveness
of organisations and social systems through deliberate and planned
systems interventions.
Know Question
Knowledge Harvesting is a structured, results-driven process for
capturing vital
knowledge, including deep insights and complex cognitive processes.
Our methodology ensures capture and application of declarative,
procedural, conditional, social, and systemic knowledge.
KM Gamification Collection (games)
Knowledge Management Software
Knowledge Management Software
Knowledgebase Software
PHPKB
KM
DAML
Language
Human System Biology-based Knowledge Management
KM Benefits