Communication - Speaking Effectively - Listening Effectively
Communication is the activity of
conveying
information
to a
receiver. A
connection allowing access between
persons or places. To transmit
thoughts or
feelings. To be in
verbal contact and have an
interchange of information or
ideas.
To
transfer and
transmit
information from one place or period to another.
To
listen.
Talking Effectively
-
Transferring Information -
Debate -
Discussion -
Argue -
Invalid Argument -
Real Talk -
Fake TalkSpeech Learning
-
Learning to Speak -
Articulate
-
Disseminate -
Disorders
Listen -
Listening
Effectively -
Receiving Information -
Hearing -
Inner Voice
Communication
Channel refers either to a physical transmission
medium
such as a wire, or to a
logical connection over a
multiplexed medium such
as a
radio channel in
telecommunications and
computer networking. A
channel is used to
convey an information
signal, for example a digital bit
stream, from one or several senders or
transmitters to one or several
receivers. A channel has a certain capacity for transmitting
information,
often measured by its bandwidth in Hz or its data rate in bits per second.
Face-to-face or personal communication is one of the richest channels of
communication that can be used within an organization, family or any
relationship.
Levels of Communication:
Direct and indirect channels of communication.
Relationships
-
Work Relationships.
Line of Communication is the route that
connects an operating social
unit with its
supply base.
Supplies and reinforcements are transported along the line of
communication. Therefore, a secure and open line of communication is vital
for any social structure to continue to operate.
Information Access -
Wireless -
Telecommunication Transmitting is the act
of
sending a message or causing a message to be
transferred to another
person or moved to another place or location.
Transmission is the act of sending a message or causing a message
to be transmitted. Communication by means of transmitted
signals. The fraction of radiant energy that passes through a
substance.
Message is a brief
communication that is
written or
spoken or
signaled.
Messenger is a person who carries a message
or someone who sends a document or package by messenger.
Statement is a message that is
spoken or
written that
may communicate
particulars or
facts.
Media in communication are the collective
communication outlets or
tools used to store and
deliver information or
data.
Mediate
is a connecting
link
or stage between two or more people.
Mediator
-
Medium.
Liaise is to act between parties
with a view to reconciling differences.
Diplomacy.
Contact is to establish communication with
someone. To have a close interaction or to be in direct physical
contact with someone or
something.
Connections.
Correspond is to exchange messages or to
communicate by exchanging letters. To have a direct relationship with
someone or something. Correspond can also mean to have a close similarity
and to match or agree almost exactly. To be compatible, similar or
consistent and to coincide in their characteristics. To take the place of
something or to be parallel or equivalent to something.
Impart is to
transmit knowledge or skills and bestow a quality on. Transmit or serve as
the medium for
transmission.
Bestow
is to present something of
quality and give as a
gift.
Impartation is the giving and receiving of
spiritual gifts,
blessings, healing, baptism in the Holy Spirit, etc., for
the work of the ministry. It is the transference of these “
gifts” from one
man or woman of God to another, especially through the
laying on of hands.
Interpersonal Compatibility is the long-term
interaction between two or more individuals in terms of the ease and comfort of communication.
Speech Communication:
Linguistic intelligence
-
Languages
-
ICT Competency -
Listening
Conduit is a passage or a pipe or a tunnel
through which water,
electric wires or other materials can pass
through.
Medium -
Space
-
Wireless
Passage is a path,
channel or duct through
or along which something may pass. The act of passing something to another
person.
Material is information,
data,
ideas or
observations that can be used or
reworked into a finished form. Things needed for doing or making
something. Directly relevant to a matter. Having substance or capable of
being treated as
fact and
not imaginary. Material can also mean a
tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a
physical object.
Information and Communications Technology is an extensional term for
information technology that
stresses the role of
unified communications and the integration of
telecommunications such as telephone
lines and
wireless signals and computers, as well
as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audiovisual,
that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate
information. CT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisuals
and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or
link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone
networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of
cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an umbrella term that
includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell
phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as
well as the various services and appliances with them such as video
conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology,
such as paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.
Communication Benefits - The Importance of Communication
Being able to effectively
communicate is
one of the
most valuable skills
to have. Without communication,
life could not exist. The skill and the
privilege to communicate should never be taken for
granted, or misused. There is a lot to learn about communication because
it covers many different
subjects
and
categories. This is why
communication is so extremely important. It's literally
connected to
everything that you do in your life. Effective communication will serve
you more than any other skill that you will acquire in your entire life. So
please do yourself a huge favor, learn to communicate effectively and
efficiently, if not, then your life will be more of a struggle and you
will also be more
vulnerable to
misinformation. If you learn this, then
you could learn anything that you ever wanted to learn.
Language is the
gateway to all
knowledge and
information. Language is more then a tool and
more then the ultimate vehicle for transferring information and knowledge,
Language is power, Language is freedom,
language is
control, Language is
endless possibilities.
Reading.
Say what you mean, what does that
mean?
I mean well, but sometimes
I don't always know what I mean because I can't
always be sure of how I am being
understood, or how I'm being
misunderstood, or can I always be aware of when this happens. How do you
know when someone is
processing information in the exact same way that you are? How do you
know when someone truly understands you? You can't
always be sure of how you will be
interpreted. You need some kind of
confirmation that your
message is understood
accurately. And just because someone can
guess the right answer or
assume to understand something,
this may not be a confirmation.
Trick
Questions.
"Every act of communication is an act of
translation.” (
Gregory
Rabassa)
When anyone speaks, they can't always control
how that message will be
interpreted.
That is a fact of life. But it's not just the receiver of a message
that can create an
error, it's
also the
transmitter of the message, because sometimes people don't know
what they're saying. A person can believe that they are telling the
truth,
but in reality, they are just using the wrong words to
describe something. This is
another good reason why conversations and
debates are so extremely
important. Many things in life
cannot be explained in one or two
sentences. You need to do some
research.
You need
facts. You need
witnesses to
confirm and validate
information that is being used for reasoning and for accurately
understanding. If no one understands your message, than
what's the point
of talking?
Paraphrasing is a
restatement of the meaning of a text or
passage using other words.
Your
reality and your
understanding of the world is
based on what you know and how you
perceive all the
different
experiences
that you have in your
life. The people that we are exposed to on TV, 90% of
what we see on TV is
mostly entertainment
or
propaganda. And hardly anyone is concerned about how underutilized our
TV technology is. It's being
treated more like a toy and not
the incredible technology that it is, a
technology that gives us incredible abilities to communicate. The adults
in our world really need to start taking our communication advancements
more seriously, and use them more
responsibly.
We are not children,
we are
the adults. The TV is not going to educate you, it's either going to
entertaining you, or manipulate you. So where does your knowledge of the
world come from? Not schools, because at the moment schools mostly teach
reading, writing and math, which are extremely important, but incredibly
inadequate. The transfer of information needs to be based on reality and
not fantasy. Kids watch and read more about
fantasy characters then they
listen to intelligent people speaking. People dying and suffering is not a
fantasy. Everyone has
imprisoned themselves unknowingly. All because of
our inability to effectively communicate, which is something that we can
easily teach in schools. If there is one thing for you to remember about
how extremely important transferring information is, is that if life
cannot transfer important information, then life does not exist. Humans do
not exist.
If a
cell dividing does not share it's information with the new cell, then that
cell will die, and life would not exist. The transfer of information
is extremely important. So we need to take communication seriously, and
increase our reality based transmissions, and limit the amount of fantasy
and propaganda transmissions. At this current time in 2021, most
transmissions are ineffective in delivering valuable knowledge and
information. We need to be more responsible and more aware. This transfer
of information is the core of who we are. Human species as a whole does
not want to take responsibility for the problems that we have. We have
unknowingly separated ourselves and distant ourselves from each other and
from our problems. Trying to pretend that these horrors don't exist
literally neutralizes our greatest strength and power, which is our
ability to
work together as a
unit to accomplish any goal that we set our minds to, like protecting
and preserving all life on this planet. We have to come together and
utilize
our combined intelligence
and utilize our combined power and strength in numbers. Pretending that we
are separate undermines our greatest strength and power.
Unity is everything, your entire body
is a unity of microbes working together to sustain life, your life. Listen
to life, life is telling you how to live, and one way to live is being
able to work together with life. And since we are all part of life,
working together just makes sense. A lot of people already know how
beneficial working together is. So this is not foreign to us. But we need
to utilize this strength that we have, because if we don't, then everyone
on the planet is more vulnerable, less safe and a lot more weaker. We have
the technology and the abilities, now all we need is a plan. So if you are
reading this, what's your plan to become a better communicator?
Summarizing is a brief statement
that
presents the main points in a concise form. Without
generalizing or
over simplifying.
Every human brain has a the capacity to
store
millions upon millions of memories. So it would be a great idea to fill
your brain with the most valuable knowledge and information that the world
has to offer. This way you will be more intelligent then the previous
generation, and also have more abilities then the previous generation. You
will be the first humans on this planet to be known and confirmed as
intelligent life. This is a huge responsibility and will take a lot of
work. But being able to solve any problem is this world increases your
odds for a great life by 1,000 percent. This goes way beyond any utopian
narrow point of view. The future of this planet will be a lot more
beautiful then ever imagined. Our biggest problem then will be learning how do we
keep ourselves from smiling all the time?
"The biggest mistake
that any human can make is
believing that they know enough."
"You
can only be
aware of things that you learned to be aware of, so you're
literally blind and you don't even know it"
"You
should never feel worried or pressured because you don't
know enough about a particular
subject, you should only be thankful that you're aware that you don't know
enough about a particular subject, at least now you can start learning."
So without wasting any
more of your time, it's time to
start learning...You need to learn
how to use
Language
effectively and efficiently. You need to learn how to
Read and
Write effectively
and efficiently. You need to learn how to carefully
Analyze Information effectively and efficiently.
As extremely important as communication
is, it is sadly over looked, taken for granted, and underutilized.
Communication is not even being taught in schools as effectively as it
should be, which is extremely disturbing considering it is the most
valuable skill on the planet. All life forms survive by transferring
important information. Everything from atoms to every cell in our body
depends on this communication of information to live and survive. Without
the ability to communicate information, there would be no life. And when
information becomes distorted or infected, that is when life is the most
vulnerable. The wrong information, or bad information, can easily produce
mistakes in our thoughts and in our actions.
Humans ability to
manually send and receive information gives us incredible advantages, but
this manual ability is also a vulnerability, because when we
misinterpret
information, many problems can occur, like disease, death, war, poverty,
crime, corruption, and so on. Education has over looked this incredibly
important skill to communicate. You need more then just the ability to
communicate, you need to know when, why, where and what to communicate.
Communication is all about transferring information and knowledge. And as
simple as that sounds, communication is one skill that most people don't
fully understand enough in order to communicate effectively or
efficiently. Being able to communicate is one of the most important skills to have. Extremely valuable.
Everyone
expects
that other people will automatically know where they're coming
from, and at the least, everyone hopes that other people will
understand them correctly. But when we are misunderstood, we
should never be defensive or surprised, because meaning is
something that is not always a constant or a given. That is why
validation
is extremely important. Always make sure that you are on the
same page as the other person. If you're not on the same page,
then find out which pages you're both on. And please don't be
stubborn or impatient when communicating, it will only impede
understanding and cause more problems to happen.
Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments
Analyzing Cockpit Communications: The Links Between Language,
Performance, Error, and Workload.
Gender Differences in Language Use: Gender differences in
language use were examined using standardized categories to
analyze a
database of over 14,000 text files from 70 separate studies.
Women used more words related to psychological and social
processes. Men referred more to object properties and impersonal
topics.
"Let us not have any preconceived notions on who we think each other is,
let us communicate openly, like friends do, and let us focus
more on our abilities, and not so much on our disabilities, or perceived limits."
Sign Language.
Communicating
Communication is the act of
conveying intended
meanings from
one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood
signs and semiotic rules. The basic steps of communication are: The
forming of communicative
intent. Message
composition. Message
encoding and
decoding.
Transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals
using a specific channel or medium.
Reception of signals. Reconstruction
of the original message.
Interpretation and making sense of the
reconstructed message.
Data Loss.
4 C's of Effective Communication:
Clarity, Coherence, Control and Credibility.
Communication Theory is a field of
information theory and
mathematics that studies the technical process of
information and the process of
Human
Communication, which is the field dedicated to understanding how
humans communicate. Human communication is grounded in cooperative and
shared intentions.
Communication
Science is an academic discipline that deals with processes
of human communication. There are three types of communication:
Verbal, involving
listening
to a person to
understand the meaning
of a message;
written, in which a message is
read; and
nonverbal
communication involving observing a person and inferring meaning. The
discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation
to
mass media outlets such as television
broadcasting. Communication studies also examines how messages are
interpreted through the political, cultural, economic, semiotic,
hermeneutic, and social dimensions of their contexts.
Science
Communication.
Communicative Rationality describes human rationality as a necessary
outcome of successful communication.
Communications System is a collection of individual communications
networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and
data terminal equipment (DTE) usually capable of interconnection and
interoperation to form an integrated whole. The components of a
communications system serve a common purpose, are technically compatible,
use common procedures, respond to controls, and operate in union.
Telecommunications is a method of communication (e.g., for sports
broadcasting, mass media, journalism, etc.). A communications subsystem is
a functional unit or operational assembly that is smaller than the larger assembly under consideration.
Communication Protocol is a
system of
rules that allow two or more entities
of a communications system to transmit
information via any
kind of variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the rules,
syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error
recovery methods. .
Protocols may be
implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of both. Communicating
systems use well-defined formats for exchanging various messages. Each
message has an exact meaning intended to elicit a response from a range of
possible responses pre-determined for that particular situation. The
specified behavior is typically independent of how it is to be
implemented. Communication protocols have to be agreed upon by the parties
involved. To reach an agreement, a protocol may be developed into a
technical standard. A programming language describes the same for
computations, so there is a close analogy between protocols and
programming languages: protocols are to communication what
programming languages
are to computations. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects
of a single communication. A group of protocols designed to work together
are known as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a
protocol stack.
Internet communication protocols
are published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The IEEE
handles wired and wireless networking, and the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) handles other types. The ITU-T handles
telecommunication protocols and formats for the public switched telephone
network (PSTN). As the PSTN and Internet converge, the standards are also
being driven towards convergence.
Asynchronous Communication is transmission of data, generally without
the use of an external clock signal, where
data can be transmitted intermittently
rather than in a steady stream. Any timing required to recover data from
the communication symbols is encoded within the symbols. The most
significant aspect of asynchronous communications is that data is not
transmitted at regular intervals, thus making possible variable bit rate,
and that the transmitter and receiver clock generators do not have to be
exactly
synchronized all the
time. In asynchronous transmission, data is sent one byte at a time and
each byte is preceded by start bit and stop bit. Remote Communication.
Asynchronous communication is when you send
a message without expecting an immediate response. For example, when you
send an email a person can respond to the email several hours later.
Synchronous communication is when you send
a message and the recipient processes the information and responds
immediately. High-quality communication versus knee-jerk responses. Deep
work becomes the default. Because employees don’t have to stay on top of
each message as it comes in, they can block off large chunks of
uninterrupted time to do the work that creates the most value for your
organization. They can come back to process their messages in batches 1-3
times a day instead of bouncing back and forth between work and messages
or meetings.
Asynchronous is signal not
occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase.
Asynchronous is a transmission technique that does not require a common
clock between the communicating devices; timing signals are derived from
special characters in the data stream itself.
Remote Work.
Anisochronous refers to a periodic signal, pertaining to transmission
in which the time interval separating any two corresponding transitions is
not necessarily related to the time interval separating any other two
transitions. It can also pertain to a data transmission in which there is
always a whole number of unit intervals between any two significant
instants in the same block or character, but not between significant
instants in different blocks or characters. In practice, anisochronous
typically means that data packets are not arriving in the same order they
were transmitted, thus dramatically altering the quality of a multimedia
transmission (e.g. voice, video, music), or after processing to restore
isochronicity, have had significant amounts of latency added. Isochronous
and anisochronous are characteristics, while synchronous and asynchronous
are relationships.
Asynchronous Circuit is a sequential digital logic circuit which is
not governed by a clock circuit or global clock signal. Instead it often
uses signals that indicate completion of instructions and operations,
specified by simple data transfer protocols. This type of circuit is
contrasted with
synchronous circuits, in which changes to the signal
values in the circuit are triggered by repetitive pulses called a clock
signal. Most digital devices today use synchronous circuits. However
asynchronous circuits have the potential to be faster, and may also have
advantages in lower power consumption, lower electromagnetic interference,
and better modularity in large systems. Asynchronous circuits are an
active area of research in digital logic design.
Synchronous Circuit is a digital circuit in
which the changes in the state of memory elements are
synchronized by a
clock signal. In a sequential digital logic circuit, data is stored in
memory devices called flip-flops or latches. The output of a flip-flop is
constant until a pulse is applied to its "clock" input, upon which the
input of the flip-flop is latched into its output. In a synchronous logic
circuit, an electronic oscillator called the clock generates a string of
pulses, the "clock signal". This clock signal is applied to every storage
element, so in an ideal synchronous circuit, every change in the logical
levels of its storage components is simultaneous. Ideally, the input to
each storage element has reached its final value before the next clock
occurs, so the behaviour of the whole circuit can be predicted exactly.
Practically, some delay is required for each logical operation, resulting
in a maximum speed at which each synchronous system can run.
Synchronization in Telecommunications (wiki).
Moore Machine
Moore machine is a finite-state machine whose output values are determined
only by its current state. This is in contrast to a
Mealy machine, whose (Mealy) output values are determined both by its
current state and by the values of its inputs.
Data Loss.
Deep-space optical communication demonstration project forges ahead.
New
laser systems lay groundwork for
solar-system-wide optical communication so that future space missions can
transmit more data.
Communication Studies
Communication Studies is an
academic
discipline that deals with processes of human communication and
behavior. There are three types of communication:
verbal, involving listening to a person to understand the meaning of a
message;
written, in which a message is read;
and
nonverbal
communication involving observing a person and inferring meaning. The
discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation
to
mass media outlets, such as television
broadcasting. Communication studies shares with cultural studies an
interest in how messages are
interpreted through the political,
cultural,
economic, semiotic, hermeneutic, and
social dimensions of their contexts. In
political economics, communication studies examines how the politics
of ownership affects content. Quantitative communication studies examines
statistics in order to help substantiate claims.
UCLA Department of Communication Studies.
Early humans went from using
Gestures and
Non-Verbal Communication
methods, to eventually having a
Spoken Language. And then we advanced to
Graphic Communication or
Written Language. And now in the 21st century we have advanced
into
Digital Communication, which is an incredible advancement. We
can now for the first time communicate in more ways then any other time in human
history. The digital world changes everything.
The Internet is us mimicking the
human brain. We will soon be connected to
everything on the planet. And we will soon have full
consciousness and full power of
our
collaborative abilities.
Now that the flow of knowledge and information has no limits. The human
race is about to embark on the most incredible adventure ever, the
adventures in learning.
Knowledge Divide.
Not only do we have millions of people with
don't have access to valuable knowledge and information, but the billions
of people who do have access are not communicating effectively or efficiently. So our
ability to communicate has advanced, just not our ability to teach it,
Why? There's a
lot of room for improvements.
Knowledge Management.
Visual Communication
Visual Communication is communication through a
visual aid
and is described as the conveyance of
ideas and
information in forms that
can be read or looked upon. Visual communication in part or whole relies
on
vision, and is primarily presented or expressed with two dimensional
images, it includes:
Signs, typography, drawing,
graphic design,
illustration, Industrial Design, Advertising,
Animation,
Color,
Body Language
and electronic resources. It also explores the idea that a visual message
accompanying text has a greater power to inform, educate, or persuade a
person or audience.
Visual Tools.
Visual Language is a system of communication using
visual elements.
Speech as a means of
communication cannot strictly be separated from the whole of human
communicative activity which includes the visual and the term '
language'
in relation to
vision is an extension of its use
to describe the perception, comprehension and production of
visible signs.
Nonverbal Communication
(body language) -
Presentations
(charts and graphs)
Interpersonal Communication
is an exchange of information between two or more people. It is also an
area of study. Communication skills are developed and may be enhanced or
improved with increased knowledge and practice. During
interpersonal
communication, there is message sending and message receiving. This can be
conducted using both direct and indirect methods. Successful interpersonal
communication is when the message senders and the message receivers
understand the message. Encompasses: speech communication, nonverbal
communication.
Intercultural Communication is a discipline that studies
communication across different
Cultures and
social groups,
or how culture affects communication. It is used to describe the wide
range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within
an organization or social context made up of individuals from different
religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural
communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural
communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from
different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world
around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue
that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they
choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted.
Correspondence is non-concurrent, remote communication
between people, including letters, email, newsgroups, Internet forums,
blogs.
Human Communication is the field dedicated to
understanding how humans communicate. Human communication is grounded in
cooperative and shared intentions.
Internal
Monologue.
Technical Communication is a means to convey
scientific,
engineering,
or other
technical information. Individuals in a variety of contexts and
with varied professional credentials engage in technical communication.
Some individuals are designated as technical communicators or
technical
writers. These individuals use a set of methods to research, document, and
present
technical processes or products. Technical communicators may
put
the information they capture into paper documents, web pages,
computer-based training, digitally stored text, audio, video, and other
media. The Society for Technical Communication defines the field as any
form of communication that focuses on technical or specialized topics,
communicates specifically by using technology or provides
instructions on
how to do something. More succinctly, the
Institute of Scientific and
Technical Communicators defines technical communication as factual
communication, usually about products and services. The
European
Association for Technical Communication briefly defines technical
communication as "the process of defining, creating and delivering
information products for the safe, efficient and effective use of products
(technical systems, software, services)". Whatever the definition of
technical communication, the overarching goal of the practice is to create
easily accessible information for a specific audience.
Technical Writing process can be divided into six broad steps:
Determine purpose and audience. Collect information.
Organize and outline
information. Write the first draft. Revise and edit. Publish output.
Communication Skills -
Communication Skills -
Develop Good Communication Skills
(wiki-how)
Types of Communication -
Communication
Problems -
Science Communication
Strategic Communication can mean either communicating a
concept, a process, or data that satisfies a long term
strategic goal of
an organization by allowing facilitation of
advanced planning, or
communicating over long distances usually using
international
telecommunications or dedicated global network assets to coordinate
actions and activities of operationally significant commercial,
non-commercial and military business or combat and logistic subunits. It
can also mean the related function within an organization, which handles
internal and external communication processes. Strategic communication can
also be used for political warfare.
Reading -
Reading
Comprehension -
Poetry -
Meaning -
Art -
Communication Noise
Models of Communication are conceptual models used to
explain the human communication process. An information source, which
produces a message. A transmitter, which encodes the message into
signals. A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission. A
receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal. A
destination, where the message arrives. Three levels of problems for communication within this concept.
The technical problem: how accurately can the message be transmitted?
The semantic problem: how precisely is the meaning 'conveyed'? The
effectiveness problem: how effectively does the received meaning affect
behavior? Daniel Chandler critiques the transmission model by stating:
It assumes communicators are isolated individuals. No allowance for
differing purposes. No allowance for differing interpretations. No
allowance for unequal power relations.
Four-Sides Model is a communication model that states every
message has four facets. The matter layer contains statements which are
matter of fact like data and facts, which are part of the news. In the
self-revealing or self-disclosure the speaker - conscious or not intended
- tells something about himself, his motives, values, emotions etc. In the
Relationship-layer is expressed resp. received, how the sender gets along
with the receiver and what he thinks of him. The Appeal contains the
desire, advice, instruction and effects that the speaker is seeking for.
Four Discourses states there are four fundamental types of
discourse. Master, University, Hysteric and Analyst. Discourse of the
Master – Struggle for mastery / domination / penetration. Based on Hegel's
master–slave dialectic. Discourse of the University – Provision and
worship of "objective" knowledge — usually in the unacknowledged service
of some external master discourse. Discourse of the Hysteric – Symptoms
embodying and revealing resistance to the prevailing master discourse.
Discourse of the Analyst – Deliberate subversion of the prevailing master
discourse.
Story
Telling -
Stories
Freestyle Rap is a style of improvisation with or without
instrumental beats, in which lyrics are recited with no particular subject
or structure It is similar to other improvisational music, such as jazz (Myka
9 of Freestyle Fellowship describes it as being "like a jazz solo"), where
there is a lead instrumentalist acting as the improviser and the rest of
the band providing the beat. Improv/freestyles are improvised in this way.
Ad Lib is saying or doing something with little or no
preparation or forethought. Said or done without having been planned or
written in advance. Remark made spontaneously without prior preparation.
Done on the fly. Means at one's pleasure.
Sport Communication is an aspect of communication studies
which specializes in the study of communication in a sports setting. It
can encompass the study of interpersonal and organizational communication
(both verbal and non-verbal) between participants within a particular
sport (e.g. players, coaches, managers, referees, trainers and
physiotherapists, and governing bodies); communication between sports
participants, fans, and the media; and the way that sports are represented
and communicated in the media. Sports communication is something that
happens at all levels of ranging from kindergarten to the college level
and is not restricted to professionals. It happens on a constant basis and
works best with people that are willing to work collectively as a team. If
everyone is on board with positive thoughts and communication, it becomes
very dismantling to the person receiving the message. It is not only for
positive talk, though, because negative sports communication happens all
the time.
Information Literacy -
Media
Literacy
Social Communication -
Journalism
-
Social Media
Onomatopoeia is a word that phonetically imitates, resembles
or suggests the sound that it describes.
Dispatcher are communications personnel responsible for
receiving and transmitting pure and reliable messages, tracking vehicles
and equipment, and recording other important information. A number of
organizations, including police and fire departments, emergency medical
services, motorcycle couriers, taxicab providers, trucking companies,
railroads, and public utility companies, use dispatchers to relay
information and coordinate their operations. Essentially, the dispatcher
is the "conductor" of the force, and is responsible for the direction of
all units within it.
Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of textual or
symbolic (as opposed to verbal or audio) messages without the physical
exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus semaphore is a method of
telegraphy, whereas pigeon post is not. Telegraphy requires that the
method used for encoding the message be known to both sender and receiver.
Such methods are designed according to the limits of the signalling medium
used. The use of smoke signals, beacons, reflected light signals, and flag
semaphore signals are early examples. In the 19th century, the harnessing
of electricity led to the invention of electrical telegraphy. The advent
of radio in the early 20th century brought about radiotelegraphy and other
forms of wireless telegraphy. In the Internet age, telegraphic means
developed greatly in sophistication and ease of use, with natural language
interfaces that hide the underlying code, allowing such technologies as
electronic mail and instant messaging.
Telepathy.
Organizational Communication is a subfield of the larger
discipline of communication studies. Organizational communication, as a
field, is the consideration, analysis, and criticism of the role of
communication in organizational contexts. Its main function is to inform,
persuade and promote goodwill. The flow of communication could be either
formal or informal. Communication flowing through formal channels are
downward, horizontal and upward whereas communication through informal
channels are generally termed as grapevine.
Knowledge Management.
Small Group Communication is interpersonal communication
within groups of between 3 and 20 individuals. Groups generally work in a
context that is both relational and social. Quality communication such as
helping behaviors and information-sharing causes groups to be superior to
the average individual in terms of the quality of decisions and
effectiveness of decisions made or actions taken. However, quality
decision-making requires that members both identify with the group and
have an attitude of commitment to participation in interaction. reflection
of theory.
Health Communication
Crisis
Communication has been defined as "a set of factors designed
to combat crises and to lessen the actual damages inflicted." Crisis
management should not merely be reactionary; it should also consist of
preventative measures and preparation in anticipation of potential crises.
Effective crisis management has the potential to greatly reduce the amount
of damage the organization receives as a result of the crisis, and may
even prevent an incident from ever developing into a crisis.
Emergencies -
Interventions
Medium is the
collective communication outlets or tools that
are used to store and deliver information or data. It is either associated
with
communication media, or the specialized
mass media communication businesses such as
print media and the press,
photography, advertising, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television) and
publishing.
Presentation.
Telemetry
(environment)
Creative Thinking -
Thinking -
Writing Tips -
Vocabulary
Technology Tools
-
Digital Communication
-
Internet Freedom
Message is a discrete unit of
communication intended by the
source for consumption by some recipient or group of recipients. A message
may be delivered by various means, including courier, telegraphy, carrier
pigeon and electronic bus. A message can be the content of a broadcast. An
interactive exchange of messages forms a
conversation.
Signals - Coded Information
Signal is an electric
quantity of
voltage, current
or
field strength whose modulation
represents coded
information about the
source from which it comes. A silent
non-verbal communication
or any nonverbal action or
gesture that
encodes a
message. A function
that
conveys
information about the behavior
or
attributes of some
phenomenon. In the physical world, any
quantity
exhibiting
variation in time or variation in space, such as an
image, is
potentially a signal that might provide
information on the
status of a
physical system, or convey a
message
between observers, among other possibilities as referred to
in communication systems,
signal processing, and
electrical
engineering. The
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing states that the
term "
signal" includes
audio, video,
speech,
image, communication,
geophysical,
sonar, radar, medical and
musical signals or
code. In nature, signals
can take the form of any action by one organism able to be
perceived by
other organisms, ranging from the release of
chemicals by
plants to alert
nearby plants of the same type of a predator, to
sounds or motions made by
animals to
alert other animals of the presence of danger or of food.
Signaling occurs in
organisms all the way down to the cellular level,
with
cell signaling and
brain signals. Signaling theory, in evolutionary biology, proposes
that a substantial driver for evolution is the ability for animals to
communicate with each other by developing ways of signaling. There must be
a
receiver that can
interpret the signal and
produce the correct action needed.
In
human
engineering, signals are typically provided by a
sensor, and often the
original form of a signal is
converted to another form of energy using a
transducer. For example, a
microphone
converts an acoustic signal to a
voltage waveform, and a
speaker does the reverse. The formal
study of the information content of signals is the field of
information theory. The information
in a signal is usually accompanied by noise. The term
noise usually means
an undesirable random disturbance, but is often extended to include
unwanted signals conflicting with the desired signal, such as crosstalk.
The prevention of
noise is covered in part under the heading of signal
integrity. The separation of desired signals from a background is the
field of signal recovery, one branch of which is estimation theory, a
probabilistic approach to
suppressing random
disturbances. Engineering disciplines such as electrical engineering
have led the way in the
design, study, and implementation of systems
involving transmission, storage, and
manipulation of information. In the
latter half of the 20th century, electrical engineering itself separated
into several disciplines, specializing in the design and analysis of
systems that manipulate physical signals;
electronic engineering and
computer engineering as examples; while design engineering developed to
deal with functional design of
man–machine
interfaces. A signal is any
pattern
that can be indicated and interpreted as information.
Bio-Signal is any signal in living beings that can be continually
measured and
monitored. The term
biosignal is often used to refer to
bioelectrical
signals, but it may refer to both
electrical and non-electrical
signals. The usual understanding is to refer only to time-varying signals,
although spatial parameter variations (e.g. the nucleotide sequence
determining the genetic code) are sometimes subsumed as well. Biological
signals, or biosignals, are space, time, or space-time records of a
biological event such as a beating heart or a contracting muscle. The
electrical, chemical, and mechanical activity that occurs during this
biological event often produces signals that can be measured and analyzed.
Indication is
evidence or a signal that communicates that something is happening.
Codes
-
Decoding -
Speed of Signal -
Latency -
Data -
Noise -
Filtering -
Brain Waves -
Brain Signals -
Senses -
Consciousness
-
Microwaves
Signalling Theory is a body of theoretical work
examining communication between individuals,
both within species and across species. The central question is when
organisms with conflicting interests, such as in sexual selection, should
be expected to provide honest signals with no presumption being made of
conscious intention, rather than cheating. Mathematical models describe
how signaling can contribute to an evolutionarily stable strategy.
Shared Information.
Communications Protocol -
Communication Laws -
Music
Trellis Modulation is a modulation scheme that transmits information
with high efficiency over band-limited channels such as telephone lines.
Binary offset Carrier Modulation is where a signal is multiplied by a
rectangular sub-carrier of frequency fsc equal to or greater than the chip
rate. Following this sub-carrier multiplication, the spectrum of the
signal is divided into two parts, therefore BOC modulation is also known
as a split-spectrum modulation. Their major advantages are, that one can
shape the spectrum to allow inter-system-compatibility and better
theoretically achievable tracking capabilities, due to higher frequencies
if downmixed to the complex baseband. Binary Offset Carrier Signals are a
particular case of BCS signals with a representation vector formed by +1's
and -1's alternating in a particular defined way.
Spectral Band Replication is a technology to enhance audio or speech
codecs, especially at low bit rates and is based on harmonic redundancy in
the frequency domain. Spectral band replication is a technology to enhance
audio or speech codecs, especially at low bit rates and is based on
harmonic redundancy in the frequency domain. Spectrogram of this recording
of a violin playing. Note the harmonics occurring at whole-number
multiples of the fundamental frequency.
CQ call
is transmitting the letters CQ on a particular
radio frequency is an
invitation for any operators
listening on that frequency to respond.
"
who's there?" Calling CQ on the
Ham Bands
means you want to talk to any station anywhere that might be listening. If
you call CQ, be prepared for anyone to answer. Start your call- CQ CQ CQ
Calling CQ, then say your "FCC call sign name" calling. Repeat this three
times. CQ is a code used by
wireless operators,
particularly those communicating in
Morse code.
CQ is a an abbreviated version of seek you or
Call
Question. It simply means you are looking to make contact with any
op who can can hear you. CQ means, “I wish to contact any amateur
station.” When answering a CQer you should zero beat the other
ham's frequency. That means setting your transmit frequency as close
to theirs as possible. Calling Any Station (Morse Code abbreviation) CQ.
The word sécurité was used to mean "safety" or "pay attention".
Data
Transmission is the transfer of
data or a digital bit stream or a
digitized analog signal, over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical
fibers, wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses.
The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal, such as an
electrical voltage,
radio wave, microwave, or infrared signal. Analog or
analogue transmission is a transmission method of conveying voice, data,
image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies
in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a
variable. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by
means of a line code (baseband transmission), or by a limited set of
continuously varying wave forms (passband transmission), using a digital
modulation method. The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation
(also known as detection) is carried out by modem equipment. According to
the most common definition of digital signal, both baseband and passband
signals representing bit-streams are considered as digital transmission,
while an alternative definition only considers the baseband signal as
digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of
digital-to-analog conversion. Data transmitted may be digital messages
originating from a data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It
may also be an analog signal such as a phone call or a video signal,
digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation (PCM)
or more advanced source coding (analog-to-digital conversion and data
compression) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out by
codec equipment.
'1' bit will be represented by a 'high' voltage
present on a conductor, while a '0' bit will be represented by a 'low'
voltage. The specific voltages differ according to the data communications
technology being used.
The method of transferal of data from one
device to another requires that the two devices use some method of
synchronization. A logic level on a single conductor can be captured at an
instant in time. This is commonly performed with a logic block called a
flip-flop. The type of flip-flop used has two inputs: one for the data
bit, and another that is used to signal the flip-flop to capture and hold
the data on the data input.
They use different voltages and timing
methods to serialize and deserialize the data, giving the protocols
different properties that make them suitable for particular tasks. Some
protocols may transmit several bits of data on multiple conductors
concurrently, or 'in parallel'. All protocols have some defined method of
synchronizing the timing between the sender and receiver. It may include
defining specific timing intervals that each device uses to send/capture
bits (RS-232, Ehternet), or additional signals may be included in the
cabling to provide synchronization (Centronics parallel interface, GPIB).
The many different protocols use variations on these basic principles.
The internal operation of a CPU and its external buses works in a very
similar way, to read a write memory and peripheral devices. Some types of
buses are used both for internal communication within a single system, or
may be used to transfer data between separate systems (I2C, SPI, even
USB).
Ethernet Over Twisted Pair.
Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of signs,
signals, messages,
writings, images and
sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire,
radio, optical or other
electromagnetic systems. Telecommunication occurs
when the
exchange of information between
communication participants
includes the use of technology. It is
transmitted either electrically over
physical media, such as cables, or via
electromagnetic radiation. Such
transmission paths are often divided into communication channels which
afford the advantages of multiplexing. The term is often used in its
plural form, telecommunications, because it involves many different
technologies.
Telecommunication - A Flock Of Seagulls (youtube).
Phone Networks
(telephone)
Transmission in telecommunications is the process of
sending and
propagating an
analogue or digital information
signal over a
physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
transmission medium, either wired, optical fiber or
wireless. One example of transmission is the
sending of a signal with limited duration, for example a block or packet
of data, a phone call, or an email. Transmission technologies and schemes
typically refer to physical
layer protocol duties such as
modulation,
demodulation,
line
coding,
equalization,
error control,
bit synchronization and multiplexing, but the term may also involve
higher-layer protocol duties, for example, digitizing an analog message
signal, and
data compression. Transmission of a digital message, or of a digitized
analog signal, is known as digital communication.
How Does a Telephone Work?
As you chat away, your
phone converts your
voice into an electrical signal, which is then transmitted as
radio waves and converted back into
sound by your friend's phone. A basic
mobile phone is
therefore little more than a combined radio transmitter and a radio
receiver, quite similar to a walkie-talkie or CB radio.
Multiplexing is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals
are
combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share a
scarce resource. For example, in telecommunications, several telephone
calls may be carried using one wire. Multiplexing originated in telegraphy
in the 1870s, and is now widely applied in communications. In telephony,
George Owen Squier is credited with the development of telephone carrier
multiplexing in 1910.
Duplex is a point-to-point system composed of two or more connected
parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both
directions.
Feedback.
Wireless Communication
Wireless
Communication or sometimes simply
wireless, is the transfer of
information or power between two or more points that are not connected by
an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technologies use
radio
waves. With radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for
Bluetooth or as far as millions of kilometers for deep-space radio
communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and
portable applications, including two-way radios,
cellular telephones,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other
examples of applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units,
garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets,
headphones,
radio receivers, satellite television,
broadcast television
and
cordless telephones. Somewhat less common methods of achieving
wireless communications include the use of other electromagnetic wireless
technologies, such as light, magnetic, or electric fields or the use of
sound. The term wireless has been used twice in communications history,
with slightly different meaning. It was initially used from about 1890 for
the first radio transmitting and receiving technology, as in wireless
telegraphy, until the new word radio replaced it around 1920. The term was
revived in the 1980s and 1990s mainly to distinguish digital devices that
communicate without wires, such as the examples listed in the previous
paragraph, from those that require wires or cables. This became its
primary usage in the 2000s, due to the advent of technologies such as LTE,
LTE-Advanced,
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wireless operations permit services,
such as long-range communications, that are impossible or impractical to
implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly used in the
telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g.
radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, etc.) which use some
form of energy (e.g. radio waves, acoustic energy,) to transfer
information without the use of wires. Information is transferred in this
manner over both short and long distances.
Cellular (wi-fi signal boosters) -
Off Grid
Internet Connection using Cellphone Towers:
Cell Reception -
Wi-Fi Jetpack (RSSI signal) Mobile Hotspot -
Weboost Signal Booster
-
Directional Wi-Fi Antenna -
Wi-Fi Warnings
Internet Connection Types
-
Networks
Wireless
Communication (electromagnetic) -
Bioelectronics -
Brain Computer
Interface
Consciousness -
Telepathy -
Ultrasound
Instrumental Trans-communication refers to apparent communication with
discarnate entities through
the use of electronic devices or other technologies.
Cellular
Communication is an umbrella term used in biology and more
in depth in biophysics and
biochemistry to identify different types of
communication methods between living cells. Some of the methods include
cell signaling among others. This process allows millions of cells to
communicate and work together to perform important bodily processes that
are necessary to survival. Both multicellular and unicellular organisms
heavily rely on cell-cell communication.
Long-Term Evolution or LTE is a standard for wireless broadband
communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE
and UMTS/HSPA standards. It improves on those standards' capacity and
speed by using a different radio interface and core network improvements.
LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and
CDMA2000 networks. Because LTE frequencies and bands differ from country
to country, only multi-band phones can use LTE in all countries where it
is supported. Up arrow means transmitting data to the internet, and the
down arrow means downloading data from the internet.
Rich Communication Services is a communication protocol between
mobile-telephone carriers and between phone and carrier, aiming at
replacing SMS messages with a text-message system that is richer, provides
phonebook polling (for service discovery), and transmit in-call
multimedia. It is also marketed as Advanced Messaging, Advanced
Communications, joyn, Message+ and SMS+.
Signal Open Source project
helps you send high-quality group, text, voice, video, document, and
picture messages anywhere in the world without SMS or MMS fees. There are
no ads, no affiliate marketers, no creepy tracking. Just open technology
for a fast, simple, and secure messaging experience.
Scientists revolutionize wireless communication with three-dimensional
processors. Scientists have pioneered a method for using semiconductor
technology to manufacture processors that significantly enhance the
efficiency of transmitting vast amounts of data across the globe.
Wireless Communication from Underwater to the Air. Translational
Acoustic-RF communication or TARF transmitter, sends standard sound (or
SONAR signals). Sound travels as pressure
waves; when these waves hit the surface, they cause it tovibrate. To pick
up these vibrations, a TARF receiver in the air uses a very sensitive
radar. The radar transmits a signal which reflects off the water surface
and comes back. As the water surface vibrates, it causes small changes to
the received radar signal, enabling a TARF receiver to sense the tiny
vibrations caused by the underwater acoustic transmitter.
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing is a type of digital
transmission and a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier
frequencies. OFDM has developed into a popular scheme for wideband digital
communication, used in applications such as digital television and audio
broadcasting, DSL internet access, wireless networks, power line networks,
and 4G/5G mobile communications. Massive multiple-input, multiple-output,
or massive MIMO, is an extension of MIMO, which essentially groups
together antennas at the transmitter and receiver to provide better
throughput and better spectrum efficiency.
Packet Switching
is a method of grouping data that is transmitted over a digital network
into packets. Packets are made of a header and a payload. Data in the
header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its
destination where the payload is extracted and used by application
software. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in
computer networks worldwide.
Networks
-
Communication Technologies -
Wireless Energy
Bandwidth is a range of frequencies within a given band, in particular
that used for transmitting a signal. Bandwidth is the maximum rate of data
transfer across a given path. Bandwidth may be characterized as network
bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital bandwidth. Bandwidth describes the
maximum data transfer rate of a network or Internet connection. It
measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given
amount of time. For example, a gigabit Ethernet connection has a bandwidth
of 1,000 Mbps (125 megabytes per second). 300 Mbps should be more than
enough for 50-60 users.
Bandwidth
in signal processing
is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous
band of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and depending on
context, may specifically refer to passband bandwidth or baseband
bandwidth. Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and
lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a
communication channel, or a signal spectrum. Baseband bandwidth applies to
a low-pass filter or baseband signal; the bandwidth is equal to its upper
cutoff frequency.
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation is a technique by which traffic bandwidth
in a shared telecommunications medium can be allocated on demand and
fairly between different users of that bandwidth. This is a form of
bandwidth management, and is essentially the same thing as statistical
multiplexing. Where the sharing of a link adapts in some way to the
instantaneous traffic demands of the nodes connected to the link.
Bandwidth
Management is the process of measuring and
controlling the communications (traffic, packets) on a network link, to
avoid filling the link to capacity or overfilling the link, which would
result in network congestion and poor performance of the network.
Bandwidth is measured in bits per second (bit/s) or bytes per second (B/s).
Bandwidth Throttling
is the intentional slowing or speeding of an internet service by an Internet service provider (ISP).
Space - Air - Medium
Medium is an intervening
substance through which
signals can travel as a means for
communication. An intervening substance through which something is
achieved.
Transmissions that are
disseminated
widely to the public. An occupation for which you are especially well
suited.
Medium is a means or instrumentality for
storing or communicating
information.
Sound needs Molecules -
Waves
Transmission Medium is a system or
substance that
can mediate the propagation of signals for the purposes of
telecommunication.
Laser Communication in Space is free-space optical communication in
outer space. In outer
space, the
communication range of free-space optical communication is currently of
the order of several thousand kilometers, but has the potential to bridge
interplanetary distances of millions of kilometers, using optical
telescopes as beam expanders.
Beam Expander
are optical devices that take a collimated beam of light and expand its
size (or, used in reverse, reduce its size). In laser physics they are
used either as intracavity or extracavity elements. They can be telescopic
in nature or prismatic. Generally prismatic beam expanders use several
prisms and are known as multiple-prism beam expanders. Telescopic beam
expanders include refracting and reflective telescopes. A
refracting telescope commonly used is
the Galilean telescope which can function as a simple beam expander for
collimated light. The main advantage of the Galilean design is that it
never focuses a collimated beam to a point, so effects associated with
high power density such as dielectric breakdown are more avoidable than
with focusing designs such as the Keplerian telescope. When used as
intracavity beam expanders, in laser resonators, these telescopes provide
two-dimensional beam expansion in the 20–50 range. In tunable laser
resonators intracavity beam expansion usually illuminates the whole width
of a diffraction grating. Thus beam expansion reduces the beam divergence
and enables the emission of very narrow linewidths which is a desired
feature for many analytical applications including laser spectroscopy.
Deep Space Optical Communications (NASA)
Free-Space Optical Communication is an optical communication
technology that uses light propagating in
free space to wirelessly
transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. "
Free space"
means
air, outer space,
vacuum, or a
medium or something similar. This contrasts with
using solids such as optical fiber cable. The technology is useful where
the physical connections are impractical due to high costs or other
considerations.
White Space.
Optical Communication is communication at a distance
using light to
carry information. It can be performed visually or by using electronic
devices. The earliest basic forms of optical communication date back
several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so
was the photophone, invented in 1880. An optical communication system uses
a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel,
which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which
reproduces the message from the received optical signal. When electronic
equipment is not employed the '
receiver' is a person visually observing
and interpreting a signal, which may be either simple (such as the
presence of a beacon fire) or complex (such as lights using color codes or
flashed in a Morse code sequence). Free-space optical communication has
been deployed in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by
geography, weather and the availability of light. This article provides a
basic introduction to different forms of
optical communication.
Arguments - Back and Forth Communication
Argue is to
discuss
or
debate a subject using
reasons and
real life examples that includes
facts and
evidence that would help support an idea,
action, or theory, and also
explain
why something is either
good
or
bad and right or wrong,
typically with the aim of persuading others to share one's point of
view. To
exchange
or express
diverging or opposite
views, sometimes in a heated or
angry way.
Refute.
Anger Ruins Arguments -
Profanity Ruins Communication -
Invalid Argument's
Compromises -
Diplomacy
-
Negotiations -
Proof of Evidence -
Make your Case -
Public Speaking -
Talking -
Thesis
Pros and Cons is a
side by side list of
things that shows a
comparison of the
positive and negative attributes of an argument or shows the advantages
and disadvantages of something, or shows the good and the bad of
something, or what is right or wrong about something. Pros and cons is an
abbreviation for the Latin word 'pro et contra', which means '
for
and against'. The abbreviated form has been in use since the 16th
century. On the other hand or
the other side of
the story.
Pros is an argument in
favor of a
proposal by showing
advantages and proven
measurable benefits.
Cons is an argument
opposed to a
proposal by showing
disadvantages and
bad
side
effects that are
measured and
proven.
Juxtapose is to place
things
side by side. To place things
close together for
contrasting effect.
Juxtaposition is an act or instance of placing two elements close
together or side by side. This is often done in order to
compare/contrast the two, to
show similarities or
differences, etc.
Arts.
Antithesis is a person or thing that is the
direct opposite of someone
or something else. A contrast or opposition between two things. A figure
of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by
parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted
with each other. The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a
feeling of balance.
Opposing Viewpoint
is a
viewpoint that's
the opposite of your own, but not necessarily valid or based on facts or
evidence. There's
seeing the whole picture, and there's seeing
two sides to a coin
and there's having a
point of view
or
view point, then
there's an
invalid augment based on total
bull-shit and
fantasies.
Fair Journalism -
Contention -
Controversy -
Conflict On the Other Hand
means to introduce a different point of view that has other
benefits that were not originally considered. "I crashed my car, but on
the other hand, I'm still alive and no one was seriously injured."
Two Sides to a
Story.
Caveat is a statement
that limits or restricts some claim. It is a warning against certain acts,
especially under certain conditions that can cause limitations.
Relative -
Risks.
Deliberate is to think about something
carefully and
weigh and
discuss the pros and cons of an issue.
Consider.
Polemic
is
contentious rhetoric that is intended to support a specific position by
aggressive claims and undermining of the opposing position.
Invalid Argument -
Propaganda"Seek First To
Understand, Then To Be Understood." (
valid,
sound, persuasive,
conditionals, consistent).
Logos is
the
logic behind an argument, which tries to
inform an audience using
logical arguments and supportive
evidence.
It's important that you know the
reasons why you
approve of something, or
disapprove of something. Don't
generalize your reasons or
pretend to understand the
facts. Just tell people what you truly know, or don't know. And
don't hand pick facts that can be
misleading.
Tell the whole story, even if
you only know one chapter.
Some people are like a unique puzzle.
Some puzzles can not be
solved unless
you approach it in the way that it was designed. Meaning, some people
communicate differently. Unless you modify your communication methods, you
will always struggle with communication with that particular person.
Some people don't know
which questions to ask.
"It's ok to disagree with me, I can't force you to be right."
"I would agree with you but then we would both be wrong."
Argument is a fact or assertion offered as
evidence that something is true.
A contentious speech act; a dispute where there is strong
disagreement. A
discussion in which reasons are advanced for and
against some proposition or proposal. A course of reasoning
aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical
process of
logical reasoning,
without
assumptions.
Legal Argument is stating the legal reasons for suit based on
statutes, regulations, case precedents, legal texts, and reasoning applied
to facts in the particular situation. When writing a
legal argument you need to identify
relevant legal issues,
apply the law to the facts, structure your answer clearly and logically
(use the model plan), and use appropriate language for a legal argument. A
written legal argument is usually in a format prescribed by the courts.
Make your Case means to
give arguments
supporting your position or ideas.
Persuasion.
Compelling Argument
is one that convinces people that something is true or that something
should be done. To make a compelling argument you should
keep it simple, concise and be
specific. Be fair to your opponent and understand the opposing point of
view. Avoid common
fallacies. Make
your assumptions clear. Rest your argument on solid foundations. Use
evidence your listeners will believe. And avoid platitudes and
generalizations.
Compelling is tending to
persuade by forcefulness of
argument. Driving or forcing.
Compel is to
force somebody to do something. Necessitate or
exact.
Necessitate is when something must
previously have happened or existed or be in place during, in order for
stated thing to be happening or be the case. Cause to be a concomitant.
Concomitant is an event or situation
that happens at the same time as or in connection with another. Following
or accompanying as a consequence.
Strong Argument is a non-deductive argument
that succeeds in providing probable, but not conclusive, logical support
for its conclusion.
Oral Argument
is to start strong. Introduce the problem and state the issue. After your
introduction, briefly describe the case and the facts.. Provide a roadmap.
You want to let people know where you are going with your argument. Know
your arguments completely. Understand the basic premise of each of the
supplementary materials. Focus on the two most important arguments in the
problem. Always focus on why your side is right, rather than on why the
other side is wrong.
Written Advocacy is to be persuasive. The document must be useful
for the intended reader. Writing your outline of argument is to provide a
concise logical statement on the relevant factual conclusions. State why
people should form the factual conclusions you seek. Include precise
references to the evidence you're relying on in connection with each
disputed factual conclusion.
Getting your Point
Across
How to argue with
your partner when we are confronted suddenly.
Don't hurt back when feeling
unloved or misunderstood. (youtube)
Syllogism is a kind
of logical argument that applies
deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more
propositions that are asserted or assumed to be
true.
Rhetoric in Aristotle is an ancient Greek treatise on the art of
persuasion, dating from the 4th century BC.
Epideictic
praise-and-
blame rhetoric that deals with goodness, excellence, nobility,
shame, honor, dishonor, beauty, and matters of virtue and vice. The
"components" of virtue according to
Aristotle, were
"justice, courage, self-control, magnificence, magnanimity, liberality,
gentleness, practical and speculative wisdom" or "reason". Vice was the
"contrary" of virtue.
Ethos is
used to describe the
guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a
community, nation, or
ideology.
For Good Measure is something
offered in addition to what has already been done, said, or given. You
mean that something is done in addition to a number of other things.
One Thing at a Time. When you talk
about several things at once, or combine too many concepts into a single
sentence or into a single
context, your
message becomes blurry and
vague.
It becomes confusing when you try not to say too many things at the same
time. But you also don't want to say too little either, because people may
not be able to
understand what
you're saying. Your message needs a clear goal. Build up to your message
by defining the key words that help to define your message. And also make
your message relative, and have a clear example or a
scenario
that is relevant to your message. If you focus your message to a clear
point, then your message can penetrate through peoples
biases and misconceptions. When
your message is applied to a particular situation, then people will not
assume that your message will have the same effect in other situations,
because that will require a new
explanation that is more
relevant to
a different situation.
We Need to Talk. We need to define
the words that we use so there is no confusion on what we mean to say. We
need to have the same definitions to the words that we use to communicate.
If our definitions differ, we must speak these definitions instead of
using words that can be interpreted differently. We must agree that 2+2=4
so that we can avoid making equations that are not consistent and that
would cause our answers to vary. We need to use
debate
rules and guidelines so that it can give us the framework and the
structure to make our
discussions more effective
and more efficient. We need to suspend our emotional reactions and focus
more on the words that we use to communicate with. The information that we
express needs to be precise. We need to avoid using vague words and labels
that only generalize our message. If we can do this, our conversations
will be a lot more productive, and it will also reduce misunderstandings
and corrupt behaviors, which will allow us to progress and to develop as a
human civilization.
We have a lot
more in common than you think.
Argumentation Theory is the interdisciplinary study of how
conclusions
can be reached through
logical reasoning; that is, claims based, soundly
or not, on premises. It includes the arts and sciences of civil debate,
dialogue, conversation, and persuasion. It studies rules of inference,
logic, and procedural rules in both artificial and real world settings.
There are various types of dialogue:
Persuasion dialogue aims to
resolve conflicting points of view of different positions.
Negotiation aims to
resolve conflicts of interests by cooperation and deal making.
Inquiry aims to
resolve general ignorance by the growth of knowledge.
Deliberation aims to resolve a need to take action by reaching a
decision.
Information seeking
aims to reduce one party's ignorance by requesting information from
another party that is in a position to know something.
Eristic aims to
resolve a situation of antagonism through verbal fighting. Refers to
argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument, rather than searching for truth.
Closing
Argument is the
concluding statement of each party's counsel
reiterating the important arguments for the
trier of fact, often the jury, in a court case. A closing argument
occurs after the presentation of evidence. A closing argument may not
contain any new information and may only use
evidence introduced at trial. It is not customary to raise objections
during closing arguments, except for egregious behavior. However, such
objections, when made, can prove critical later in order to preserve
appellate issues. In the United States, the plaintiff is generally
entitled to open the argument. The defendant usually goes second. The
plaintiff or prosecution is usually then permitted a final rebuttal
argument. In some jurisdictions, however, this form is condensed, and the
prosecution or plaintiff goes second, after the defense, with no
rebuttals. Either party may waive their opportunity to present a closing
argument. During closing arguments, counsel may not (among other
restrictions) vouch for the credibility of witnesses, indicate their
personal opinions of the case, comment on the absence of evidence that
they themselves have caused to be excluded, or attempt to exhort the jury
to irrational, emotional behavior. In some countries (e.g. France or
Germany), in criminal cases, the defendant's counsel always makes their
closing argument last, after the public prosecutor or any other party.
Sometimes the defendant is allowed to address the court directly after his
or her counsel's closing argument. In a criminal law case, the prosecution
will restate all the evidence which helps prove each element of the
offence. In the United States, there are often several limits as to what
the prosecution may or may not say, including precluding the prosecution
from using a defendant's exercise of his Fifth Amendment right to silence
as evidence of guilt. One of the most important restrictions on
prosecutors, however, is against shifting the burden of proof, or implying
that the defense must put on evidence or somehow prove the innocence of
the defendant. In some cases, a judge's presentation of the jury
instruction is also known as summing up. In this case, the judge is merely
articulating the law and questions of fact upon which the jury is asked to
deliberate. The purposes and techniques of closing argument are taught in
courses on Trial Advocacy. The closing is often planned early in the trial
planning process. The attorneys will integrate the closing with the
overall case strategy through either a theme and theory or, with more
advanced strategies, a line of effort. The prosecution should also state
the main points and be sure to give their side of the argument and to be
emotional.
Summary.
I Rest My Case means that you conclude
your
presentation of evidence and arguments in a lawsuit. It also means to
show that one believes one has presented sufficient
evidence for one's views.
Disputing - Debunking
Dispute
is a
disagreement or
argument about something important. To question the
truth or validity of
something; Raise a
formal objection in a
court of law or take exception to.
Rebuttal is the speech act of
refuting by
offering a contrary contention or argument. Refuting is to
prove to be
false or incorrect.
Refute is to
prove and
argue
something to be
false or
incorrect using
evidence.
Questioning -
Scrutinizing -
DoubtingRepudiation
is
rejecting or
disowning or disclaiming as
invalid. The exposure of
falseness or
pretensions.
Debunking is the exposure of
falseness or pretensions.
Expose while ridiculing, without pretentious or false claims and ideas.
Reductio ad
absurdum is a form of argument which attempts either to disprove a
statement by
showing it inevitably leads to a
ridiculous, absurd, or impractical conclusion, or to prove one by
showing that if it were not
true,
the result would be absurd or impossible.
Contentious
is something that is likely to cause controversy, or cause a dispute and
disagreement.
Just Complaining is
not an Argument.
Disputed Statement is when there is a concern that a statement
contains inaccuracies. The accuracy of a statement may be a cause for
concern if: It contains unlikely information, without providing suitable
references; It contains information which is particularly difficult to
verify; It contains information of a highly specific nature which changes
too frequently to be assumed accurate at any given time; It is cited to
sources that are antiquated or have since been called into question; It
has been written (or edited) by a user who is known to write inaccurately
on the topic; It contains information which is ambiguous and open to
interpretation, either due to grammar, or opinionated wording; or There
are reliable sources supporting two or more different claims.
Think before you respond. Taking a pause
before you respond to someone's statement gives you a chance to refocus on
the people you're communicating with, not just the topic. In a
conversation, during which the temperature has
started to rise, wait 10 seconds before you respond. Just stop. Don't
respond immediately. Instead, wait and give yourself a moment to be
intentional in your response, instead of emotional.
Invalid Arguments - Pretending to Make a Point
Circular
Reasoning is a
logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. The
components of a
circular argument are often logically valid because if the
premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Circular reasoning is not
a formal logical fallacy but a
pragmatic defect in an argument whereby the
premises are just as much in need of
proof or
evidence as the conclusion,
and as a consequence the
argument fails to persuade. Other ways to express
this are that there is no reason to accept the premises unless one already
believes the conclusion, or that the premises provide no independent
ground or evidence for the conclusion. Begging the question is closely
related to
circular reasoning, and in modern usage the two generally refer
to the same thing. Circular reasoning is often of the form: "A is true
because B is true; B is true because A is true." Circularity can be
difficult to detect if it involves a longer chain of propositions.
Contradictions -
Prejudice
-
Bias -
Blame Shifting -
Manipulation -
Delusions -
Bliss -
Fallacies -
Junk Science -
Flawed Reasoning
Indefensible is something that is not
justifiable by argument. Incapable of
being defended or
explained.
Baseless is something unfounded, false,
fabricated and
unconfirmed or not proven. Something
that is
not true and
not based on facts or evidence.
(foundationless, groundless, invalid, unreasonable, unsupported).
Unsubstantiated is something not not
supported or proven by evidence or something unsupported by other
evidence.
Speculation.
Argument Does Not Hold Water
means that a point of view or an argument does not seem to be reasonable
or in accordance with facts, or is not sound, strong or logical.
Weak Argument is a non-deductive argument
that fails to provide probable support for its conclusion.
Poke Holes in something is to find mistakes
or flaws in some plan, idea, or argument. If an argument is
full of holes it means that it's unsound or
flawed and has many faults that do not stand up to scrutiny or criticism.
If you have no evidence and
no explanation and
no reasoning, then what you're
saying besides nothing is that you don't even have
an opinion, you have only a
bunch of
false accusations that do more harm than
good. If
you have nothing to bring to the table,
then you can't be there, so don't show up until you have
something real.
Moot Point is a fact that doesn't matter
because it's
not relevant
to the current situation. Making a
false equivalence
by
blame shifting, which
means that you have no answer, only complete
utter nonsense.
Some people like to make certain details
seem bigger than they really
are. Some people like to make
false correlations
as if they are
relevant, or,
as if they're explaining the
point that they're
pretending to
be making. Some people
cherry pick data in order to
manipulate the true meaning of
a discussion. Some people are like a broken TV, you can't change the
channel, and it's the same thing everyday. There's no real conversation or
a discussion that makes sense. Some people only give their
opinions about other
opinions. And when you ask them to explain,
they give you the run around. So how
do you fix a broken TV? First, you should not argue with a broken TV or
try to reason with it. And you can't ignore a broken TV either. You need
to ask real questions. Just because someone refuses to have a
real
conversation with you, this shouldn't stop you from having a real
conversation with them. You need to keep reminding them that you live in
reality, and you have to do this without insulting the fantasy world that
they live in. It's like when you're trying to stop someone from jumping
off a bridge, you have to be careful what you say. A person can easily
go off the deep end. You
have to talk them down
without putting them down.
Splitting Hairs means
that they are making
unnecessary
distinctions between things when the
differences between
them are so small that they are not important.
False Balance is a
media bias
in which the media presents an issue as being more balanced between
opposing viewpoints than the evidence supports.
Journalists may present evidence and arguments out of proportion to
the actual evidence for each side, or may omit information that would
establish one side's claims as baseless. False balance has been cited as a
cause of misinformation. Bothsidesism.
Argument to
Moderation is a false premise that tries to show that the truth is
always in the middle of two opposites, which in most cases it is not. It
is also know as a false compromise, or an argument from middle ground, or
the golden mean fallacy, which is a misconception resulting from incorrect
reasoning.
Unconstitutional.
Slippery Slope is a
logical fallacy
in which a party asserts that a relatively small first step leads to a
chain of related events culminating in some significant or negative
effect. The core of the slippery slope argument is that a specific
decision under debate is likely to result in unintended consequences. The
strength of such an argument depends on the warrant, i.e. whether or not
one can demonstrate a process that leads to the significant effect. This
type of argument is sometimes used as a form of
fear mongering, in which the
probable consequences of a given action are
exaggerated in an attempt to
scare the audience. The fallacious sense of "slippery slope" is often used
synonymously with continuum fallacy, in that it ignores the possibility of
middle ground and assumes a discrete transition from category A to
category B. In a non-fallacious sense, including use as a legal principle,
a middle-ground possibility is acknowledged, and reasoning is provided for
the likelihood of the predicted outcome.
Vague -
Doublespeak -
Babble -
Trick Questions -
Correlation does not
imply Causation
Allais Paradox
shows an inconsistency of actual observed choices with the predictions of
expected utility theory. Rather than adhering to rationality, the Allais
paradox proves that individuals
rarely make rational decisions consistently when required to
do so immediately.
Self-Refuting Idea is idea or statement whose falsehood is a logical
consequence of the act or situation of holding them to be true. Many ideas
are called self-refuting by their detractors, and such accusations are
therefore almost always controversial, with defenders stating that the
idea is being misunderstood or that the argument is invalid.
Argument from Ignorance asserts that a
proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false or a
proposition is false because it has not yet been proven true.
Religious Belief.
Argumentum
ad populum is a fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition
must be true because many or
most people believe it, often concisely
encapsulated as: "If many believe so, it is so".
Popularity is not a
measurement of value.
Anecdotal Evidence is
evidence
based only on
personal observation,
collected in a casual or non-systematic manner. Anecdotal evidence can be
in the form of a
shared
experience or a narrative that makes a point. Empirical evidence is
scientific; it is observable. Anecdotal
evidence is like “
word of mouth”; it is
based on personal experiences. When compared to other types of evidence,
anecdotal evidence is generally regarded as limited in value due to a
number of potential weaknesses, but may be considered within the scope of
scientific method as some
anecdotal evidence can
be both empirical and verifiable, e.g. in the use of case studies
in medicine. Other anecdotal evidence, however, does not qualify as
scientific evidence, because its nature prevents it from being
investigated by the scientific method. Where only one or a few anecdotes
are presented, there is a larger chance that they may be unreliable due to
cherry-picked or otherwise non-representative samples of typical cases.
Similarly, psychologists have found that due to cognitive bias people are
more likely to remember notable or unusual examples rather than typical
examples. Thus, even when accurate, anecdotal evidence is not necessarily
representative of a typical experience. Accurate determination of whether
an anecdote is typical requires statistical evidence. Misuse of anecdotal
evidence in the form of argument from anecdote is an informal fallacy and
is sometimes referred to as the "person who" fallacy ("
I
know a person who..."; "
I know of a case
where..." etc.) which places undue weight on experiences of close
peers which may not be typical. n science, definitions of anecdotal
evidence include: "casual observations or indications rather than rigorous
or scientific analysis". "information passed along by word-of-mouth but
not documented scientifically". "evidence that comes from an individual
experience. This may be the experience of a person with an illness or the
experience of a practitioner based on one or more patients outside a
formal research study." "the report of an experience by one or more
persons that is not objectively documented or an experience or outcome
that occurred outside of a controlled environment".
Hearsay.
Faulty Generalization is a conclusion made
on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon.
Hasty Generalization is a conclusion made
on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon.
Post hoc ergo propter hoc is a fallacy of
assumption of causality based on sequence of events.
Anecdotal Value refers to the primarily social and political value of
an anecdote or anecdotal evidence in promoting understanding of a social,
cultural, or economic phenomenon.
Argument from Silence is to express a conclusion that is based on the
absence of statements in historical documents, rather than their presence.
Straw Man is a form of argument and an
informal fallacy of having the
impression of refuting an argument, meanwhile the proper idea of argument
under discussion was
not addressed or
properly refuted. One who engages in this fallacy is said to be "attacking
a straw man". The typical straw man argument
creates the illusion of having completely refuted or defeated an
opponent's proposition through the covert replacement of it with a
different proposition (i.e., "stand up a straw man") and the subsequent
refutation of that false argument ("knock down a straw man") instead of
the opponent's proposition. Straw man arguments have been used throughout
history in polemical debate, particularly regarding highly charged
emotional subjects.
Dark Arts are
techniques or practices that are regarded as obscure or dishonorable, or
against the law. Secret skills and methods that are considered bad or
unfair and used for evil and selfish purposes.
Black
Magic -
Propaganda.
Just because there is no
evidence
that something happened, this does not necessarily mean that nothing
happened. And just because there is evidence that something happened, this
does not necessarily mean that it was the only thing that happened, or
that it was the
cause of what happened.
Don't Assume.
Tone Policing is
a
personal attack and
anti-debate tactic based on
criticizing a person
for expressing emotion. Tone policing
detracts
from the truth or falsity of a statement by attacking the tone in
which it was presented rather than the message itself. Tone policing is
also tone trolling, tone argument, and tone fallacy.
Aggression -
Uncivilized
Ad
Hominem is a term that refers to a
rhetorical strategy
where the speaker
attacks the
character, motive, or some other attribute of the person making an
argument rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself. This
avoids genuine debate by creating a
diversion to some
irrelevant but often
highly charged issue. The most common form of this fallacy is "A makes a
claim a, B asserts that A holds a property that is unwelcome, and hence B
concludes that argument a is wrong".
Ad
Hominem is a term that refers to several types of arguments, most of
which are
fallacious.
False Dilemma is a statement that
falsely
claims an "
either / or" situation,
when in fact there is at least one additional logically valid option. The
false dilemma fallacy can also arise simply by accidental omission of
additional options rather than by deliberate deception. This is a type of
informal fallacy or a
correlative-based fallacy. A False Dichotomy.
False Accusation -
Frivolous Lawsuit -
Slander -
False Arrest
Argument from Analogy is a special type of inductive
argument, whereby
perceived similarities are used as a basis
to infer some further similarity that has yet to be observed.
Analogical
reasoning is one of the most common methods by which human beings attempt
to understand the world and make decisions.
Association
Fallacy is an informal inductive
fallacy of the
hasty-generalization or red-herring
type and which asserts, by
irrelevant association
and often by appeal to emotion, that qualities of one thing are inherently
qualities of another. Two types of association fallacies are sometimes
referred to as guilt by association and honor by association.
Correlations.
False Equivalence is a logical
fallacy in which an
equivalence is drawn between
two subjects based on
flawed or
false reasoning. This fallacy
is categorized as a fallacy of inconsistency. Colloquially, a false
equivalence is often called "
comparing apples and
oranges." This fallacy is committed when one shared trait between
two subjects is
assumed to show equivalence, especially in order of
magnitude, when
equivalence is not necessarily the logical result. False
equivalence is a common result when an anecdotal similarity is pointed out
as equal, but the claim of equivalence does not bear scrutiny because the
similarity is
based on oversimplification
or
ignorance of additional factors. The
pattern of the fallacy is often as such: "If A is the set of c and d, and
B is the set of d and e, then since they both contain d, A and B are
equal". d is not required to exist in both sets; only a passing similarity
is required to cause this fallacy to be used.
Expert Witness -
Creating more questions than
providing answers -
Analogies -
Pros and Cons.
False Narrative is when a statement has
insufficient information along with an
inaccurate assessment. While
certain versions of an event may be partly true, they have been shaped to
create a false interpretation.
Oxymoron is the use of two opposite situations or things in one
sentence to prove a point. A figure of speech in which apparently
contradictory terms appear in
conjunction.
Evidence of Absence is
evidence of any kind that suggests something is
missing or that it does not exist. In some circumstances it can be safely
assumed that if a certain event had occurred, evidence of it could be
discovered by qualified investigators. In such circumstances it is
perfectly reasonable to take the absence of proof of its occurrence as
positive proof of its non-occurrence.
Equivocation is the use of
ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing
oneself;
prevarication. Calling
two different things by the same name is an informal
fallacy resulting
from the use of a particular word/expression in multiple senses within an
argument. It is a type of ambiguity that stems from a phrase having
two distinct meanings, not
from the grammar or structure of the sentence.
Appeal to Emotion is a logical
fallacy characterized by the
manipulation of the recipient's emotions in order to win an argument,
especially in the absence of factual evidence. This kind of appeal to
emotion is a type of
red herring and encompasses several logical
fallacies, including appeal to consequences, appeal to fear, appeal to
flattery,
appeal to pity, appeal to ridicule, appeal to spite, and
wishful
thinking. The appeal to emotion is only fallacious when the emotions that
are elicited are irrelevant to evaluating the truth of the conclusion and
serve to distract from rational consideration of relevant premises or
information.
Poisoning the Well is a type of informal
fallacy where adverse information
about a target is preemptively presented to an audience, with the
intention of
discrediting or
ridiculing something that the target person
is about to say.
Propaganda.
Pathos
represents an appeal to the
emotions of the audience, and elicits feelings
that already reside in them. Pathos is a communication technique used most
often in rhetoric (where it is considered one of the three modes of
persuasion, alongside ethos and logos), and in literature, film and other
narrative art.
Emotional appeal can be accomplished in a multitude of
ways: By a metaphor or storytelling, commonly known as a hook. By passion
in the delivery of the speech or writing, as determined by the audience.
Personal anecdote or short account of an incident.
Not the Whole Truth.
You made the
assumption that
someone else assumed something. You said something stupid to describe some
stupid thing that someone else did. You
complain about other peoples
faults even when you have the same faults. You only hear things that
agree with your opinion and you never look for the facts that confirm your
opinion. You only pretend to know things, you never prove the things that
you assume to know. In order to learn something and know something, you
have to
research and
investigate something in detail.
And can't
expect that other people
have done the work for you. No one can learn for you. You have to
do the work yourself, and
learning is the most important work that you will ever have in your life.
Everything that you have came
from
the work of other people. It's time for you to do some work too, and
take
responsibility for being a
human.
"I would rather be almost right than completely wrong."
"
Someone else did it, so why can't I?"
Just because people were scumbags and criminals in the past, this doesn't
mean that it's some how acceptable to be a scumbag or a criminal in todays
world or in our current reality. Men have been raping women for hundreds
of years, so why can't I? Because it's bad, it's wrong, it's abusive and
it's extremely harmful.
“
If I don't do it,
someone else will”, this is also a relative statement. If you don't
do it then someone else will, this all depends if the action is wrong and
bad, or good and right. A vague or general statement does not apply to
every situation. And you can't assume that someone else will do something,
unless you know this for sure and you actually know who this person is.
This is why hearsay is not allowed in court of law because it's not
evidence or proof. Invalid arguments are like lame excuses, if you did
something wrong and bad, you should admit it, because trying to defend
abusive or harmful behavior is saying that your ignorance is a threat to
everyone in society, and that society should imprison you in order to keep
people safe from your deadly behavior. And when you are in prison, you
should use your time in prison to educate yourself so that your ignorance
is no longer a threat to society.
People say things because they want
other people to believe that they actually
understand what they're talking
about. People are so afraid of being
ignorant or looking stupid, that they would rather lie to people than
admit that they're ignorant about something. This is the type of behavior
that is typical of children, this should not be the behavior of an adult.
People are so
insecure about being ignorant that they would rather
live in a fantasy world then
educate themselves and become more
knowledgeable about themselves and the world around them. A person can say
anything they want just as long as they
don't
have to prove what they're saying or
explain what they're saying. A
person doesn't even have to
make sense or
care about
contradicting themselves
because they have no idea what they're saying, or are they aware that they
are
not saying anything valuable or factual. If you have beliefs that are
not based on facts or evidence, then all you have is
vague opinion that
says absolutely nothing. You talk,
but you don't say
anything. It's Just like the morons on the corporate news channels,
empty words from empty minds. People believe that because they learned
some words, they can naively believe they know what they're saying. Those
are just words. You're being
frivolous
and
slanderous. If you don't
know what you're talking about, then you don't know what you're thinking
about, and that's dangerous,
not just to yourself, but dangerous to other
people. If everyone went around lying, then all human existence would be
just a lie. If your
not saying anything, then you're only pretending to be
saying something. If you can't speak the truth, then you're lying, or,
you're so ignorant that you don't even know that you're lying, which is
worse, because your ignorance can become a threat, which has been well
documented throughout human history.
It's hard to
reason with someone who
pretends to know what they're talking
about, especially when they never have to prove anything or explain
anything. Someone can have a blatant disregard for facts, truth and
morality, and ignore things without any respect to the truth or to other
people. When someone continually contradicts themselves, it's clear they
have little understanding about what they think they know. Society needs
to improve education and improve the media, otherwise, we will die from
our own ignorance.
Most people never verify anything they know. Most people just pretend
to have done some research, when in fact, all they do is look for other
peoples stupid opinions that are similar to theirs. When they find people
who think the same way they do, they ignorantly believe that this some how
validates their reasoning. When they find unverified information or
irrelevant information, this some how makes their point of view seem more
accurate, which it doesn't, it usually just contradicts what they say or
it's irrelevant to the point that they're trying to make, and on top of
that, they never see any other way and never admit that they could be
wrong, they just want to believe that their right and pretend that their
opinion is so how more accurate than other peoples opinion, which it
isn't, because their opinion is mostly based on bullshit. But they don't
care, because they never have to prove anything they say, or make sense of
it or explain it in a coherent way that is easy to understand. It's really
easy to be ignorant about things when you have plenty of other morons who
agree with you.
Conformation
bias is something people never consider.
Fact Checking Needs to be Done.
I don't always have an answer for other peoples
misconceptions. If you can't
prove that you're right, then why do I have to prove that you're wrong?
You're the one who
made the claim.
You should learn how to educate yourself instead of expecting other people
to educate you. You can't learn if you get your
information from the same people
or in the same place. You can't learn if you don't
listen to other peoples
point of view.
We need to
talk.
What are the
facts and
what is the
evidence? What is the
current situation now? What is expected to happen in the future?
How do people feel?
Research.
Why Is It So Hard to Change People’s Minds?
Our opinions are often based in emotion and group affiliation, not facts.
Many people will vigorously defend, excuse, justify, and keep their
sacred beliefs even when confronted
with irrefutable proof they are wrong. Many people are
unwilling to change their
world view to account for new information that contradicts their cherished
beliefs. Instead, they reduce dissonance by justifying their outlook
rather than by changing their minds or behaviors. People try to justify
their beliefs by using unproven and illogical statements. For example,
"The president is a successful businessman and must know what he’s doing",
this is an ignorant statement when you don't present any evidence that
proves this. And when trump voters hear things that
contradict what they believe,
they say ignorant things like "All that stuff is just ‘fake news,’ and you
can’t trust it", again without presenting any evidence or proof. "The
president is doing what’s best for the country and is the victim of a
political witch hunt", again this statement is baseless and vague without
presenting any evidence or proof, or even an example. If your excuse for
your belief is just another belief, then you don't understand what you
think you know. This is more than just people ignoring information or
denying information, it's peoples inability to analyze information
effectively, especially the information they hold in their minds. For
example, when you consider the documented and video proof that Donald
Trump has lied, cheated, stolen, and committed very serious crimes, you
have to wonder why trump voters are not aware of these facts or aware of
the credible and incriminating information that is available. This is an
education problem and a media problem.
Cognitive distortions are a
clear sign that people are not informed enough.
Conformity can be extremely
dangerous when misused.
Shark Pool (vimeo).
Change of Heart
is when someone changes their opinion or changes the way they feel about
something or changes the way they feel about a particular situation, and
now excepts that they were wrong about something, and are now willing to
make the necessary changes in their thinking and in their life that will
reflect this new understanding.
If you
don't feel right in saying it,
then you are
probably wrong in thinking it.
Think before you speak, and think about what you're thinking about.
Thoughts are not proof and thoughts are not always accurate or honest.
That's why saying the wrong thing at the wrong time is not that unusual.
People tend to
put their foot in their mouth
when they don't think carefully and attentively about what they are
saying. And sometimes peoples mouths are not their own because their mouth
has been paid for by powerful influences who
control their mouth like a puppet,
or it could be that their mouth has been
manipulated by false
information. Either way, you should do
more thinking and
less stinking.
Debating - Deliberations
Debate is a
discussion in which
reasons are advanced
for or
against some
proposition or
proposal. The formal
presentation of a stated
proposition and the opposition to it, usually followed by a
vote. To
argue with one another and to
think about something carefully and
weigh the
good against
bad and
to discuss the
pros and
cons of an issue.
Debating
is a point that is asserted in
argument where there
is a lack of agreement. A conflict of people's
opinions or actions that
have a disagreement. A formal discussion of subjects before a
public assembly or
legislature. To express opposing view points with facts that do not
manipulate the truth or
lie or
cherry pick data.
Public
Debate is debating
by
the public usually in a
public
forum.
Diplomacy -
Talking -
Comments -
Criticism -
Invalid
Argument -
Listening
National Speech and Debate Association. Speech involves a presentation
by one or two students that is judged against a similar type of
presentation by others in a round of competition. There are two general
categories of speech events,
public address
events and interpretive events. Public address events feature a speech
written by the student, either in advance or with limited prep, that can
answer a question, share a belief, persuade an audience, or educate the
listener on a variety of topics. Debate involves an individual or a team
of students working to effectively convince a judge that their side of a
resolution or topic is, as a general principle, more valid. Students in
debate come to thoroughly understand both sides of an issue, having
researched each extensively, and learn to think critically about every
argument that could be made on each side.
Interpretation events center upon a student selecting and
performing published material.
Duo
Interpretation is when two competitors team up to deliver a ten-minute
performance of a published play or story. Using off-stage focus, Duo
Interpretation competitors convey emotion and environment through a
variety of performance techniques focusing on the relationships and
interactions between the characters. No props or costumes are used. The
event involves a pair of performers acting out a literary piece or program
under certain constraints, including not making eye contact nor touching
their partner, and not using props. Pieces used often include published
books, movies, short stories, plays, or poems. Participants may cut
anything out of their piece, but cannot add any dialogue. This event can
either be dramatic or humorous.
Cloture
is a motion or process in parliamentary procedure aimed at bringing
debate to a quick end and avoid a
filibuster.
Deliberation is a
discussion of
all sides of a question. The trait of
thoughtfulness and
careful consideration in
action or decision.
Planning
something carefully and
intentionally. A rate demonstrating an absence of
haste or hurry.
Juries -
Courts
Deliberation is a process of thoughtfully
weighing options, usually
prior to
voting. Deliberation emphasizes the use of
logic and
reason as opposed to
power-struggle, creativity, or dialog.
Group decisions are generally made after deliberation through a vote
or
consensus of those involved. In legal settings a
jury famously uses deliberation because it is
given specific options, like guilty or not guilty, along with information
and
arguments to evaluate. In "
deliberative democracy", the aim is for
both elected officials and the
general public to use deliberation rather
than power-struggle as the basis for their
vote.
Deliberative
Rhetoric is a
rhetorical device that
juxtaposes potential future
outcomes to communicate support or opposition for a given action or
policy. In deliberative rhetoric, an argument is made using examples from
the past to predict future outcomes in order to illustrate that a given
policy or action will either be harmful or beneficial in the future.
Fallacies.
Chatham House Rule is a system for holding debates and
discussion panels on controversial issues.
Online Deliberation includes practices such as online consultation,
e-participation, e-government, Citizen-to-Citizen, online
deliberative polling, crowdsourcing, online facilitation, online research
communities,
interactive e-learning,
civic dialogue in Internet forums and online chat, and
group decision making that
utilizes
collaborative
software and other forms of computer-mediated communication. Work in
all these endeavors is tied together by the challenge of using electronic
media in a way that deepens thinking and improves mutual understanding.
Talking Point in
debate or discourse is a succinct statement designed to support
persuasively one side taken on an issue. Such statements can either be
free standing or created as retorts to the opposition's talking points and
are frequently used in public relations, particularly in areas heavy in
debate such as
politics and
marketing.
The Great Debaters
(Film) -
100 Debates (wiki) -
Debate
Moot is a hypothetical case that
law students argue and think about carefully as an
exercise. Something that is open to argument or debate and is of no legal
significance or something that has been
previously decided.
Moot Point.
Public Forum
Debate debaters argue a topic of national importance.
Public Participation.
Lincoln
Douglas Debate is a type of one-on-one debate with a format that
emphasizes logic, ethical values, and philosophy.
Mock
Trial is an act or imitation trial. It is similar to a moot court, but
mock trials simulate lower-court trials, while moot court simulates
appellate court hearings. Attorneys preparing for a real trial might use a
mock trial consisting of volunteers as role players to test theories or
experiment with each other. Mock trial is also the name of an
extracurricular program in which students participate in rehearsed trials
to learn about the legal system in a competitive manner. Interscholastic
mock trials take place on all levels including primary school, middle
school, high school, college, and law school. Mock trial is often taught
in conjunction with a course in trial advocacy or takes place as an after
school enrichment activity. Some gifted and talented programs may also
take place in one.
Argumentation Theory
is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be reached through
logical reasoning; that is, claims based, soundly or not, on premises. It
includes the arts and sciences of civil debate, dialogue, conversation,
and persuasion. It studies rules of inference, logic, and procedural rules
in both artificial and real world settings. Argumentation includes debate
and negotiation which are concerned with reaching mutually acceptable
conclusions. It also encompasses eristic dialog, the branch of social
debate in which victory over an opponent is the primary goal. This art and
science is often the means by which people protect their beliefs or
self-interests in rational dialogue, in common parlance, and during the
process of arguing. Argumentation is used in law, for example in trials,
in preparing an argument to be presented to a court, and in testing the
validity of certain kinds of evidence. Also, argumentation scholars study
the post hoc rationalizations by which organizational actors try to
justify decisions they have made irrationally.
Evidence Based Argumentation
Ransberger Pivot
is a debate technique from 1982 by Ray Ransberger and Marshall Fritz in
which the speaker attempts to find
common ground with the
person they are trying to convince of their view. Once a person objects to
the speaker's ideas, the speaker employs the technique in three stages. 1)
Listen to the other person's objections. 2) Understand the other person's
objections. 3) Find a
common
goal in the other person's objections and convince them your way is a
solution to the agreed problem.
Dialectic
is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view
about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned
arguments.
EBA Developing Evidence Based Arguments -
Evidence Based
(PDF)
Cornering is to force a person or
animal into a place or situation from which it is hard to escape.
Mirror Image
Rule states that an offer must be accepted exactly with no
modifications. The offeror is the master of one's own offer. An attempt to
accept the offer on different terms instead creates a counter-offer, and
this constitutes a rejection of the original offer. (also referred to as
an unequivocal and absolute acceptance requirement).
Offer and Acceptance analysis is a traditional approach in
contract law. The offer and acceptance
formula, developed in the 19th century, identifies a moment of formation
when the parties are of one mind. This classical approach to contract
formation has been modified by developments in the law of estoppel,
misleading conduct, misrepresentation and unjust enrichment.
To have a productive debate, you should
acknowledge and validate the emotions of a debate. Ask lots of questions
and genuinely listen to the answers that people give. Then come up with
solutions together so that there is buy-in from both sides.
Successful Negotiation is not about getting to
yes, it's about mastering no and understanding what the path to an
agreement is. The more little yeses you get, the more likely you are to say
yes to a big yes. "Well you want me to be successful don't you?" That's
pushing for a yes. The flipside question to that instead is, "Do you want
me to fail?" "That's right."
Marketing Tricks
Digression is a section of a composition or speech that
marks a temporary shift of subject; the digression ends when the writer or
speaker returns to the main topic. Digressions can be used intentionally
as a stylistic or rhetorical device.
Devil's Advocate is someone who, given a certain argument, takes a
position they do not necessarily agree with (or simply an alternative
position from the accepted norm), for the sake of debate or to explore the
thought further.
Heckler is a person
who harasses and tries to disconcert others with questions, challenges, or
gibes. Hecklers are often known to shout disparaging
comments at a
performance or event, or to interrupt set-piece speeches, with the intent
of disturbing performers and/or participants. Interrupts (a public
speaker) with derisive or aggressive
comments or abuse.
Booing is an act of
showing displeasure for someone or something, generally an entertainer, by
loudly yelling boo! (and holding the "oo" sound) or making other noises of
disparagement, such as hissing. People may make hand signs at the
entertainer, such as the thumbs down sign. If spectators particularly
dislike the performance they may also accompany booing by throwing objects
(traditionally rotten fruit and vegetables) onstage, though the objects
may not be meant to physically hurt the performer.
Critics -
Bullies -
Skepticism -
Complaining
Internet Troll
is a person who sows discord on the Internet by starting arguments or
upsetting people, by posting inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic
messages in an online community (such as a newsgroup, forum, chat room, or
blog) with the deliberate intent of provoking readers into an emotional
response or of otherwise disrupting normal on-topic discussion, often for their own amusement.
Good communication needs instructions or a
well understood procedure. To have a good debate that is productive
and effective, everyone involved must understand the rules of the debate,
and also be prepared to explain themselves simply and coherently, and
provide real examples or scenarios of their idea and provide any evidence
that will back up their opinion or assertion.
Questions should be known in advanced, so that the topics can be
focused on. Questions that are off topic can be submitted for the next
debate. First,
everyone must agree on the
definitions of the words we will be using during the debate. If you
use words that are not on the list, or if you have a different definition
of a word, then you need to submit these words and definitions so that the
community can agree on them and understand the intention of the word.
Words: Confirmation Bias, False Consensus,
Bias, Assumptions, Evidence, Proof, Gullible, Vague, Empathy, Freedom
(specify which freedom and make it relative and have an example). Human
Rights. During the debate the person speaking will be encouraged to say
the definition of a word instead using just the word itself. Describe the
word instead of just saying the word.
Junk Science -
Invalid Argument -
Distractions -
Stubborn Denial
Best of Enemies is a 2015 American documentary film about the
televised debates between intellectuals Gore Vidal and William F. Buckley
Jr. during the 1968 United States presidential election.
Political Debates are mostly bullshit and
just a way for
corrupt politicians to
spread
propaganda. It's
political theatre at its worst. There's a difference between
a
debate and a
case that is presented in a courtroom with evidence and
witnesses, such as a mock trial or with a jury deliberation. A debate is
different than having a
real conversation, or an
argument, or a
discussion. Debating is different than
diplomacy, or
conflict resolution,
or
disagreements, or meetings, or
public meetings, or
collaborations or
negotiations. You have to learn a lot more than just knowing how to debate
because there are lots of things that
impede discussions and destroy
conversations, such as
rhetoric, bickering or
complaining, using the
same
key words over and over,
lying,
exaggerations,
assumptions,
beliefs, bogus
analogies,
invalid arguments,
circular arguments, insults,
slander,
personal attacks, sarcasm,
junk science,
scams, question avoidance or
question dodging, political theater, bad faith actors,
two faced scammers,
talking shit about irrelevant things, changing the subject and
free speech
abuse, just to name a few. And when it comes to politics, we don't have
real debates with politicians because politicians can
avoid answering
questions, and they are also allowed to lie,
distort information and
mislead people. So we have ignorant scumbags who can't have real
conversations, but we are forced to believe that they are our
representatives. No
transparency
and no
accountability. Just
fraud and
scumbag behavior.
Discussions - Conversations - Discourse
Discussion is an extended
interactive communication dealing with some
particular topic. An exchange of
views on some topic.
Dialogue is a
written
or
spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a
literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange.
Dialogic refers to the use of conversation or shared dialogue to
explore the meaning of something. This
is as opposed to
monologic which refers to
one entity with all the information simply giving it to others
without exploration and clarification
of meaning through discussion. Dialogic processes refer to implied meaning
in words uttered by a
speaker and
interpreted by a
listener. Dialogic works carry on a continual
dialogue that includes interaction with previous information
presented. The term is used to
describe concepts in literary theory and analysis as well as in
philosophy.
Debating -
Deliberation -
Diplomacy -
Social Learning -
Talking -
Argue -
Invalid Reasoning -
Small Talk -
Language
Conversation is a form of
interactive, spontaneous
communication between two or more people. Typically, it occurs in
spoken
communication, as written exchanges are usually not referred to as
conversations. The development of conversational skills and
etiquette is
an important part of socialization. The development of
conversational
skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and
learning. Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the
structure and organization of human interaction, with a more specific
focus on conversational interaction.
Real
Conversations.
Converse
is to carry on a conversation.
Open Minded.
Discourse is an extended
interactive communication dealing with
some
particular topic. To consider or examine in speech or writing. Carry
on a conversation and talk at length and formally about a topic.
Discourse denotes written and spoken communications
such as: In semantics and discourse analysis: Discourse is a conceptual
generalization of conversation within each modality and context of
communication. The totality of codified language (vocabulary) used in a
given field of intellectual enquiry and of social practice, such as legal
discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse, et cetera. In the work
of Michel Foucault, and that of the social theoreticians he inspired:
discourse describes "an entity of sequences, of signs, in that they are
enouncements (énoncés)", statements in conversation. Discourse is the use
of
language in context. Students learn meanings of scientific terms
through engagement in discourse and practices.
Scientific Discourse includes some
unique features, derived from the highly specialized nature of the
epistemic communities constructing these discourse processes and
practices.
Science
Communication.
Discourse Analysis is a general term for a number of
approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any
significant semiotic event.
Narrative Therapy.
Discourse Ethics refers to a type of argument that attempts to
establish normative or ethical truths by examining the presuppositions of
discourse. Variations of this argument have been used in the establishment
of egalitarian ethics, as well as libertarian ethics.
Critique
is a
detailed analysis and
assessment of something, especially a literary, philosophical, or
political theory.
Critique
is a method of disciplined, systematic study of a written or oral
discourse. Although critique is commonly understood as fault finding and
negative judgment, it can also involve
merit recognition, and in the
philosophical tradition it also means a methodical practice of doubt. The
contemporary sense of critique has been largely influenced by the
Enlightenment critique of prejudice and authority, which championed the
emancipation and autonomy from religious and political authorities.
Dialectic refers
to the dialogue between people holding
different points
of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through
reasoned argumentation. Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept
excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and rhetoric.
Dialectical Reasoning is a discourse between two or more
people
holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to
establish the truth through reasoned
arguments.
Socratic Method is a form of cooperative
argumentative
dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering
questions to
stimulate
critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying
presumptions. It is a dialectical method, often involving a discussion in
which the defense of one point of view is questioned; one participant may
lead another to contradict themselves in some way, thus weakening the defender's point.
Socrates.
Conversation Analysis is an approach to the study of social
interaction, embracing both verbal and
non-verbal conduct,
in situations of everyday life. As its name implies, CA began with a focus
on casual conversation, but its methods were subsequently adapted to
embrace more task- and institution-centered interactions, such as those
occurring in doctors' offices,
courts, law
enforcement, helplines, educational settings, and the
mass media. As a consequence, the term
'conversation analysis' has become something of a misnomer, but it has
continued as a term for a distinctive and successful approach to the
analysis of
social interactions.
Questioning -
Skepticism
-
Assuming -
Hypnotic Language
-
Propaganda
-
Trick Questions
I like to hang out with people that I can have normal
conversations with. If you have difficulty having conversations with
someone, then you spend less time with them. But even a bad conversation
is still better than having no conversation at all. But I definitely like
having good conversations a lot more than having bad conversations. I like
to be productive. If your conversations go nowhere, then I'm not going
with you. I don't have time to go nowhere.
Real Conversations - Meaningful and Deep
Most people never
have
meaningful
conversations for several reasons. Most people are
not
experienced enough or
knowledgeable enough to have a
real conversation.
Most people don't know what questions to ask, or know
how to answer
certain questions accurately enough in order to make sense. Most people
don't know themselves well enough to
accurately express themselves using
language. Most people are
hesitant
to have a real conversation because they
fear they will look stupid, or
feel embarrassed because they are not educated enough to talk about a
particular subject. Most people don't feel the need to have personal
conversations because they
believe that a real conversation is not
necessary, or valuable. Most people don't feel the need to have personal
conversations because they
believe that talking about personal things
could make a
relationship more complicated, which is
understandable, especially when there is a chance of being
misunderstood.
And some people don't want to have real conversations because they don't
want to
listen, and they don't want to
learn because of they have a
lack of empathy, or
they are just disrespectful and prejudice, so they are just too
stubborn to have a real
conversation. This means that most conversations are
not that productive or
meaningful. So most
people never connect on a
meaningful level, which makes this a serious problem with almost every
relationship.
Most schools don't teach people how to have
meaningful conversations, which they could easily do. TV shows and the movies
can sometimes show good
examples of people having real conversations, but that's mostly
passive learning, because there's no open
discussion about how to
interpret the information that
people are exposed to on TV or on other media outlets, which
makes learning dangerously ineffective. There needs to be a
procedure for meaningful conversation
effectiveness. Just like with
medical examinations and
behavior assessments.
This means that people will need to be more educated and need to be more
knowledgeable about themselves and the world around them. No one can ask
the
hard questions when they're not
skilled enough to ask questions effectively, or analyze the answers
effectively. And you don't want to start an
investigation without knowing
the
risks or the
vulnerabilities
that can come from having certain conversations.
Our ability to have long meaningful conversations is absolutely essential
for maintaining a quality of life that respects everyone and everything on
our planet.
But people will
never learn enough if they never
talk enough, or
listen enough,
or
think enough. Most
parents don't know their own children because most people never have
meaningful conversations. Most
divorces
happen when people enter a relationship without
fully knowing the other person, or
without fully understanding themselves, or fully understanding the process of
change and
development. You have to
know the truth, you have to think the truth, you have to speak the truth, and
you have to be the truth. A person should know how to express themselves
using facts, and do so without exaggerations, without biases and without
subjective opinions. You should try to have a least one real conversation
every day, even if it that conversation is only with
yourself.
Language and Thought -
Translations -
Interpretations -
Forums -
Questions and Answers
-
Diplomacy -
Frank -
Interventions -
Half Smart -
Two Faced
We Need To Talk about a controversial topic
without being vague.
To be
upfront and to tell it like it is. Most people can't explain themselves
coherently or honestly because most people never learned how.
Upfront means to be
honest with your
intentions and your
reasons. To be open or
transparent and
straightforward when
explaining what you are really
doing. To be direct without reserve or
secretiveness, or not to
hide
the truth or
mislead someone.
When people don't have deep conversations, there is no true
connection. Our relationships become subjective and vague, and we only see
the surface of things. People are pretending to know the answers to
questions they have never asked. When we stop asking questions, we stop
learning. And when we stop learning, we stop living.
Person Opens Up means that a person
starts to talk more about themselves and their feelings. They become
comfortable enough to talk about their personal feelings, mostly because
they trust someone enough to share personal things about themselves.
Quality Time is the time spent in giving another person one's
undivided attention in
order to strengthen a
relationship,
especially with reference to
working
parents and their child or children. It is
mindfully spending time
together in order to show your
appreciation &
affection for one another, and increase connection and
intimacy in your relationship. It
means not just sitting in the same room at the same time, but actively
choosing to
make time for each other and
for your relationship. Quality time is an expression referring to how an
individual
proactively interacts
with another while they are together, regardless of the duration. It is
the time spent with close family, partners or friends that is in some way
important, special, productive or profitable to one or everyone involved.
It is time that is set aside for paying full and undivided attention to
the person or matter at hand. It may also refer to time spent performing
some favorite activity.
Work–Life Balance -
ParentingSome people would rather
play games then have a real
conversation. Instead of talking directly to a person, some people would
rather just talk indirectly to someone using hints, analogies, or show
some weird behavior that is supposed to intimate something else, or
supposed to say something about someone in an indirect way. When drawing
comparisons in order to show a similarity in some respect, it is extremely
difficult to do effectively without having a real conversation. Making
comparisons is sometimes
one-sided.
Hint is to make an indirect suggestion.
Intimating something else, sometimes using a clue. A slight indication of
something, or a slight amount of something that is just enough to be
estimated or measured. A small piece of useful advice or information, or
an indication of a potential opportunity.
In order to communicate effectively, you have to
understand the words, the sentence, the context, and the subject at the
same time, and then understand all these different elements as a whole,
which means you need a lot more knowledge and information that goes way
beyond the original message. In order to understand the whole meaning of
what you're experiencing, you need knowledge and information and a
particular skill set that manages your knowledge and information, and
effectively uses knowledge and information accurately and factually. You
should have no biases, no assumptions, no pretending to know something, no
believing something without proof or evidence, and there should be no
ignoring of other evidence or other information that may be of value.
To have a real
discussion is a skill you
need to learn. You need to understand the rules of
debates and
arguments. You need to be
open minded with no
bias, no
beliefs and no
assumptions. Just the
facts that are
relative to the subject.
You can't be
stubborn and
pretend that you're not ignorant
about something's, because you can't know everything. You learn to
understand, you don't pretend that you understand. You need to truthful to
yourself, and not lie to yourself. The truth is relative, so make it
relative. And don't expect people to use the same definition for words
that you do, because
all words have different meanings depending on the
context and the
person. A real conversation is skillful and deliberate. An
excuse is not an answer, you have to explain what you're saying. You can
say that you don't know something, but do you know the reason why you don't
know something. Avoid the
small talk and avoid
beating around the bush. You have to
care about learning. You have to care about knowing and care about
understanding. If you don't care to learn or care to know, then you will
never know and you will never learn. You will be ignorant your entire life
and not even know it, and you will die as if you never lived.
How to elicit an authentic 'yes'. Researchers suggest giving people a
script to get an honest answer -- even if it's a hard 'no' -- instead of
acquiescence motivated by awkwardness or guilt.
"You
either have a real conversation, or live with never knowing the truth. The
truth is debatable. But if you never start the debate, you will be the
bait, and you will always be at the low end of the food chain."
Civil Conversation is a
dialogue between two people or a group that
intends to build a better
understanding. Participants don't have to
agree—what matters is the
act of
listening to other people and
learning their perspective. A civil
conversation focuses on process rather than results.
When
having a civil conversation show respect for the views expressed by
others, even if you strongly disagree. Be brief in your
comments so that
all who wish to speak have a chance to express their views. Direct your
comments to the group as a whole, rather than to any one individual. Civil
Conversation Tips: Prepare Ahead of Time. Make Your Conversation Partner
Feel Heard. Set Aside Your Passion. Establish Common Ground. Admit When
They Make a Good Point.
Talk At Their Level. Ask Questions. Let the
Other Person Speak… Even If They Talk… A Lot.
Civil Discourse refers to respectful conversation aimed at fostering
understanding and constructive communication, where individuals within a
group share different
perspectives,
enhancing the learning experience. It is a fundamental aspect of freedom
of speech, characterized by dialogue that supports the societal good.
Civics.
DM stands for
Direct Message, which is a
private
mode of communication between only two social media users, which is used
when a person wants to communicate with someone directly. When you send a
direct message, only you and the recipient can see the content. PM stands
for private message.
Since our education schools and universities
don't teach students how to effectively and efficiently communicate,
everyone is basically in a
cult, because
everyone is
in there own little world,
having their own agenda and individual objectives and perspectives. Even
our media outlets and our information distribution channels are
dysfunctional, they communicate dysfunction, and in the process, create
dysfunctional listeners who have poor communication skills. This creates a
society with small fragmented groups. Communication is underutilized, and
people take language for granted. To have real conversations society needs
to define the guidelines for having real conversations. Like guidelines we
have for meetings. A meeting would have an agenda or a list of important
topics, or a situation that is of concern. Guideline questions would be,
what is known about the subject or situation? How well do we understand
the subject? What are the facts? What things have been measured? What do
these measurements tell us? What would be the next logical steps to take?
Who is responsible for each task? What would be the plan, short term and
long term? What are the key points that we have learned from our meeting?
When shall we meet again?
Sometimes there
are some conversations that you just can't have with certain people.
Some ideas can seem offensive to some people. You want to challenge
peoples thinking, but you don't want to freak people out. Some people will
over react and
assume things, so you have to be ready. It's better to ease
some people into a conversation by
introducing an idea in a way that
asks questions instead
of giving possible answers. And if people
attack your view without having
any evidence of their own to back them up, then it's better to change the
subject, unless you
have a point
to make. But if someone is
not willing to listen, then there is no point,
and there is no point talking to some people unless you're
trying to help them, but
remember, some people don't want to be helped, so sometimes the best you
can do is to just make a
suggestion,
or just walk away. Some people are just
crazy and they're
too ignorant to know how ignorant
they are. This is why most
frivolous
lawsuits never make to court to be debated.
Invalid
arguments are just a waste of time.
knowing when to drop it is when you want someone to stop talking
about something, or to immediately stop what they're were doing in order
to do something else.
Sometimes people like to
make a joke about
a subject to avoid having a real conversation. So when is the right time
for a real conversation? Do we need to set up a
meeting? A meeting with rules
and procedures? Yes. Do we need a real conversation on this subject? Yes.
When?
When someone says something that makes no sense, I usually
ignore what they say because I don't want to interrupt them and make them
explain their comment more clearly. I want to acknowledge what a person
says, but I know I should wait for a better time to have them explain what
they really mean. But even then, most people can't accurately or honestly
explain themselves. So sometimes its better to avoid asking a person
certain questions, especially when the person will have a hard time
answering those questions.
On the TV series
Star Trek Discovery, it's amazing to hear people have
real heart to
heart conversations. But these real conversations always happen during
critical moments
in the
middle of a crisis. Example, "The ship will self destruct in one minute, we
should have a slow meaningful conversation first, and then we should deal
with the problem". I guess what they are saying is, don't wait for an
emergency to happen to have those real conversations, have them now when
you can.
Famous last Words.
Formative Discussion is
incorporating
classroom
discussion in regular
lesson plans.
Teachers can assess their students based on personal communication and
knowledge of the subject matter. This is a form of formative assessment
that takes place during the
learning process
to help the teacher and student understand the discussed information.
Formative Assessment is a range of formal and informal assessment
procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to
modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.
Also known as formative evaluation, formative feedback, or assessment for
learning, including diagnostic testing.
Formative is serving to form something, especially having a
profound and lasting influence on a person's development. A minimal
language unit that has a syntactic or morphological function.
Constructive Dialogue is a form of
conversation in which people who have different values, beliefs, and
perspectives seek to build new ways to understand and interact with each
other, even as they sustain commitments to their own principles and
perspectives.
Constructive.
I don't want to talk about it
usually indicates that the speaker does not want to discuss a particular
topic. When a situation arises that begs for a discussion or
resolution—whether simple or complicated—some people will ignore you or
just walk away saying, “I don't want to talk about it."
Courtrooms is one place where you
might find a real conversation happening. And
debates
and
arguments can sometimes lead to real
conversations and understanding,
but not always. People have to learn how
to have a meaningful conversations, because they just don't happen by
themselves.
Testimony.
Have a Meaningful Conversation (wikihow)
People enjoy deep conversations with strangers. People benefit from
deep and meaningful conversations that help us forge connections with one
another, but we often stick to
small talk with
strangers because we underestimate how much others are interested in our
lives and wrongly believe that deeper conversations will be more awkward
and less enjoyable than they actually are, according to new research.
People seemed to imagine that revealing something meaningful or important
about themselves in conversation would be met with blank stares and
silence, only to find this wasn't true in the actual conversation. Human
beings are deeply social and tend to reciprocate in conversation. If you
share something meaningful and important, you are likely to get something
meaningful and important exchanged in return, leading to a considerably
better conversation.
Talk it Out means to
discuss something thoroughly or to talk about something in detail in order
to
understand how each person sees and interprets each other or interprets
what the problem may be, and solve possible
discrepancies or
misunderstandings each other has, so that a situation or relationship
problem can be resolved.
Open Up to
Someone is to speak
openly and
honestly without the
fear of unfair judgments or
misunderstandings. When someone opens up to you, you should acknowledge
their pain, share how you fee, show gratitude that the person opened up,
show interest, be encouraging, be supportive, practice active listening,
ask questions, but not too many.
Someone may be
closed off and might have a hard time opening up because they don't
feel emotionally safe to do so. They may not perceive it to be safe enough
to share their inner world. The tendency to be closed off can also stem
from previous relational experiences or trauma. Some people from
conservative or collectivistic cultures may be less inclined to discuss
personal issues. People process things in their own way and at varying
speeds, as well; they truly may not know how to answer your questions
because they haven't asked the questions themselves.
Heart to Heart Talk
is a serious conversation between two people in which they talk honestly
about their feelings. A confidential and intimate conversation. The
expression implies that two persons are opening their hearts to each
other.
Get Off Your Chest is to tell
someone about something that has been making them upset or unhappy.
My real conversation procedure. First, you would list the questions
that you would like to ask. Then I would reply to each question with a few
questions of my own that you will need to answer so that I can accurately
answer the main question. Then when you answer my questions effectively, I
will then answer the main question, but only when the question is proven
to be relative or valuable and that the question also has a point or a
purpose.
Most people can't openly talk
about their problems, and there are several reasons for this. Some
people think that it's unnecessary to talk about their problems. Some
people feel ashamed to talk about their problems. Some people feel that
talking about their problems is a sign of weakness. Some people think that
they will look stupid or sound stupid or be misunderstood if they talk
about their problems. And some people can't openly talk about their
problems because they have no one to talk to or they have no one they can
trust to talk to. People can't talk about their problems if they have no
one who is skilled enough and
knowledgeable enough to listen to them and accurately understand them
and the problems that they are having. Most people don't have the
necessary skills and knowledge to communicate effectively and honestly
about their problems. So every school needs to teach every student how to
effectively talk about their problems, and also,
teach every student how to
effectively listen to
other people who are talking about their problems.
It's only human.
We need to talk: Communication prevents inaction by leveraging goodwill.
An experimental game demonstrates that communicating sentiment (i.e.
emotional state, satisfaction) and outlook (i.e. expectations,
aspirations) helps people to cooperate on common problems by reinforcing
pre-existing goodwill, and can lead to better outcomes.
Some people
never speak directly to you,
they mostly
talk at you and just talk around their ideas and and
dance around their thoughts as
if they were asking you a question. It's like a type of mind game where
the other player is not aware that they are in a game or aware that the
game has no rules. Just say what you mean and
stop
beating around the bush.
Don't Go There
means that you do not want to discuss or consider a particular subject
because it's either
irrelevant or it's off limits because of its severity
and it's to painful to talk about, and it would take a lot much time to
discuss.
People don't always know when they are being lied
to. And people don't always know how to effectively react to lies,
or know what to do when they hear lies. This is a big problem. American
people are being
manipulated and lied
to everyday, especially in schools, and most people are not doing anything about it. People get mad
when a family member lies to them. People get mad when a friend lies to
them. But people
don't always
realize when they are being lied to, or aware that they are being lied
to. And sometimes people just
ignore the lies
the hear or see, and people sometimes ignore
the lies they tell themselves. This is a big problem.
Interlocutor is a person who takes part in a dialogue or
conversation.
Small Talk.
Cooperative Principle describes how people achieve effective
conversational communication in common social situations—that is, how
listeners and speakers act
cooperatively and mutually accept one another
to be understood in a particular way. Make your contribution such as
is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or
direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
Grice's Maxims.
Indirect speech acts are commonly used to
reject proposals and to make requests. For example, if a speaker asks,
"Would you like to meet me for coffee?" and the other replies, "I have
class." The second speaker has used an indirect speech act to reject the
proposal. This is indirect because the literal meaning of "I have class"
does not entail any sort of
rejection.
An opinion is never just an
opinion, because there's always more to an opinion. An opinion is an
observation that may not be based on
facts and knowledge, but who's facts and knowledge are we talking about,
the person giving the opinion or the person receiving the opinion? This is
why you must be able to clearly
explain your opinion, other wise it's just empty words thrown around
as if to be communication something. People talk, but they're not
communicating fully enough or listening clearly enough. People have to
learn how to have constructive conversations, if not, then societies and
people all over the world will continue to suffer from the horrible side
effects of disputes that arise from communication failures, like war,
crimes, corruption and pollution. All people
overreact, some more than
others. Most people
jump to conclusions,
they
over exaggerate things, they under
estimate things and they
contradict
things they claim that they know. Every human under estimates the
importance of human language and communication. This is the reason why we
have so many problems. And this can easily be corrected by giving people
access to knowledge and information that would allow people to improve and
progress in all aspects of human development and communication.
I noticed throughout my life
that
hardly anyone ever has a meaningful or deep
conversation. No one takes the time to ask
questions that would
help them to truly understand someone or understand the world around them. There's no real
investigations into reality.
People just see the surface and
pretend that they know what's underneath it all. There for, there is
very little learning going on. It's easy to overlook things when you don't
know they exist. To
assume is to
live a
lie.
Negotiation -
Compromise -
Conflict Resolution (Dispute Management)
Diplomacy -
Public Hearing -
Reasoning -
Activism
Clear the Air is to remove the bad feelings
between people by talking about it in order to clarify an angry, tense, or
confused situation. Having a discussion to make things more comfortable
and easy to deal with.
Brain Storming -
Decision Making -
Collaboration
Lawsuit -
Arbitration
-
Laws -
Marketing -
Professions"No
one should ever remain silent for fear of complexity"-
Elif Shafak. (But don't just talk for the sake of talking. Be
masterful when speaking. Stay focused and enjoy
listening. And don't forget to follow up when the moment is
appropriate).
Listening - Hearing Accurately when other People Speak
Listen
is to
hear with the
intention
to
understand. Listening is to
pay close
attention to someone when they are
talking or when they are communicating with you. Listening is a skill
that you
have to learn and
practice often in order to
listen effectively.
Compassion -
Reading -
Real
Conversations -
Honesty -
Attention -
Attending
Active
Listening is a
communication technique used in
counseling,
training and
conflict resolution. It requires the listener
to fully
concentrate,
understand,
respond and then
remember what is being said.
This is opposed to
reflective listening where the
listener repeats back to
the
speaker what they have just heard to
confirm understanding of
both
parties. Active Listening is a
mental process that requires concentrating on
sound, getting
meaning from it and responding to it.
Research suggests that the average person
hears
between 20,000 and 30,000 words during the course of a 24-hour period. The
average number of words you're able to
listen
to per minute is around 450. Most people usually only
remember about 17-25% of the things they listen
to.
Comprehension -
Speed Listening -
Speed Writing -
Typing Speed -
Speed ReadingDo
Not
Interrupt Someone Speaking -
Be Quiet
Hear is to
perceive sound via
the
auditory sense.
Hearing is getting to
know something or to become
aware of something.
Hearing is to listen and
pay attention.
To receive a communication from someone. To hear
evidence or
examine a case by judicial process.
To expresses enthusiastic
agreement. To
discover,
learn,
notice
or
comprehend.
Receive is to get something or come into
possession of something. To register a
perceptual input. Be subject to a specified treatment or analysis.
Convert into sounds or
pictures.
Receiver is a person who
receives
signals from something or someone. To get
something or to come into possession of something, something like
information. A
receiver is also an
earphone that
converts
electrical signals into
sounds.
Radio.
Copy That or just "Copy" is widely used in speech and text-based
communications with the meaning "
I Heard
and Understood the Message."
Roger That
also indicates a message had been received, heard and understood.
Intel.
Open-Mindedness is being
receptive to new ideas without being
biased or
stubborn and without
jumping to conclusions.
Open-mindedness relates to the way in which people approach the views and
knowledge of others. People should be
free to
express their views, and the
value
of other
peoples knowledge should be
recognized. Being
open to new
knowledge so that
learning and
progress are not
impeded in any
way. Be open to
correction. Not having a
closed mind.
Openness
is an overarching concept or philosophy that is characterized by an
emphasis on
transparency and
collaboration. That is, openness refers to "
accessibility
of knowledge, technology and other resources; the transparency of
action; the permeability of organizational structures; and the
inclusiveness of participation". Openness can be said to be the opposite
of closedness, central authority and
secrecy.
Open government is the
governing
doctrine which holds that
citizens have
the right to access the documents and proceedings of the government to
allow for effective public oversight. Openness in government applies the
idea of freedom of information to information held by authorities and
holds that citizens should have the right to see the operations and
activities of government at work. Since reliable information is requisite
for
accountability, freedom of
access to information about the government supports government
accountability and helps protect other necessary rights.
Receptive is willing to
consider or
accept
new suggestions and ideas. Able or
willing to receive something different.
Listening is extremely important for
learning. If you don't listen, you don't
learn. But if you
listen to the wrong things or
misunderstand what you are hearing, then listening will not help benefit
you as much as it should.
Cognition.
"Every person
that you meet knows something that you don’t, which means that you can
learn something new."
"Knowledge speaks, but wisdom listens."
Jimi
Hendrix (wiki)
You were Born with Two Ears and One Mouth for a Reason.
We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much as we
speak.
"If we were meant to talk more than listen, we would have
two mouths and one ear."
Mark Twain (1835 - 1910)
Attentive Listening helps teens open up, study finds. Engaged
listening techniques such as eye contact, nodding and using key words to
praise openness helps teenagers when they admit bad behavior and share
hurt feelings with their parents, a new study has shown.
Attentive.
When you say to
someone, "
do you even hear yourself" it
means that the person does not understand what they are saying and that
their statement is somewhat crazy or ridiculous.
Having a good listener improves your brain health. Researchers find
having someone to listen to you when you need to talk is associated with
greater
cognitive resilience. New study
shows social interaction in adulthood can stave off cognitive decline
despite brain aging. Supportive social interactions in adulthood are
important for your ability to stave off cognitive decline despite brain
aging or neuropathological changes such as those present in Alzheimer's
disease, a new study finds.
Hang on Every Word is to listen very
closely, intently, or with
obsequious attention to what one is saying.
I'm All Ears is saying to someone that
you are willing, ready and
eager to listen to what they have to say.
Hear Me Out means to have someone
listen to you until you finish speaking or finish explaining what you're
trying to say.
Undivided
Attention is to listen carefully to someone and
care about what
that person is saying. It is the act of
focusing on just listening without having your attention divided or
split, which could cause distractions or decrease your ability to listen
accurately.
Reflective Listening is a communication strategy involving
two key steps, seeking to
understand a speaker's idea, then offering the
idea back to the speaker, to
confirm the idea has been
understood
correctly. It attempts to
reconstruct what the client is thinking and
feeling and to relay this understanding back to the client. Reflective
listening is a more specific strategy than the more general methods of
active listening. Focusing upon the conversation by reducing or
eliminating any kind of
distraction. Genuinely
embracing the speaker’s
perspective without necessarily
agreeing with it. By engaging in a
non-judgmental and empathetic approach, listeners encourage the others to
speak freely.
Mirroring the mood of the speaker, reflecting the
emotional state with words and
nonverbal communication. This requires the
listener to quiet his mind and focus fully upon the mood of the speaker.
This mood will become apparent not just in the words used but in the tone
of voice, posture and other nonverbal cues given by the speaker. The
listener will look for congruence between words and mood.
Summarizing
what the speaker said, using the speaker’s own words rather than merely
paraphrasing words and phrases, thereby mirroring the essential concept of
the speaker. Responding to the speaker's specific point, without
digressing to other subjects. Repeating the procedure for each subject,
and switching the roles of speaker and listener, if necessary. During
the reflective listening approach, both client and therapist embrace the
technique of thoughtful
silence, rather than to engage in idle chatter.
Empathic
Concern is the ability to accurately listen and understand someone in need.
To
empathize and
respond to another's perceived emotional state by experiencing feeling of
a similar sort. Other emotions include feelings of tenderness, sympathy,
compassion,
soft-heartedness, and the like. Empathic concern or sympathy not
only include empathizing, but also entails having a positive regard or a
non-fleeting concern for the other person. Listening Skills:
Patience and Tolerance ,
avoiding
Alarm
Fatigue and crying wolf,
confirm listening.
When listening, you have to
quite your
internal monologue or quite your inner voice so that you are
truly
listening and not just waiting to speak. Keep
silent when
listening. Give full
attention and correctly
hear
and
understand someone's
message. Sometimes it's hard when someone's
talking and you have a question to ask, but you want to be
polite and wait until a person finishes speaking. And then you
have to decide if the question that you want to ask is
appropriate at this time? Because you first want to
respond so
that you can
confirm
that you heard the person correctly before you ask questions that might
lead in a different direction. Sometimes
you have to hold your
questions for another time. Have a
psychological connection. Do not create resistance in the
listener. It's hard to listen to things that you don't understand. But
don't pretend that you understand the subject. Tell the person that you're
not sure that you understand them completely, but you're
definitely
interested in what they're saying. Trying to condense an
experience or piece of knowledge is risky, because you can easily be
misunderstood. And trying to give
too many details can also
backfire, because the message could easily be lost within all those
details. Also, try not to get caught up in the heat of an
argument or conversation. And
remember, many things can
distract us.
So the skills needed to
focus, listen and to be
aware need to be
practiced
and deliberately used when needed, which is most of the time. Listen to
understand and not just be waiting to reply.
Body Language -
Senses -
Not Paying Attention (not
listening)
Most
People are Not Listening to what Their Own Body is Telling Them. Not
only do people not listen effectively to people and to the world around
them, people also do not listen effectively to the world inside them.
Interpretation -
Processing -
Action -
Empathy.
"Listen to understand, and just
don't pretend to be listening in order to give a reply."
"If you
hardly ever listen to
someone, eventually they will stop talking to you and they will also
stop listening to you."
How sounds going into our
ears become words going through our brains.
You're walking along a busy city street. All around you are the sounds of
subway trains, traffic, and music coming from storefronts. Suddenly, you
realize one of the sounds you're hearing is someone speaking, and that you
are listening in a different way as you
pay attention to what they are saying. Neuroscientists have understood
for some time that when we hear sounds of understandable language our
brains react differently than they do when we hear non-speech sounds or
people talking in languages we do not know. When we hear someone talking
in a familiar language, our
brain quickly shifts
to pay attention, process the speech sounds by turning them into words,
and understand what is being said.
Rapid Transformation from Auditory to Linguistic Representations of
Continuous Speech.
Do Not Interrupt - “I’m
sorry I interrupted you, please finish what you were saying.”
We can listen to
500 words a minute, but only speak 250 words a minute.
Julian Treasure 5 ways to Listen Better (video)
Listening Skills -
Focus
Get Lincoln's Ear means to obtain
someone's attention, especially favorable attention.
Informational Listening (PDF)
-
Directed Listening and Thinking Activity (PDF)
Silence is Golden -
Internal Listening
Falling on Deaf Ears is when you speak
but people fail to hear you because they are either
ignoring you
or they are too
ignorant to
understand what you're saying.
Stubborn.
"Nobody is deaf as a person who doesn't want to listen" or "There's none
so deaf as those who will not hear".
Communication Breakdown is a failure to exchange information and
an obstruction to learning.
Introvert?
Selective Auditory Attention is a type of selective attention and
involves the auditory system of the nervous system. Selective hearing is
characterized as the action in which people
Focus their Attention on a specific
source of a sound or spoken words. The sounds and noise in the surrounding
environment is heard by the auditory system but only certain parts of the
auditory information are processed in the brain. Most often, auditory
attention is directed at things people are most interested in hearing.
You can't hear
something that you have never learned how to listen for.
Being able to truly listen to someone takes
awareness,
focus and knowing what to listen
for by knowing the person and by knowing the different ways that people
use to communicate.
Bias.
Non-Conformist is a person whose
behavior or views
do not conform to
prevailing ideas or
practices. Someone who seeks
proof
and does
not pretend to know
things.
Know the
difference between
hearing and listening. Know the
difference between deliberate Listening and passive listening.
The
main reason why you don't listen and learn is because you never learned
how to listen, and you never learned why learning is important. The main
reason why you have no time to educate yourself is because you never took
the time to educate yourself about why it's important to find the time
that is needed to keep educating yourself. Most of what you project to the
world gets reflected back to you. If you neglect yourself or neglect
someone else, you will be neglected.
Media Literacy -
Comprehension
when Listening -
Analyze Information Accurately
Unbiased Listening -
Non-Judgmental Listening
"We listen to obtain information. We listen to understand. We listen for
enjoyment. We listen to learn."
Auditory
Neuroscience Laboratory -
Auditory-Processing Malleability -
Listening Skills
Brain Mechanisms of Pitch Perception. To emphasize a word, we
may briefly raise our
pitch or increase the
volume of our voice when speaking. This alone can change the meaning of a sentence.
A study performed
high-density brain recordings on clinically monitored neurosurgical
patients. They discovered that
intonational pitch is represented by a
highly specialized and dedicated neural population in the auditory cortex.
Discrete cortical sites extracted intonational information in real time
from the speech signal. These sites were overlapping with, but
functionally independent from, sites that encode other critical aspects of
speech, such as the phonemes and information about the speaker.
Speakers of all human languages regularly use intonational pitch to convey
linguistic meaning, such as to emphasize a particular word. Listeners
extract pitch movements from speech and evaluate the shape of intonation
contours independent of each speaker’s pitch range. The study used high-density electrocorticography to record neural population activity directly from
the brain surface while participants listened to sentences that varied in
intonational pitch contour, phonetic content, and speaker. Cortical
activity at single electrodes over the human superior temporal gyrus
selectively represented intonation contours. These electrodes were
intermixed with, yet functionally distinct from, sites that encoded
different information about phonetic features or speaker identity.
Furthermore, the representation of intonation contours directly reflected
the encoding of speaker-normalized relative pitch but not absolute
pitch.
Listening Techniques
1. Stop Talking: Don't talk or
limit your own talking and just listen.
You can’t talk and listen at the same time. If you are
thinking about what you are going to say next, then you're not
listening. Don’t argue mentally. Don’t allow yourself to become
annoyed or irritated with anything that is said. Try agreeing with points
to see if you can understand the speaker’s perspective better.
Don’t jump to conclusions. Avoid making unwarranted
assumptions
about what is going to be said. Don’t mentally try to complete
the other person’s sentences. Listen and learn.
When somebody else is talking, listen to what
they are saying, do not interrupt, or talk over them or finish
their sentences for them. Stop, just listen.
Don’t interrupt or change the subject. A pause, even a long
pause, doesn’t always mean that the speaker has finished saying
everything that he or she has to say. When the other
person has finished talking, then you may need to clarify to ensure
you have received their message accurately.
2. Prepare Yourself to Listen: Prepare in advance. Remarks and
questions prepared in advance,
when possible,
free your mind for listening.
Relax.
Focus on the speaker. Put other things out of mind.
Turn off your own worries. Turning off and tuning in aren’t
always easy, but they are important. Personal problems or
worries not connected with the subject at hand form a kind of
internal "static" that can blank out the real message that you
are tuning in. The
human mind is easily distracted by other thoughts – what’s for
lunch, what time do I need to leave to catch my train, is it
going to rain – try to put other thoughts out of mind and
concentrate on the messages that are being communicated.
Concentrate on what you are hearing. Focus your mind on what the
speaker is saying. Practice shutting out outside distractions
when listening.
3. Put the Speaker at Ease: Help the speaker to
feel free to speak. Remember their needs and
concerns. Nod or use other
gestures or words to encourage them
to continue. Maintain eye contact but don’t stare – show you are
listening and understanding what is being said.
React to ideas, not the person. Don’t allow
irritation to rise
from things said, or from mannerisms. Try not to respond to
these distractions. Base your response on principles, not
personalities.
4. Remove Distractions:
Focus on what is being said: don’t doodle, shuffle papers, look
out the window, pick your fingernails or similar. Avoid
unnecessary interruptions. These behaviors disrupt the listening
process and send messages to the speaker that you are bored or
distracted.
Consider taking notes. In some settings, taking notes is
appropriate and will help you remember important points. Be
selective. Trying to take notes on everything said can result in
being left far behind or in retaining irrelevant information.
5. Empathize: Try to
understand the other person’s point of view. Look at
issues from their
perspective. Let go of preconceived ideas. By
having an open mind we can more fully empathize with the
speaker. If the speaker says something that you disagree with
then wait and construct an argument to counter what is said but
keep an open mind to the views and opinions of others.
6. Be Patient: A pause, even a long pause, does not necessarily mean that the
speaker has finished.
Be patient and let the speaker continue in
their own time, sometimes it takes time to formulate what to say
and how to say it. Never interrupt or finish a sentence for
someone.
Listen for ideas, not just words. You want to get the whole
picture, not just isolated bits and pieces. Listen for key
themes.
Use interjections to punctuate your listening. An occasional
"Yes" or "I see" shows you are still with the speaker. However,
wait until the speaker has finished his or her comment, and
don’t overdo or use interjections as meaningless comments.
7. Avoid Personal Prejudice: Try to be impartial. Don't become irritated and don't let the
person’s habits or mannerisms distract you from what they are
really saying. Everybody has a different way of speaking - some
people are for example more nervous or shy than others, some
have regional accents or make excessive arm movements, some
people like to pace whilst talking - others like to sit still.
Focus on what is being said and try to ignore styles of
delivery.
8. Listen to the Tone: Volume and tone both add to what someone is saying. A good
speaker will use both volume and
tone to their advantage to keep
an audience attentive; everybody will use pitch, tone and volume
of voice in certain situations – let these help you to
understand the emphasis of what is being said.
9. Listen for Ideas – Not Just Words: You need to get the whole picture, not just isolated bits and
pieces. Maybe one of the most difficult aspects of listening is
the ability to link together pieces of information to reveal the
ideas of others. With proper concentration, letting go of
distractions, and focus this
becomes easier.
10. Wait and Watch for Non-Verbal Communication: Gestures, facial expressions, and eye-movements can all be
important. We don’t just listen with our ears but also with our eyes –
watch and pick up the additional information being transmitted via
non-verbal communication.
Skills you Need.
More Tips: When listening, asking
a good question tells the speaker the listener has not only heard what was
said, but that they comprehended it well enough to want additional
information. Good listening was consistently seen as a two-way dialog.
It's good to Restate issues to confirm that their understanding is
correct. Good listeners make the conversation a positive experience for
the other party. Good listening is characterized by the creation of a safe
environment in which issues and differences could be discussed openly. A
good listener increasingly understands the other person’s emotions and
feelings about the topic at hand, and identifies and acknowledges them.
The listener empathizes with and validates those feelings in a supportive,
nonjudgmental way. Good listeners never highjack the conversation so that
they or their issues become the subject of the discussion. 80% of what we
communicate comes from
body language
signals.
Listening is the
ability to
accurately receive and
interpret messages in the
communication process.
Listening is key to all effective communication, without the
ability to listen effectively messages are easily misunderstood
– communication breaks down and the sender of the message can
easily become frustrated or irritated.
A good listener will
listen not only to what is being said, but also to what is left
unsaid or only partially said.
Effective listening involves observing
body language and
noticing inconsistencies between verbal and non-verbal messages.
For example, if someone tells you that they are happy with their
life but through gritted teeth or with tears filling their eyes,
you should consider that the verbal and non-verbal messages are
in conflict, they maybe don't mean what they say.
Teaching Listening - Listening Strategies
Strategies for developing listening skills. Language learning depends on listening.
Listening provides the aural input that serves as the basis for
language acquisition and enables learners to interact in spoken
communication.
Effective language instructors show students how
they can adjust their listening behavior to deal with a variety of
situations, types of input, and listening purposes. They help students
develop a set of listening strategies and match appropriate strategies to
each listening situation.
Listening strategies are techniques or
activities that contribute directly to the comprehension and recall of
listening input. Listening strategies can be classified by how the
listener processes the input.
Top-down strategies are listener
based; the listener taps into background knowledge of the topic, the
situation or context, the type of text, and the language. This background
knowledge activates a set of expectations that help the listener to
interpret what is heard and anticipate what will come next. Top-down
strategies include
Listening for the main idea - Predicting -
Drawing inferences - Summarizing.
Bottom-up strategies are text
based; the listener relies on the language in the message, that is, the
combination of sounds, words, and grammar that creates meaning. Bottom-up
strategies include: Listening for specific details - Recognizing
cognates - Recognizing word-order patterns.
Strategic listeners
also use metacognitive strategies to plan, monitor, and evaluate their
listening. They plan by deciding which listening strategies will serve
best in a particular situation. They monitor their comprehension and
the effectiveness of the selected strategies. They evaluate by
determining whether they have achieved their listening comprehension goals
and whether the combination of listening strategies selected was an
effective one.
Listening for Meaning. To extract meaning from
listening to text, students need to follow four basic steps: Figure out
the purpose for listening. Activate background knowledge of the topic in
order to predict or anticipate content and identify appropriate listening
strategies. Attend to the parts of the listening input that are
relevant to the identified purpose and ignore the rest. This selectivity
enables students to focus on specific items in the input and reduces the
amount of information they have to hold in short-term memory in order to
recognize it. Select top-down and bottom-up strategies that are
appropriate to the listening task and use them flexibly and interactively.
Students' comprehension improves and their confidence increases when they
use top-down and bottom-up strategies simultaneously to construct meaning.
Check comprehension while listening and when the listening task is over.
Monitoring comprehension helps students detect inconsistencies and
comprehension failures, directing them to use alternate strategies.
Hearing Difficulties
Audiology is a branch of science that studies
hearing, balance, and related disorders. Its
practitioners, who treat those with hearing loss and proactively prevent
related damage are audiologists. Employing various testing strategies
(e.g. hearing tests, otoacoustic emission measurements,
videonystagmography, and electrophysiologic tests), audiology aims to
determine whether someone can hear within the normal range, and if not,
which portions of hearing (high, middle, or low frequencies) are affected,
to what degree, and where the lesion causing the hearing loss is found
(outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, auditory nerve and/or central nervous
system). If an audiologist determines that a hearing loss or vestibular
abnormality is present he or she will provide recommendations to a patient
as to what options (e.g. hearing aid, cochlear implants, appropriate
medical referrals) may be of assistance. In addition to testing hearing,
audiologists can also work with a wide range of clientele in
rehabilitation (individuals with tinnitus, auditory processing disorders,
cochlear implant users and/or hearing aid users), from pediatric
populations to veterans and may perform assessment of tinnitus and the
vestibular system.
American
Academy of Audiology
Auditory Training?
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory.
Listening Training and Auditory Integration
Auditory
Processing Techniques
The
Listening Center
Learning Specialists
(Child Development)
How to Listen when
others are Speaking -
Hearing
Impaired -
Deafness
-
Sounds
Auditory Integration Training is used for clinical depression and
suicidal tendencies, along with positive results for dyslexia and autism,
although there has been very little empirical evidence regarding this
assertion.
Learning to Speak - Speech
Speech is the
vocalized form of
communication based upon the
syntactic combination of
lexicals
and
names that are drawn from very
large
vocabularies. Each spoken
word is created out of the
phonetic combination of a limited set of
vowel
and consonant speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which
structures them, and their set of speech sound units differ, creating the
existence of many thousands of different types of mutually
unintelligible
human
languages. Most human speakers are able to communicate in two or
more of them, hence being
polyglots. The vocal abilities that enable humans
to produce speech also provide humans with the ability to
sing.
Oracy
is a word formed by
analogy from
literacy and
numeracy. The purpose is to draw attention to the neglect of oral
skills in education.
Speaking Effectively -
Discussions -
Debates -
Arguments -
Listening -
Voice Sounds
Talk is to
speak
in order to
give information or
express ideas or
feelings. To
converse or
communicate
by
spoken words.
Speak is to make a
characteristic or
natural
sound used in
language to exchange
thoughts or convey ideas.
Speeches
-
Speech Recognition
Speech and Language Pathology is a field of expertise
practiced by a clinician known as a
speech-language pathologist (SLP),
also called speech and language therapist, or speech therapist, who
specializes in the evaluation and treatment of communication disorders,
cognition, voice disorders, and swallowing disorders. A common
misconception is that speech-language pathology is restricted to
correcting
pronunciation difficulties, such as helping English speaking
individuals enunciate their "s" and "r" sounds, and helping people who
stutter to speak more fluently. In fact, speech-language pathology is
concerned with a broad scope of speech, language, swallowing, and voice
issues involving communication, some of which are: Word-finding issues,
either as a result of a specific language problem such as a language delay
or a more general issue such as dementia. Social communication
difficulties involving how people communicate ideas with others
(pragmatics). Structural language impairments, including difficulties
creating sentences that are grammatical (syntax) and meaningful
(semantics). Literacy impairments (reading and writing) related to the
letter-to-sound relationship (
phonics), the word-to-meaning relationship
(semantics), and understanding the ideas presented in a text (reading
comprehension). Voice difficulties, such as a
raspy voice, a voice that is too
soft, or other voice difficulties that negatively impact a person's social
or professional performance. Cognitive impairments (e.g., attention,
memory, executive function) to the extent that they interfere with
communication. The components of speech production include: phonation
(producing sound); resonance; fluency; Intonation, Pitch variance; Voice
(including aeromechanical components of respiration) The components of
language include:
phonology (manipulating sound according to the rules of
a language); Morphology (understanding and using minimal units of
meaning); syntax (constructing sentences according to languages' grammar
rules); semantics (interpreting signs or symbols of communication to
construct meaning); pragmatics (social aspects of communication).
Primary pediatric speech and language disorders include receptive and
expressive language disorders, speech sound disorders, childhood apraxia
of speech, stuttering, and language-based learning disabilities.
Swallowing disorders include difficulties in any system of the swallowing
process (i.e. oral, pharyngeal, esophageal), as well as functional
dysphagia and feeding disorders. Swallowing disorders can occur at any age
and can stem from multiple causes.
If you notice
your child is experiencing a speech delay, or having any trouble
with understanding communication and/or communicating to you, it’s best to
talk to your healthcare provider. There are many possible solutions that
they can help you explore. One type of healthcare provider that often
deals with communication issues is a speech-language pathologist. They
help children find ways to communicate effectively through verbal and
non-verbal language. A child may need to see a speech-language pathologist
if they experience difficulty: Feeding or swallowing – unable to safely
eat or drink age-appropriate foods and liquids.
Articulating certain sounds with fluent speech, like stuttering.
Difficulty using words, phrases, and sentences to communicate at an age
appropriate level – needs help using words to communicate and/or turning
words into phrases. Difficulty understanding information such as
directions or questions – needs help understanding words spoken to them.
Difficulty organizing information and regulating behavior.
Speech Pathology Services
Learning Specialists
(Child Development)
International Speech Communication Association.
International Pragmatics
Association.
Praat.
Neural responses to speech in infants predict literacy. The ability of
infants to process speech in the brain can predict later development of
language and literacy. Recent research findings can help to develop new
ways of preventing problems with reading even before school age.
Using Praat for
Linguistic Research.
Voice
Sauce Program for Voice Analysis.
TalkBank Database
-
Speech Websites
Expressive Synthetic Speech Resource.
Speech Accents
Archive.
Speech-Language
and Hearing
Speech
Buddy -
Speech Easy
-
Articulation
Language -
Writing -
Reading
Motor Learning and Control
(wiki books)
UCLA Bureau of Glottal Affairs
Part-of-Speech Tagging is the process of marking up a word in a text
(corpus) as corresponding to a particular part of speech, based on both
its definition and its
context. A
simplified form of this is commonly taught to school-age children, in the
identification of words as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc. Once
performed by hand,
POS tagging is now done in the context of computational
linguistics, using algorithms which associate discrete terms, as well as
hidden parts of speech, by a set of descriptive tags. POS-tagging
algorithms fall into two distinctive groups: rule-based and stochastic. E.
Brill's tagger, one of the first and most widely used English POS-taggers,
employs rule-based algorithms.
Babies First Words (effects on children) -
Learning to Speak -
Learning a New
Language
Speaking baby talk to infants isn’t just cute, it could help them learn to
make words. By mimicking the sound of a smaller vocal tract, adults
may be cluing babies in to how the words should sound coming out of their own mouths.
Implanted Memories Teach Birds a Song. Discovery boosts understanding
of how human brain learns speech.
Motor Theory of Speech Perception. is the hypothesis that people
perceive spoken words by identifying the vocal tract gestures with which
they are pronounced rather than by identifying the sound
patterns
that
speech generates. It originally claimed that
speech perception is done through a specialized module that is innate and
human-specific. Though the idea of a module has been qualified in more
recent versions of the theory, the idea remains that the role of the
speech motor system is not only to produce speech articulations but also
to detect them.
Speech Perception is the process by which the sounds of language are
heard, interpreted, and understood. Research in speech perception seeks to
understand how human
listeners recognize speech
sounds and use this information to
understand spoken language.
Origin of Speech differs from the
origin of
language because language is not necessarily spoken; it could equally
be written or signed.
Speech is a fundamental aspect
of human communication and plays a vital role in the everyday lives of
humans. It allows them to
convey thoughts,
emotions, and ideas, and providing the ability to connect with others and
shape collective reality.
Speech Synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A
computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and
can be implemented in software or hardware products. A
text-to-speech or TTS system converts
normal language text into speech; other systems render
symbolic linguistic representations like
phonetic transcriptions into speech. The reverse process is
speech recognition.
AI Voice Generator.
Create the most realistic speech with our
AI audio
platform. Pioneering research in
Text to
Speech, AI Voice Generator, and more. Generate high quality speech
in any voice, style, and language. Our
AI voice
generator renders human intonation and inflections with exceptional
fidelity, adjusting the delivery based on context.
Augmented.
Language Processing Areas of the Brain
If the region in which the meaning of
language is
processed is
impaired, the so-called left angular gyrus, our brain is able
to balance it well. In this case the neighboring area, the anterior
inferior frontal gyrus, stands in and enhances its activity.
Dorsal Precentral Gyrus plays an essential
role in how people use the
sound of their voices to control how they want
the words to sound.
Precentral gyrus is a prominent gyrus on the surface of the posterior
frontal lobe of the brain. It is the site of the primary motor cortex that
in humans is cytoarchitecturally defined as Brodmann area 4.
Angular Gyrus is
transferring visual information to Wernicke's area, in order to
make
meaning out of visually perceived words. It is also involved in a number
of processes related to language, number
processing and spatial cognition,
memory retrieval, attention, and theory of mind. It is Brodmann area 39 of
the human
brain.
Broca's Area is a region in the
frontal lobe
of the dominant
hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain with
functions linked to speech production.
Inferior Frontal Gyrus is also extremely important for language
comprehension and production due to the fact that most language
processing
takes place in the
left hemisphere. Speech takes both sides of the
brain.
Brodmann Area 45
determines whether a word represents an abstract or a concrete entity, and
generation tasks or generating a verb associated with a noun.
Neuroscientists find multiple brain regions control speech,
challenging a common assumption that only the primary
motor cortex, nicknamed M1, directly influences the larynx or voice
box, instead, several cortical regions send signals to laryngeal muscles
to create greater vocal finesse in some nonhuman primates. This kind of
parallel processing in our neural wiring might explain why humans are
capable of highly sophisticated language that allows us to share
information, express and perceive emotion, and tell memorable stories.
Brain recordings in people before surgery reveal how all minds plan what
to say prior to speaking. A new study in people undergoing surgery to
treat seizures related to epilepsy shows that pauses in speech reveal
information about how people's brains plan and produce speech. The study
results add to evidence that neighboring brain regions, the
inferior frontal gyrus and the
motor cortex, play an important role in
such planning before words are said aloud. Latencies were longest in the
inferior or lower regions of the motor cortex as well as another surface
layer, the inferior frontal gyrus, at 1.0 second and 0.75 second,
respectively. Because patients were able to keep speaking so long after
stimulation, investigators say this suggests that these regions are more
likely than other regions to be involved in planning what people want to
say. Smaller latencies, lasting on average 0.5 second, were found in other
parts of the motor cortex. Researchers say these shorter interruptions of
speech indicate that these regions play a more crucial role in the
physical mechanics of speaking.
Mechanisms of Real-Time Speech Interpretation in the Human Brain revealed.
Speech-Brain Machine Interfaces may unlock new information about how
the brain
encodes speech by developing an
algorithm for
brain machine interfaces that would not only decode gestures but also
combine those decoded gestures to form words. Speech is composed of
individual sounds, called
phonemes,
that are produced by coordinated movements of the lips, tongue, palate and
larynx, called articulatory gestures.
Synthetic Speech Generated from Brain Recordings. New Technology is a
stepping stone to a
neural speech prosthesis. Scientists at the
University of California, San Francisco, implanted electrodes into the
brains of volunteers and decoded signals in cerebral speech centres to
guide a computer-simulated version of their vocal tract - lips, jaw,
tongue and larynx - to generate speech through a synthesizer.
Speech synthesis
from neural decoding of spoken sentences (youtube).
N400 in neuroscience is part of the normal brain response to
words and other
meaningful or potentially meaningful
stimuli, including visual
and auditory words,
sign language
signs, pictures, faces, environmental sounds, and smells. A component
of time-locked EEG signals known as event-related potentials (ERP). It is a negative-going deflection that
peaks around 400 milliseconds post-stimulus onset, although it can
extend from 250-500 ms, and is typically maximal over centro-parietal
electrode sites.
Rhythmic Structure of Words. Word blends combine fragments from two
words, either in speech errors or when a new word is created. Previous
work has demonstrated that in Japanese, such blends preserve moraic
structure; in English they do not. A similar effect of moraic structure is
observed in perceptual research on segmentation of continuous speech in
Japanese; English listeners, by contrast, exploit stress units in
segmentation, suggesting that a general rhythmic constraint may underlie
both findings. The present study examined whether mis parallel would also
hold for word blends. In spontaneous English polysyllabic blends, the
source words were significantly more likely to be split before a strong
than before a weak (unstressed) syllable, i.e. to be split at a stress
unit boundary. In an experiment in which listeners were asked to identify
the source words of blends, significantly more correct detections resulted
when splits had been made before strong syllables. Word blending, like
speech segmentation, appears to be constrained by language rhythm.
Language Processing in the Brain refers to the way humans use words to
communicate ideas and feelings, and how such communications are processed
and understood. Thus it is how the brain creates and understands
language.
Most recent theories consider that this process is carried out entirely by
and inside the brain; however,
environmental factors play a role in the
development of language processing as well.
Speech Communication is the vocalized form of communication
based upon the syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn
from very large
vocabularies,
usually about 1,000 different words. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination
of a limited set of
vowel and consonant speech sound units
or phonemes.
These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their sets of
speech sound units differ, creating many thousands of different, and
mutually unintelligible, human languages. Most human speakers are able to
communicate in two or more of them, hence being polyglots. The vocal
abilities that enable humans to produce speech also enable them to
sing.
Speech
Processing is the study of speech signals and the
processing
methods of these
signals. The signals are usually processed in a digital
representation, so speech
processing can be regarded as a special case of
digital signal processing, applied to
speech signal. Aspects of speech processing includes the acquisition,
manipulation, storage, transfer and output of speech
signals. The input is
called speech recognition and the output is called speech synthesis.
Speech Perception is the process by which the sounds of
language are heard,
interpreted and
understood. The study of speech
perception is closely linked to the fields of phonology and phonetics in
linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology.
Research in speech
perception seeks to understand how human listeners
recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken
language. Speech
perception research has applications in building computer
systems that can recognize speech, in improving speech recognition for
hearing- and
language-impaired listeners, and in foreign-language
teaching.
Freedom of
Speech -
Children
One area of the
brain
is for perceiving speech, and another area of the brain is for
producing speech.
Science Daily.
Computer model could improve human-machine interaction, provide insight
into how children learn language. Children learn language by observing
their environment, listening to the people around them, and connecting the
dots between what they see and hear. Among other things, this helps
children establish their language's
word order, such as where subjects and
verbs fall in a sentence.
Semantic Parsing is the task of converting a
natural language utterance to a
logical form: a machine-understandable
representation of its
meaning. Semantic parsing can thus be
understood as extracting the precise meaning of an utterance. Applications
of semantic parsing include
question answering and
code generation. The phrase was first used in the 1970's by Yorick Wilks
as the basis for machine
translation
programs working with only semantic representations.
Semantic Analysis in linguistics is the process of relating
syntactic
structures, from the levels of phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs
to the level of the writing as a whole, to their language-independent
meanings. It also involves removing features specific to particular
linguistic and cultural contexts, to the extent that such a project is
possible. The elements of idiom and figurative speech, being cultural, are
often also converted into relatively invariant meanings in semantic
analysis. Semantics, although related to pragmatics, is distinct in that
the former deals with word or sentence choice in any given context, while
pragmatics considers the unique or particular meaning derived from context
or tone. To reiterate in different terms, semantics is about universally
coded meaning, and pragmatics, the meaning encoded in words that is then
interpreted by an audience. Semantic analysis can begin with the
relationship between individual words. This requires an understanding of
lexical hierarchy, including hyponymy and hypernymy, meronomy, polysemy,
synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms. It also relates to concepts like
connotation (semiotics) and collocation, which is the particular
combination of words that can be or frequently are surrounding a single
word. This can include idioms, metaphor, and simile, like, "white as a
ghost." With the availability of enough material to analyze, semantic
analysis can be used to catalog and trace the style of writing of specific
authors.
Discourse Analysis is an approach to analyze written, vocal, or
sign language use, or any significant semiotic event. The objects of
discourse analysis (discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event)
are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of sentences,
propositions, speech, or turns-at-talk. Contrary to much of traditional
linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use 'beyond the
sentence boundary' but also prefer to analyze 'naturally occurring'
language use, not invented examples. Text linguistics is a closely related
field. The essential difference between discourse analysis and text
linguistics is that discourse analysis aims at revealing
socio-psychological characteristics of a person/persons rather than text
structure.
Conversation Analysis.
Oral Expression
is the
ability to convey wants, needs, thoughts, and ideas meaningfully
using appropriate syntactic, pragmatic, semantic, and phonological
language structures. Oral expression should NOT be confused with reading
aloud or reading fluently.
Pronunciation -
Accent -
Phonetics (the sounds that words make)
Tone is the use of
pitch in
language to distinguish lexical
or grammatical
meaning – that is, to
distinguish or to inflect words. All verbal languages use pitch to
express
emotional and other paralinguistic information and to convey emphasis,
contrast, and other such features in what is called intonation, but not
all languages use tones to distinguish words or their inflections,
analogously to
consonants and vowels. Languages that do have this feature
are called tonal languages; the distinctive tone patterns of such a
language are sometimes called tonemes, by analogy with phoneme. Tonal
languages are extremely common in Africa, East Asia, and Central America,
but rare elsewhere in Asia and in Europe; as many as seventy percent of
world languages may be
tonal.
Disorders
Communication Disorder is any
disorder that affects an
individual's ability to
comprehend,
detect, or apply
language and
speech
to engage in
discourse effectively with others. The delays and disorders
can range from simple sound substitution to the inability to understand or
use one's native language.
Feral
Children.
FOXP2 is a protein that,
in humans, is encoded by the FOXP2 gene, also known as CAGH44, SPCH1 or
TNRC10, and is
required for proper development of speech and language. The
gene is shared with many vertebrates, where it generally plays a role in
communication, for instance, the development of
bird song.
Brain's Ability to Synchronize Voice Sounds could be Related to Language
Learning. Researchers studied the synchronization of speech motor
rhythms, i.e. the coordinated movements of the tongue, lips and jaw that
build up the speech, with speech audio rhythms. Results show some people's
brains adapt spontaneously to align with the rhythm of the voices they
hear, while others do not. According to the research study, these patterns
show differences in functional and structural aspects of the speech
network in the brain, as well as the ability to understand new words.
Music Disorders -
Sensory Disorders -
Amygdala -
Stroke
How the
mouth looks when speaking using an x-ray
machine.
Echtzeit-MRT-Film: Sprechen (youtube)
A speech envelope landmark for syllable encoding in human superior
temporal gyrus. The loudness of vowels helps the brain break down
speech into syllables. The key is detecting a rapid increase in volume
that occurs at the beginning of a vowel sound. Our brain is basically
listening for these time points and responding whenever they occur. The
finding challenges a popular idea that the brain monitors
speech volume
continuously to detect syllables. Instead, it suggests that the brain
periodically "samples" spoken language looking for specific changes in
volume.
Speech Comprehension is correlated with temporal response patterns
recorded from
auditory cortex.
Visual Processing Disorders refers to a
reduced ability to
make sense of information taken in through the
eyes.
Stuttering or stammering, is a
speech disorder in which the
flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations
of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent
pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce
sounds. The term stuttering is most commonly associated with involuntary
sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or
pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and
the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels.
Stammering Lidcombe Program -
Singing and Stuttering
Type of brain cell involved in stuttering identified. Discovery could
lead to targets for new therapies. Using a mouse model of stuttering,
scientists report that a loss of cells in the brain called
astrocytes are associated with stuttering.
Researchers have located the brain network responsible for stuttering.
Stuttering is a speech rhythm disorder characterized by involuntary
repetitions, prolongations or pauses in speech that prevent typical speech
production. Approximately 5-10% of young children stutter, and an
estimated 1% continue to stutter into adulthood. A severe stutter can have
a profound negative impact on the life of the individual affected.
Hearing Impaired -
Blind
-
Languages -
Linguistics -
Meaning -
Interpersonal
intelligence
Aphasia
is a
language disorder caused by
damage in a
specific area of the brain that controls language expression and
comprehension. Aphasia leaves a person unable to communicate effectively
with others because of an inability to comprehend or formulate language
because of
damage to specific brain regions.
Expressive language and receptive language can both be affected as well.
Aphasia also affects visual language such as sign language. Aphasia
affects a person's ability to express and understand written and spoken
language. The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from
occasional trouble finding words, to losing the ability to speak, read, or
write; intelligence, however, is unaffected. Aphasia can occur suddenly
after a
stroke or
head injury, or develop slowly from a
growing brain tumor or disease. Once the underlying cause is treated, the
main treatment for aphasia is
speech therapy. Aphasia affects about 2
million people in the U.S. and 250,000 people in Great Britain. Nearly
180,000 people acquire the disorder every year in the U.S. alone.
Technically, dysphasia means impaired language and aphasia means lack of
language. Individuals with
receptive aphasia
(Wernicke's aphasia), also referred to as fluent aphasia, may speak in
long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even
create new "words" (neologisms). Individuals with
expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia)
frequently speak short, meaningful phrases that are produced with great
effort. Individuals with
anomic aphasia
have difficulty with naming. People with this aphasia may have
difficulties naming certain words, linked by their grammatical type. G
lobal
aphasia is considered a severe impairment in many language aspects
since it impacts expressive and receptive language, reading, and writing.
Individuals with
conduction aphasia have
deficits in the connections between the speech-comprehension and
speech-production areas.
Transcortical aphasias
include transcortical motor aphasia, transcortical sensory aphasia, and
mixed transcortical aphasia. People with transcortical motor aphasia
typically have intact comprehension and awareness of their errors, but
poor word finding and speech production.
Specific
treatment techniques include the
following:
Copy and recall therapy (CART) -
repetition and recall of targeted words within therapy may strengthen
orthographic representations and improve single word reading, writing, and
naming.
Visual communication therapy (VIC) - the
use of index cards with symbols to represent various components of speech.
Visual action therapy (VAT) - typically
treats individuals with global aphasia to train the use of hand gestures
for specific items.
Functional communication
treatment (FCT) - focuses on improving activities specific to
functional tasks, social interaction, and self-expression. Promoting
aphasic's communicative effectiveness (PACE) - a means of encouraging
normal interaction between people with aphasia and clinicians. In this
kind of therapy, the focus is on pragmatic communication rather than
treatment itself. People are asked to communicate a given message to their
therapists by means of drawing, making hand gestures or even pointing to
an object. Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) - aims to use the intact
melodic/prosodic processing skills of the right hemisphere to help cue
retrieval of words and expressive language. Other - i.e. drawing as a way
of communicating, trained conversation partners.
Some precautions can be taken to decrease risk for experiencing one of the
two major causes of aphasia. Exercising regularly, Eating a healthy
diet, avoiding cholesterol in particular, Keeping alcohol consumption low
and avoiding tobacco use, Controlling blood pressure.
Dysgraphia is the condition of
impaired letter
writing by hand.
Primary Progressive Aphasia is a neurological syndrome in
which
language capabilities slowly and progressively become
impaired while other mental functions remain intact.
How emotions affect word retrieval in people with aphasia. Study
suggests neutral prompts produce most accurate, timely response. People
with aphasia have more trouble coming up with words they want to use when
they're prompted by images and words that carry negative emotional
meaning, new research suggests.
Dyslexia is characterized by
trouble with
reading despite
normal intelligence. Different people are affected to varying degrees.
Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly,
writing words, "
sounding out" words in the head,
pronouncing words when
reading aloud and
understanding what one reads.
Often these difficulties are first noticed at school. When someone who
previously could read loses their ability, it is known as alexia. The
difficulties are involuntary and people with this disorder have a normal
desire to learn.
Pure Alexia is one
form of alexia which makes up "the peripheral dyslexia" group. Individuals
who have pure alexia have
severe reading problems while other
language-related skills such as naming, oral repetition, auditory
comprehension or writing are typically intact.
Dyslexia -
Dyslexia
Typeface (youtube)
High Density of Neurons in Frontal Cortex important for successful Reading.
Dyslexia, a reading disorder, is characterized by a difficulty in "
decoding"
-- navigating between the visual form and sounds of a written language.
But a subset of dyslexic people, dubbed "resilient dyslexics," exhibit
remarkably high levels of
reading
comprehension despite difficulties decoding. What is the precise
mechanism that allows certain individuals with dyslexia to overcome their
low decoding abilities and ultimately extract meaning from text?
Neuroscientists Discover Neural Mechanisms of Developmental Dyslexia.
Neuroscientist show that people with dyslexia have a weakly developed
structure that is not located in the cerebral cortex, but at a subcortical
processing stage; namely the white matter connectivity between the left
auditory motion-sensitive planum temporale (mPT) and the left auditory
thalamus (medial geniculate body, MGB).
Talking - Speaking Effectively
Talk is to
exchange thoughts and convey
ideas. Talking is to
express
something in
speech and using
language to reveal
information. Talking is having a
conversation or a
discussion. Talking is using the
voice with a relatively
high volume. Not being silent.
Speech
is the act of delivering a
formal spoken communication
to an audience.
Communication by word of mouth
or by other means.
Transmitter (radio) -
Public Speaking -
Words that Flow -
Negotiations -
Compromises
Oral is using speech rather than writing.
Using the mouth or involving the mouth or mouth region or the surface on
which the mouth is located. An examination conducted by spoken
communication.
Whisper is to
speak very softly using one's breath without one's
vocal cords, especially for the sake of privacy. Whisper is a soft or
confidential tone of voice. To
whisper a word or phrase
at
very low volume.
Turn-Taking is a
type of organization in
conversation and
discourse where participants
speak one at a time
in alternating turns. In practice, it involves processes for constructing
contributions,
responding to previous comments,
and transitioning to a different speaker, using a variety of linguistic
and non-linguistic cues.
Avoid
generalized
statements that
fail to specify your
message. If you give a
clear example of what you're trying to say, then people will
have an easier time understanding you, and they might even be
able to answer your comment more accurately, and correctly. Maintain
your composure and control when talking to someone.
Listen to what they
say and pay
attention to their
body language. Putting people at ease will
allow people to listen to you instead of being turned off.
Debating -
Articulate (clear - precise) -
Speech Learning -
Fluency -
Pronunciation Speaking
Directly to Someone versus Speaking Indirectly to Someone. Don't
make
communication more complicated then it needs to be.
Direct Communication versus Indirect Communication. Sometimes it's
not just what you say that matters, it's also what you didn't say that
matters.
Speech Learning -
Meanings -
Translations -
Listening
Knowing when and
why to be direct is the key to effective communication. Knowing when to
give subtle hints, Knowing when to talk around a subject. Knowing when to
give under-the-surface meaning versus implicit meaning. It's good to Speak
directly too the person, not indirectly. Don't beat around the bush, speak to someone one and not at someone.
Avoid blunt comments. Avoiding insults may be seen as more important
than providing
honest feedback. Pay
attention to nonverbal behaviors. In particular, a discrepancy between
nonverbal behaviors and the words used by an indirect speaker can indicate
that the words aren’t accurate. Recognize that, for indirect
communicators, it’s “always easier to agree than to disagree”. Sometimes it's good to use open-ended, non-leading questions. Avoid
phrasing a question so that the answer may be perceived as insulting to
someone (for example, may be seen as criticizing someone).
Tips for
indirect speakers when communicating with direct speakers include:
Recognize that your subtle messages may not be perceived in the way you
expect or may not be perceived at all. Accept that direct communicators
respect direct speech. Politeness can sometimes make the message less affective.
Direct
communicators tend to say what they think, and Indirect communicators seek
to avoid conflict, tension and uncomfortable situations. We all use indirect
communication strategies at times and in certain circumstances – we mean
more than we say, and we gather meaning from others beyond the words they
use.
Avoid filler words and tiny pauses like 'Um'.
Respond is to
react verbally or to show
a
reaction to something that you might have
sensed.
React favorably or as hoped.
Responsive is
readily reacting or
replying to people or
events or
stimuli, sometimes
showing
emotion. Reacting to a
stimulus.
Response is statement, either
spoken or written, that is made to reply to a
question or a request or
criticism or an accusation. The manner in
which an electrical or mechanical device responds to an
input signal or a
range of
input
signals. A
result from a
cause.
Delayed Responses and Late
Replies. When people don't answer your questions right away,
or when people don't react to the things that you say or do, they may have
a good reason. Maybe they need time to think, or maybe they are just
ignoring you. And there are also other possible reasons too. As a
consequence of a
fragmented
perception, people may experience delayed response to
sensory stimuli, for
example, you say something to your child, and there is no response as if
the child didn’t hear you. However, actually the child has started to
process your question/instruction in order to respond with meaning, but
he/she may need some time to process the question and prepare their
response. (
Immediate responses
are often given on ‘autopilot’, triggered by memories. In these cases, a
person does not mean and does not know what he ‘has said’.) Before proper
response, people must go through a number of separate stages in
perception, and if this long decision-chain is interrupted by the outside
world (for instance, we repeat the same question), the person may have to
start all over again because ‘the same (but yet unprocessed) question’ is
a new one for them. In other words, an interruption effectively wipes away
any intermediate result, confronting the person literally “for the first
time” with the same object/event/situation. The experience of ‘delayed
hearing’ happens when the
question/instruction has been sensed and
recorded without interpretation until the second (internalized) hearing
(i.e.
processing of the
received message). A person may be able to repeat back what has been said
without comprehension that will come later. In less extreme cases, to
process something takes seconds or minutes. Sometimes it takes days, weeks
or months. In the most extreme cases, it can take years to process what
has been said. The words, phrases, sentences, sometimes the whole
situations are stored and they can be triggered at any time. You must be a
detective to connect with a persons ‘announcement’ with the question
he/she was asked a week before. A person can be delayed on every sensory
channel. For example, if they experience delayed visual processing, the
acquisition of the full meaning requires some observation time from
different points of view; besides, people must translate perceptual images
into their proper terminology. Perception by parts requires a great amount
of time and effort to interpret the whole. Many individuals emphasize that
they need a great amount of ‘
thinking’
to make sense of the world. Every step of perception they experience
explicitly, in a not-automatic way with a great mental effort involved.
Their subjective experience of time is also different from that of other
people. For them, time might seem faster, whereas other people may think
that other people are slow in their decision-making. There are several
consequences of delayed processing: They are often unable to start the
action immediately as they need time to
interpret and
comprehend the
situation. When they finally reach ‘comprehension’, the situation has
changed. It means that they ‘experience meaning’ out of the context it
should have been experienced. That is why, new experiences, no matter how
similar to previous ones, are perceived as new, unfamiliar and
unpredictable, and responses to them are poor regardless of the number of
times the person has experienced the same thing. The amount of time needed
to process any experience sometimes remains slow (or delayed) regardless
of having had similar experiences in the past, some things do not get
easier with time, especially when you're not continually learning about
yourself and the world around you. They are sometimes unable to apply
something they have learned in one situation to another. What we can do to
help: Give them time to take in your question/instruction and to work out
their response. Do not interrupt. Be aware that certain individuals often
require more time than others to
shift their attention
between stimuli of different modalities and they find it extremely
difficult to follow rapidly changing social interactions.
Thinking Fast -
Response Time -
Delayed Reaction
-
Over Reaction
Backchannel in linguistics is when a conversation occurs and one
participant is speaking and another participant i
nterjects
responses to the speaker. A backchannel response can be verbal,
non-verbal, or both. Backchannel responses are often phatic expressions,
primarily serving a social or meta-conversational purpose, such as
signifying the listener's attention, understanding, or agreement, rather
than conveying significant information. Examples include such expressions
as "yeah", "uh-huh", "hmm", and "right".
Try not to use these ignorant excuses
when explaining and communicating...Tell it like it is. Let the
facts speak for themselves. If you don't have anything nice to say,
don't say anything. Tell someone what you think they want to hear. The
squeaky wheel gets the grease. The nail that sticks out gets hammered back
in. Honesty is the best policy. Being polite is more important than
being honest. It's okay to say no. Avoid
saying no; say “maybe” or “possibly,” even if you mean “no.” The truth is
more important than sparing someone’s feelings. Don’t beat around the
bush. If the truth might hurt, soften it. Say what you mean and mean what
you say. Read between the lines. Take communication at face value. Handle
communication to save face. Time is money. Get to the point. Small talk
before business is important. It’s okay to disagree with your boss at a
meeting. Criticism of others, especially people with more authority,
should be unspoken or careful and veiled.
Cultural Dimension: direct versus indirect communication style (youtube)
"You can create the perfect message,
but the understanding depends on the skill of the receiver to
correctly decipher it."
Good
enunciation is the act of
speaking clearly and concisely.
The opposite of good enunciation is mumbling or slurring.
Pronunciation is a
component of enunciation.
Pronunciation is to pronounce sounds of words correctly.
"Lets be Frank" is a directness in manner or speech; without subtlety
or evasion. The quality of being honest and straightforward in attitude
and speech. Giving an answer that is short and precise.
Initiating is declaring one's
conversational intent and inviting consent from one's
prospective conversation partner.
Schedule sufficient, uninterrupted time for talking.
Friendships -
Speech -
Listening
Have a Meaningful Conversation
Turn-Taking is
managing the flow of information
back and
forth between partners in a
conversation by
alternating roles of
speaker and
listener.
Eloquence is the beauty and persuasion in speech. Powerful and effective
language.
Eloquence (wiki)
Don't talk to fill pauses, or respond to statements in a
point-counterpoint fashion.
Hearing an opinion spoken compared to a written opinion. Specific
aspects of speech, such as intonation and frequent pauses, may serve as
cues that humanize the people who are speaking, making them seem more
intellectual and emotionally warm than those whose opinions are
written. The medium by which an opinion is expressed may even influence
how persuasive it is.
Media Literacy.
Avoid
Vulgarities (profanity)
Suspend
judgment and evaluation until you can see things from
another person's
perspective.
You Don't Know Everything,
so stop pretending.
Avoid making distracting
gestures and maintain an appropriate
distance and
posture.
Think like the person to whom you are speaking. His or her
problems and needs are important. You’ll understand and retain
them better if you keep his or her point of view.
Ask clarification questions. If you don’t understand something,
or if you feel you may have missed a point, clear it up now
before it embarrasses you later.
Eye Contact occurs when two people look at each other's eyes
at the same time. In human beings, eye contact is a form of
nonverbal
communication and is thought to have a large influence on social behavior.
Eye
Tracking is the process of measuring either the point of
gaze (where one is looking) or the motion of an eye relative to the head.
An eye tracker is a device for measuring eye positions and
eye movement.
Eye trackers are used in research on the visual system, in psychology, in
psycholinguistics, marketing, as an input device for
human-computer
interaction, and in product design. There are a number of methods for
measuring eye movement. The most popular variant uses video images from
which the eye position is extracted. Other methods use search coils or are
based on the
electrooculogram,
which is a technique for measuring the corneo-retinal standing potential
that exists between the front and the back of the human eye.
Body
Language (Facial Expressions) -
Whole Body Listening
Make sincere
eye contact.
Haptic Communication (touch)
-
Haptic Technology
When to Change the Subject -
How to Tell if You Talk Too Much
Delayed Auditory Feedback also called delayed sidetone, is a
type of altered auditory feedback that consists of extending the time
between speech and
auditory perception. It can consist of a device that
enables a user to speak into a microphone and then hear his or her voice
in headphones a fraction of a second later. Some DAF devices are hardware;
DAF computer software is also available.
Knowing the right time to
interrupt someone and knowing when to let someone else
interrupt you is very important. Genuinely seek
information.
Ask clarifying
questions. Offer constructive
feedback. Keep feedback impersonal and goal-oriented.
Articulate.
Direct
negative feedback toward behavior that the recipient can
control. Ask questions to ensure understanding of the feedback.
Avoid being
emotional and avoid
attacking others.
Paraphrase the message
you heard, especially to clarify the speaker's intentions.
Focus
on specific behaviors rather than making
general statements. Learn to separate
sounds and enjoy each one individually.
Incommunicado as an adjective or adverb, refers to a
situation or a behavior due to which communication with outsiders is not
possible, for either voluntary or involuntary reasons, especially due to
confinement or reclusiveness.
Thinking in Levels
Automated Conversation Coach
Most of the time, words are translated with
little
confusion. It's when we put many words together is when we start to
have most of the
errors in
translation. People are
biased against certain
words, and sometimes
subconsciously. So we have to pay attention how
we say things and also confirm what we are saying is
interpreted
correctly. With out any under lying meanings, or undertones, or even a
perceived
play on words. And that's another problem, how to deal with miss
interpretations and personal
perceptions. We can't
assume that people are
understanding our
messages the right way, and not taking it the wrong way.
We should choose words that minimize confusion, but still transfer our
messages at a higher rate of accuracy.
Getting Your Point Across (5 Tips)
The Average Rate for an American Speaker is 150 Words Per Minute.
First: Calm yourself, don't get upset or let your emotions control your
speech. Avoid arguing. Avoid degrading others or insulting
people, or prejudging people. Don't use
vulgar language.
Try not to say anything that would be counterproductive to
the goal that you want to achieve.
Develop a Friendly Tone of Voice -
Be
Heard.
Second: Begin your speech, if necessary, state your name and any
relevant information that would lead up to this point in time.
Be sure to generate enough vocal power and energy to reach every
listener in the room.
Breathe
Diaphragmatically.
Third: Express your view about the important issue. Explain the goals
and
explain how it benefits others. Back up your opinion with facts,
evidence, witnesses and or documents. And don't forget that you have
to explain why you think this evidence is
relevant, because just presenting facts is not good enough, you
have to explain the meaning and the importance of these facts.
Use examples and make suggestions.
Search for Meaning.
Fourth: Listen. Relate to the opinions of others and let them know that
you understand their point of view. Be ready for the follow up
questions and have appropriate responses ready. Don't tell a
person they are wrong, just explain why you believe that you are
right, and why it is more fair to everyone, and that it's free from
favoritism, or self-interest, or bias, or deception.
Example: I once too
thought that same way, or similar way. And then I experienced a
change when I learned some new information.
And after
verifying this information and researching it more deeply, I
have come to the conclusion that I must change, or, I will be
responsible for any damage that is done from these negative
actions, actions that do more harm then good. Humans are born
good, and I have never met a bad dog either, I guess that is why
dogs are mans best friend, we seek out similar company even
outside our own species.
Fifth: Don't be discouraged if you need to end the conversation. Don't
feel bad if your point didn't get through. Learn to ask for more
time to think, and to seek out more information on the matter. And also to learn more about other peoples point of view, so
that you can better explain and understand your own point of
view.
Own The
Room! - Sample Lesson: Voice Modulation and Speed (youtube)
5 Aspects
of a Powerful Speaking Voice (youtube)
Speaking:
The Proper use of Pitch for your Speaking Voice (youtube)
Develop a Perfect Speaking Voice (wikihow)
Some Simple ways to Explain a Complex
ConceptUnderstand your audience.
Talking to a scientist or talking to a professional with a PhD is
different than talking to a person with just a high school education. But
even then, you should always avoid using words that have definitions that
are not clearly defined. You should also avoid being vague. When people
become dazed or confused they may stop listening. People may feel they
can't understand something or process the information. And some people may
even stop listening because they assume that you don't know what you're
talking about. So you have to make sure that people are listening to you
and make sure that they are not jumping to any conclusions before you
finish.
Presentation.
Define your terms. Don’t ever
assume that everyone knows what you're talking about. Explain why
something is important.
Classify and divide
your concept into ‘chunks’. Describe how your concept fits into a
particular category or how it can be broken down into parts that can be
described more easily; this is useful in showing your reader how your
concept fits into a “big picture”, how it can be divided.
Compare and contrast. Give examples of how
your concept is similar or different from other concepts/ideas with which
the audience are familiar.
Tell a story or
give an example to illustrate the process or concept. A
step-by-step explanation of how a process works or how a concept is used
in practice.
Illustrate with examples.
Analogies, anecdotes, and other details may help your audience better
understand your concept. Feathers and swans: one helpful, the other
unhelpful because of the existing knowledge of the listener.
Show Causes or Effects. A description of
how a particular event leads to another and how concepts are related to
each other.
Compare new concepts to familiar
ones. Another illustrative technique is to use a familiar or
existing object or concept as a comparison, to test the broad
comprehension and build to the next concept.
Learn to
mirror words selectively. Repeat the last one to three words that a
person just said back to them to establish a rapport, this will help the
person feel more comfortable to be open, and also help communicate to the
person that you're striving to understand their feelings, and that you
like them. When a person feels that you understand them, like when saying
"that's right", is reaffirming that you're truly listening and
understanding them. Acknowledging their side and mirroring their point.
Questions that allow opportunities to say no can give the other person a
measure of control and give them a sense of security, other then getting
the other person to answer yes to questions. Don't try to force your
opponent to admit that you are right. Rephrase and summarize.
Ask
no-oriented questions like: "Have you given up on this aspect?" and "Is it
too late to talk about x ?" Use phrases like "It sounds like you are
afraid of..." and "It looks like you're concerned about..." Use empathy
strategically. Knowing the weaknesses of your position will help you to be
prepared for difficult questions.
Speech
Science (youtube channel)
"Have
more then you show, speak less then you know."
Shakespearepitch-variable voice
Sonority Hierarchy is a ranking of speech sounds (or phones)
by amplitude. For example, if one says the vowel [a], they will produce a
much louder sound than if one says the stop [t]. Sonority hierarchies are
especially important when analyzing syllable structure; rules about what
segments may appear in onsets or codas together, such as SSP, are
formulated in terms of the difference of their sonority values. Some
languages also have assimilation rules based on sonority hierarchy, for
example, the Finnish potential mood, in which a less sonorous segment
changes to copy a more sonorous adjacent segment.
Timbre is the perceived sound quality of a
musical note,
sound, or tone that distinguishes different types of sound production,
such as choir voices and musical instruments, such as string instruments,
wind instruments, and percussion instruments, and which enables listeners
to hear even different instruments from the same category as different
(e.g. a viola and a violin).
Talk With a Deeper Voice -
Your
Persuasive Voice
Pitch,
Tone & Inflection (youtube)
The
Responsibility of confirming if someone is listening to you is your
responsibility, it's not the responsibility of the listener.
In every communication between people, only half of the message
is clear, or completely understood. That's because not every
question is answered during a normal conversation. People need
to know more then just the definition of a word. And people also
need to know more about the context, because a lot of context
that surrounds words is non factual,
made up of
opinions that could easily mislead someone. First we need to
learn to speak in truths, then we need to learn to communicate
fully and accurately. I see conversations in the future being
more fuller, more enjoyable, more meaningful, more open, and
more honest, where one word could
speak a thousand truths, and
one word could answer a 1000 questions. But that's from everyone
having a high quality education, an education that does not
exist as of 2016. But the research is near completion, so a high
quality education is not that far away. So when a person says
that they are educated, it will mean that have 1000 different
skills and qualities, and know a 1000 different things, and they
could explain them for you if needed, using
20,000 unique words.
Why do some people assume that when they talk,
people understand what they're saying?
..You're falling on deaf ears.
Just because you use a
Label or a phrase,
this does not explain the message, you only reveal a small
detail, and then you expect people to fill in all the missing
information correctly. So in your mind, you believe that you're
explaining everything the person needs to understand the message. For some maybe, but for most of the people, they need
more details, need more info, and they need the reason why.
Other wise, you're not saying anything. You're like a barking
dog. You know the dog is trying to say something, but until you
investigate to find out why the dog is barking, you will not
know why the dog is barking.
Articulate
Articulate is expressing yourself easily by
using
clear expressive
language that is
carefully worded without
generalizing. To speak,
pronounce,
or to utter in a certain way that is
comprehensible
and
not unintelligible.
To put into words an
expression that is
stated clearly.
Plain Language -
Technical Writing
-
Legibility -
SpeechesSay what you Mean and Mean what you Say, but Don't be Mean.
Explicit is
precisely and clearly expressed
or readily observable; leaving nothing to
implication or
personal interpretation. In accordance with
fact or the primary meaning of a term.
Explicit
Language are words that can be offensive or graphic.
Profanity.
Enunciate is to say a word, phrase or
syllable in a certain way, to state clearly or
express clearly.
Vividness is strong, distinct, or
clearly
perceptible on the senses.
Patterns.
Unequivocally or
Unambiguously is having
or exhibiting a single
clearly defined meaning. Admitting of no doubt or
misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to
only one conclusion.
Literally is saying something
without exaggeration that
needs no special interpretation and being limited to the explicit meaning
of a word or text, and without embellishment that serves no useful
purpose. Literal is being essential or genuine in character.
Annotate is to provide interlinear
explanations for words or phrases. Add explanatory notes to or
supply with critical comments.
Interlinear is written between lines of text.
Update (edit) -
Contextual Clues (PDF)
Implicit is something
implied
though not directly expressed; inherent in the nature of something. Being
without doubt or reserve.
Ambiguous -
Figure of Speech.
Characteristic is a prominent attribute
or aspect of something that is typical or distinctive and capable of being
classified.
Mean is what you
intend to express or
convey. Destine or designate for a certain
purpose. Have as a
logical
consequence. Have a specified degree of importance. Mean can also
mean being
disrespectful or abusive.
Comprehensible is capable of being
comprehended or
understood.
Readability.
Make Sense is to be
intelligible,
justifiable, or practicable. To have a clear meaning that is
easy to
understand.
Simplify.
Eloquence is
fluent or persuasive speaking or
writing.
Ineloquent is having or showing a
lack of eloquence.
How Clear Speech equates to Clear Memory. Speaker's clearly
articulated style can improve a listener's memory of what was said.
Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that
govern the structure of
sentences in a given language, specifically word
order. The term syntax is also used to refer to the study of such
principles and processes. The goal of many syntacticians is to discover
the syntactic rules common to all
languages.
Syntactic is relating to or conforming to
the rules of syntax.
Semantics is primarily the linguistic, and also
philosophical, study of
meaning—in language, programming languages, formal
logics, and semiotics. It focuses on the relationship between
signifiers—like words, phrases, signs, and symbols—and what they stand
for, their denotation.
Lexical
Semantics is a subfield of
linguistic semantics. The units
of analysis in lexical semantics are lexical units which include not only
words but also sub-words or sub-units such as affixes and even compound
words and phrases. Lexical units make up the catalogue of words in a
language, the lexicon. Lexical semantics looks at how the meaning of the
lexical units correlates with the structure of the language or syntax.
This is referred to as syntax-semantic interface. The study of lexical
semantics looks at: The classification and decomposition of lexical items.
The differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure
cross-linguistically. The relationship of lexical meaning to sentence
meaning and syntax. Lexical units, also referred to as syntactic atoms,
can stand alone such as in the case of root words or parts of compound
words or they necessarily attach to other units such as prefixes and
suffixes do. The former are called free morphemes and the latter bound
morphemes. They fall into a narrow range of meanings (semantic fields) and
can combine with each other to generate new meanings.
Phrase may be any
group of words, often carrying a special
idiomatic meaning; in this sense it is roughly synonymous with expression.
In linguistic analysis, a phrase is a group of words (or possibly a single
word) that functions as a constituent in the syntax of a sentence, a
single unit within a grammatical hierarchy. A phrase typically appears
within a clause, but it is possible also for a phrase to be a clause or to
contain a clause within it.
Accent is a way of pronunciation particular to a speaker or
group of speakers.
Articulation is the configuration and interaction of the
articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when
making a speech sound.
Words that sound like other words.
Place of Articulation
of a consonant is the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the
vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active articulator
(typically some part of the tongue), and a passive location (typically
some part of the roof of the mouth). Along with the manner of articulation
and the phonation, it gives the consonant its distinctive sound.
Speaking Tips.
Glottal Consonant are consonants using the glottis as their primary
articulation.
Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis
during the
articulation of another sound.
Glottis is defined as
the opening between the
vocal folds.
Speech Segmentation is the process of identifying the
boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken natural
languages. The term applies both to the mental processes used by humans,
and to artificial processes of natural language processing.
Pronunciation - How to Pronounce it - How to Say it
Pronunciation is the way a word or a language is
spoken, or
the manner in which someone utters a word. Pronunciation is the way a word
or a
language is customarily spoken. The
manner in which someone utters a word. If one is said to have "correct
pronunciation", then it refers to both within a particular
dialect. A word
can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups,
depending on many factors, such as: the duration of the cultural exposure
of their childhood, the location of their current residence,
speech or
voice disorders, their ethnic group, their social class, or their education.
Syllables are counted as units of sound (phones) that they use in their
language. The branch of linguistics which studies these units of sound is
phonetics. Phones which play the same role are grouped together into
classes called phonemes; the study of these is phonemics or
phonematics or phonology. Phones as
components of
articulation are usually described
using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
Misspoke is to pronounce a word incorrectly.
Mispronunciation is incorrect
pronunciation.
Pronounce is to say a
word, phrase or
syllable in a certain
way.
Pronounce Names
-
Pronounced Words -
Pronunciation Patterns -
Pronunciation Practice -
Pronunciation Practice.
Accent in sociolinguistics is a
manner of pronunciation peculiar to a
particular individual, location, or nation. An accent may be identified
with the locality in which its speakers reside (a regional or geographical
accent), the socio-economic status of its speakers, their ethnicity, their
caste or social class (a social accent), or influence from their first
language (a
foreign accent).
Pitch-Accent Language is a language that has word-accents—that is,
where one
syllable in a word or morpheme
is more prominent than the others, but the
accentuated syllable is
indicated by a particular
pitch contour (
linguistic
tones) rather than by stress. This contrasts with fully tonal
languages like Standard Chinese, in which each syllable can have an
independent
tone.
Accent in music is an emphasis, stress, or stronger attack placed on a
particular note or set of
notes, or chord, either
as a result of its context or specifically indicated by an accent mark.
Pronunciation Guides -
howjsay -
forvo
Tongue Twister Exercises -
Twisters -
Speech Training -
Words that
sound like other words
-
How To Say.
Retroflex Consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a
flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the
alveolar ridge and the hard palate. They are sometimes referred to as
cerebral consonants—especially in Indology.
/r/ Articulation - Retroflex
Position (flipped) (youtube)
Coronal Consonant are consonants articulated with the flexible front
part of the tongue.
Phonological history of English close front vowels. The close and
mid-height front vowels of English (vowels of i and e type) have undergone
a variety of changes over time and often vary by dialect.
Dialect Coach is an acting coach who helps an actor design the voice
and speech of a character in the context of an on-camera (film, television
or commercial), stage (theatre, musical theatre, opera, etc.), radio or
animation voiceover production. The dialect coach often does original
research on dialects and speech patterns, prepares training materials,
provides instruction and works on lines with the actor. A dialect coach
will give the actor feedback focusing on issues of credibility,
consistency, and clarity. A dialect coach may also be employed to help
comedians hone impressions of celebrities, to train non-actor public
speakers in vocal character and delivery, or to help singers improve in
diction and attain a balance between tone and articulation, especially
when singing in a second language
Voice Over
Coaches work with voice actors to help them discover and make the most
of their unique vocal qualities, hone their craft, and tackle any unique
challenges that they are experiencing.
Voice
Acting is the art of performing voice-overs to present a character or
provide information to an audience. Performers are called voice
actors/actresses, voice artists, voice talent, voice-over artists, or
voice-over talent. Voice acting is recognized as a specialized dramatic
profession in the United Kingdom, primarily due to BBC broadcasts of radio
drama production. Examples of voice work include animated, off-stage,
off-screen or non-visible characters in various works such as feature
films, dubbed foreign-language films, animated films, anime, television
shows, video games, cartoons, documentaries, commercials, audiobooks,
radio dramas and comedies, amusement rides, theater productions, puppet
shows and audio games. Voice actors are also heard through pre-recorded
and automated announcements that are a part of everyday modern life in
areas such as shops, elevators, waiting rooms and public transport. The
role of a voice actor may involve singing, most often when playing a
fictional character, although a separate performer is sometimes enlisted
as the character's singing voice.
Filler Words - Umm
Speakers Hesitate or make brief Pauses filled with Sounds like '
uh'
or '
uhm' mostly before nouns. Such
slow-down effects are far less frequent before verbs.
Tips on Public Speaking: Eliminating the Dreaded "Um". Filler words
like “
um” may seem natural in everyday
speech, but they do not belong in formal presentations or speeches.
Powerful public speakers work hard to eliminate words such as “um,” “uh,”
“well,” “so,” “
you know,” “er,” and “
like”
from their vocabulary so that their listeners can focus solely on their
message. Through practice and persistence, you can too. The next time you
are asked a question, take a couple seconds to think about what you want
to say. This pause serves two important purposes: it will help you begin
powerfully, and it will help you avoid using a filler word. Pause, think,
answer. The same public speaking technique applies when you are
transitioning from one idea to another. While you may be tempted to fill
the silence between ideas with a filler word, remember to pause and give
yourself a moment to think about what you want to say next. It is
important that you don’t begin speaking until you are ready. Remember:
Pause, think, answer.
Conjunctions.
Filler word is
an apparently meaningless word, phrase, or sound that marks a pause or
hesitation in speech. Also known as a pause filler or hesitation form.
Some of the common filler words in English are um, uh, er, ah, like, okay,
right, and you know.
Filler in linguistics is a sound or word that is spoken in conversation
by one participant to signal to others a
pause to think without giving the
impression of having finished speaking. These are not to be confused with
placeholder names, such as thingamajig, whatsamacallit, whosawhatsa
and whats'isface, which refer to objects or people whose names are
temporarily forgotten, irrelevant, or unknown. Fillers fall into the
category of formulaic language, and different languages have different
characteristic filler sounds. The term filler also has a separate use in
the syntactic description of
wh-movement constructions.
Formulaic Language is a linguistic term for verbal expressions that
are fixed in form, often non-literal in meaning with attitudinal nuances,
and closely related to communicative-pragmatic context. Along with
idioms,
expletives and
proverbs, formulaic language
includes pause fillers (e.g., "Like", "Er" or "Uhm") and conversational
speech formulas (e.g., "You've got to be kidding," "Excuse me?" or "Hang
on a minute").
Rhetoric and Composition Parts of
Speech (wiki)
Dynamic Information Processing
Measures in Audiovisual Speech Perception -
PDF
Verbal Fluency Test are a kind of psychological test in
which participants have to say as many words as possible from a category
in a given time (usually 60 seconds). This category can be semantic, such
as animals or fruits, or phonemic, such as words that begin with letter p.
The semantic fluency test is sometimes described as the category fluency
test or simply as "freelisting". The COWAT (Controlled oral word
association test) is the most employed phonetic variant. Although the most
common performance measure is the total number of words, other analyses
such as number of repetitions, number and length of clusters of words from
the same semantic or phonetic subcategory, or number of switches to other
categories can be carried out.
Reticence in Speaking is
the trait of being uncommunicative; not volunteering anything more than
necessary.
Oral-Formulaic Composition seeks to explain two related
issues: The process which enables oral poets to improvise poetry; and why
orally improvised poetry has the characteristics it does.
Talking Tips: Let go of negative
emotions like anger, sadness, fear and guilt. Gain control of your
internal representations. Disconnect the power of past negative
experiences. Overcome procrastination, depression and phobias. Release the
blocks to achieve your goals. Create a rapport with others. Enhance your
sensory awareness. Process information and communicate in ways that help
you connect with all people. Utilize the structure of language to create
positive thought patterns in yourself and others. Understand the decision
making processes and other behavior strategies.
When two people talk to each other there
is more then just words being transmitted. Words are just a very
small part of the entire message. There is information beyond just our
body language and the tone of voice we use, there's more information being
transmitted then meets the eyes and ears. When people hear words, that's
not the whole message. There is more information that is being transmitted
that people don't consider or even know exist. The brain is capable of
receiving information on
several different frequencies. So what kind of information is being
transmitted and received on these other frequencies? that's like trying to
explain how words transmit information. There are other types and levels
of
listening that people seldom use or even know how to use.
Why is it hard to understand someone when
they are talking underwater in a swimming pool? The answer is that
sound couples poorly from air to water. When you talk, you do so by
emitting air and then sending compression waves through this air. Your
lungs provide the burst of air, and your vibrating vocal cords and mouth
imprint the appropriate sound waveform on the air. On land, sound travels
through air conduction. This means that sound waves travel through the
air, causing your eardrum to vibrate. Researchers have determined that
bone conduction allows us to hear sounds underwater that are much higher
in pitch than sounds we hear on land. Sound waves actually travel five
times faster in water than in air. Underwater those sound waves don't
vibrate the ossicles bones in your inner ear. Air is so different from
flesh that the sound waves are able to vibrate off your fleshy bits.
Talk Underwater (youtube).
You're Talking, but you're Not Saying Anything
Magpie is an
obnoxious and
foolish talker who engages in trivial
conversations that are small and of
little
importance and of little
substance or
significance.
Babbler is to
speak about
unimportant matters rapidly and incessantly. A
chatterbox.
Blather is foolish
gibberish or
unintelligible talking. To talk foolishly.
Filler Words -
Conjunctions -
Transition Words -
Jargon -
Subjective -
Rumination -
Circular Talk -
Everyday Language
Gibberish is
unintelligible talking.
Gibberish is a
criticized expression or proposition that lacks substance or congruence,
as opposed to being a differing view. The related word jibber-jabber
refers to rapid talk that is difficult to understand. Gobbledygook speech
that appears to be nonsense.
Unintelligible is speaking that is
poorly articulated or
enunciated or is drowned out by noise. Words that are
not clearly understood or expressed.
Malarkey is
meaningless talk or nonsense.
Empty
rhetoric, insincere or
exaggerated
talk.
Mumbo Jumbo is a complicated
activity or language usually
intended to
obscure and confuse. Unnecessarily involved and
incomprehensible language or
gibberish. A complicated often
ritualistic observance with
elaborate trappings.
Derailment thought disorder is characterized by discourse consisting
of a sequence of
unrelated or only
remotely related ideas. The frame of
reference often
changes from one sentence to the next.
Spacing Out -
Irrelevant -
Meaningless Conversation -
Chat Bots
Trifling Conversation is a conversation
that has little meaning or seriousness. Something lacking in significance
or solid worth. Something of very little importance. Something
insignificant and not worth considering.
Frivolous.
Small Talk is an
informal type of discourse that does not cover any functional topics of
conversation, or based on any transactions that need to be addressed.
Real Talk.
Casual
Conversation is a
relaxed back and forth
conversation that is
sometimes
spontaneous. A casual
conversation has no rules or guidelines and has no real
purpose or intention other than
being
nice and
friendly. A casual
conversation is not intense, insulting or confrontational. A casual
conversation is not usually serious or totally correct, or does it use
complex vocabulary. A casual conversation is not intended to solve a
problem or used to facilitate decision making, or intended to learn
something, but learning something can sometimes happen indirectly. If someone is trying to teach you something, then you are part
of an
investigation and not really having a casual conversation anymore.
Conversations can go from casual to
serious fairly easily.
Informal or Unofficial is something that is not officially authorized or confirmed.
Informal has no rules, function or utility, and sometimes has no purpose,
reason or goal.
Candid is
being openly straightforward and direct without reserve or secretiveness.
A candid photograph is a picture taken informally, especially without the
subject's knowledge or awareness, in order to capture a natural appearance
instead of one that is planned or purposely manufactured.
Gift of Gab is not a gift.
Gab
is light informal conversation for social occasions. To talk profusely or
to talk
socially without exchanging too much information or without expressing any
meaningful information.
Motor Mouth
is someone who talks a lot, and talks without interruption. A person who
talks excessively and talks quickly, sometimes loud or in an aggressive
way, and sometimes impossible to repress or control.
Some people can use
broad or general words that say very
little. They can
pretend that they're answering a question,
when in fact, they are actually creating more questions because the
answers they give are extremly
vague. Even people
who are very educated with a big vocabulary, and who have the skills to put
words together to form complex sentences, they can also be
vague about what they're saying.
The person may sound good and sound interesting, but there are
too many
unanswered questions. So it's difficult to understand anything they say.
Similar to
passive learning.
Ephemera
are transitory creations which are not meant to be retained or preserved.
The minor
transient documents of everyday life.
Relevance theory is a framework for understanding utterance
interpretation. Relevance theory aims to explain the well recognized fact
that communicators usually convey much more information with their
utterances than what is contained in their literal sense.
Invalid Arguments -
Blaming
Utterance is the smallest unit of speech. It is a continuous piece of
speech beginning and ending with a clear pause. In the case of oral
languages, it is generally, but not always, bounded by silence. Utterances
do not exist in written language, however, only their representations do.
They can be represented and delineated in written language in many ways.
In oral/spoken language, utterances have several characteristics such as
paralinguistic features, which are aspects of speech such as facial
expression, gesture, and posture. Prosodic features include stress,
intonation, and tone of voice, as well as ellipsis, which are words that
the listener inserts in spoken language to fill gaps. Moreover, other
aspects of utterances found in spoken languages are non-fluency features
including: voiced/un-voiced pauses (i.e. "umm"), tag questions, and false
starts, or when someone begins uttering again to correct themselves. Other
features include fillers (i.e. "and stuff"), accent/dialect, deictic
expressions (utterances such as "over there!" that need further
explanation to be understood), simple conjunctions ("and," "but," etc.),
and colloquial lexis (everyday informal words).
Chew
the Fat is making friendly small talk,
gossiping or a long and
informal conversation with someone. There are claims the phrase is
synonymous with the action of chewing on fat, or simply an allusion to the
movement of the mouth during chewing.
Most people are
not fully aware of the words that come out of their
mouth when they're
speaking, which means they are
also
not fully aware of the thoughts that they
have inside their head. But awareness must be learned and then
practiced. So if people never learn to understand awareness or how to
control
awareness, then people
will never be aware enough. And they will go through life like
zombies, but a zombie that is
unaware that they are a zombie. So imagine not being aware that you're a
zombie. It's not worth it.
Just Learn,
it is so much better.
Cluttering is a speech and communication disorder
characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, and poor syntax
or grammar, making speech difficult to understand.
Can a
Machine have a Human-Like Conversation? Conversational AI
works by using a combination of natural language processing,
foundation models, and machine learning.
Conversational AI systems are trained on large amounts of
data, such as text and speech. This data is used to teach the
system how to understand and process human language.
Chat Bots.
Chatbot talks to another Chatbot. Ultra Hal AI Chatbot Talks with
another Ultra Hal AI Bot (youtube).
Chit
Chat is a conversation that is not important or significant.
Pressure of Speech is a tendency to speak rapidly and
frenziedly, as if motivated by an urgency not apparent to the listener.
The speech produced, sometimes called pressured speech, is difficult to
interrupt. It may be too fast, or too tangential for the listener to
understand. It is an example of cluttered speech. It can be unrelenting,
loud and without pauses.
Fran Capo is world's fastest talking
female clocked at 603.32 words in 54.2 seconds. That’s 11 words a second.
Auction Chant is a rhythmic repetition of numbers and
"filler words" spoken by auctioneers in the process of conducting an
auction. The chant consists of at least the current price and the asking
price to outbid. Auctioneers typically develop their own style, and
competitions are held to judge them. Outside of auctions, the chant has
been the subject of music and used in commercials and film.
How
to Talk Faster (wikihow).
False Advertising -
Media Manipulation
We should always
think before we speak and always choose the right moment.
But be careful, it's not just what you say, but it's also what
you don't say that can cause the most damage. Remember, no one
can read your mind, so don't be afraid to speak your mind,
because you may never have another chance.
It's not just what you say, but how you say it. Remember,
language is the easy part, communicating effectively is the hard
part.
Writing Tips
-
Speaking with Purpose -
Frank
Don't Beat Around the Bush
is to treat a topic, but omit its main points, often intentionally.
"If we both stop
jumping to conclusions, then maybe we'll get somewhere?"
"If you just say
what you mean, you can avoid the possibility of things being
lost during
the translation, or being misunderstood."
The differences between "
The Silent Treatment" "
Ignoring
Someone" and "
Turning a Blind Eye".
Sometimes you don't want to
satisfy someone with a response to a
question, or an observation or an opinion, because it might
encourage someone to continue talking about something that you
don't feel comfortable about, or something that you disagree
with, or something that you don't have enough information about
so that you can reply with a correct response. And you don't
want to get caught in a conversation with someone who is upset
and will most likely drag you into an argument. But sometimes
you don't want to totally ignore someone. Make eye contact with
the person that shows no emotion, so as not to influence or
encourage someone to continue a conversation that is making an
incorrect observation, or just asking the wrong questions.
Sometimes it's just better to change the subject, in a nice way
of course. Or ask for the conversation to continue later in a
better time and place.
Shunning.
Sometimes you just want to be a
fly on the wall in certain situations, meaning that you
would like to be there secretly to see and hear what happens. Like a
one-way mirror, being an
observer and
witness without the risk of actually being there. Interested
but not ready to commit or ready to be fully involved where your
true character can be on display and tested along side the
subject matter.
Mental
Masturbation is the act of following intellectual ideas that are
borne out of excitement and/or novelty, but
offer little
value to you and your real-life goals. It's engaging in intellectually
stimulating conversation with little or no practical purpose, usually as
an excuse to avoid taking constructive action in your life.
Talking to Yourself - Inner Voice
Internal
Monologue is also known as your inner voice or your
internal speech.
A verbal stream
of conscious
thinking using
words. A semi-constant
internal monologue that some people can have
with themselves at a
conscious or
semi-conscious
level.
What you're
thinking
about may be thought of as an internal monologue, or a
conversation with oneself. Internal
monologue can be considered as a type of
speech rehearsal, or
when you're
imagining different
scenarios. In the philosophical field of language, there is much research about the
importance of language
as it relates to the
process of thinking
or
internal speech in correlation with the building and the usage of phrases
in one's own
language. When
reading, some people's internal
monologue moves
their muscles slightly as if they were speaking, this is called subvocalizing. In some medical or mental conditions, there
can be uncertainty about the true source of internal sentences or internal
monologue, which may lead to
concerns if a person is
hearing voices or having auditory hallucinations. Internal monologue
can be
stimulated by the
sensory parts of the
brain, activating both auditory and visual receptors.
Mediation can be a useful tool
to help
calm the internal voice
using various methods.
"Of course I talk to myself, because sometimes I need an expert
opinion from my
voice of reason,
or my shoulder angel with a
PhD. I try
to avoid
echo chambers,
because having a second opinion or
several opinions can be extremely valuable."
Language and Thought is when our
emotions and
behavior are
caused by
our internal dialogue. We can change ourselves by learning to
challenge and refute our own thoughts, especially a number of specific
mistaken thought patterns called
cognitive distortions.
Don't under estimate the power of words,
especially your own words.
The
Power of Language -
Human Voice
-
Positive Thinking
Intrapersonal Communication is the process by which an
individual
communicates within
themselves, acting as both sender and receiver of messages, and
encompasses the use of
unspoken words to
consciously engage in self-talk and inner speech. It is a communicator's internal use
of
language or
thought. It can be useful to envision
intrapersonal
communication occurring in the mind of the
individual in a model which
contains a sender, receiver, and a feedback loop.
Introspect is to reflect on one's own
thoughts and feelings.
Retrospect -
Default Mode Network -
Ear Worm -
Rumination -
Small Talk
Introspection is
the
examination of one's own
conscious thoughts and
feelings. In psychology, the
process of introspection relies exclusively on
observation of one's mental state,
while in a spiritual context it may refer to the
examination
of one's soul. Introspection is closely related to human
self-reflection and is
contrasted with
external observation.
Soliloquy is
a monologue addressed to oneself, thoughts spoken out loud without
addressing another. Soliloquies are used as a device in drama to let a
character make their thoughts known to the audience, address it directly
or take it into their confidence, wholly or in part.
Some people are more comfortable having
conversations with themselves than with other people? Some people
rarely have real conversations, even with themselves. The
conversations in your head are only
one half of a conversation. Even though you're
talking to yourself, it still
counts as
only one opinion. You can't
just say "my
paranoid side says
yes, while my
logical side says no", because you still need to
confirm the accuracy of both of those questions,
because everything is
relative.
Just like when
trying to figuring out if something is
propaganda,
fantasy or
factual? Are you being
mindful, or are you
being
mindless?
Is
thinking to yourself and
talking to yourself the same thing? Is your
speaking voice just you thinking out loud? Being able to think before you
speak is a good thing. It gives your
conscience a chance
to review the material before making it public. We know that there are
some things we
should never say or
speak, even if we think them.
So why do we think them? People don't always say what they
think. When people speak, a lot of times it's not the same words as
what they were thinking. People can think one way but say it another way.
So how do you know if your own thoughts are true or accurate? Speaking
the truth is debatable,
so you have to be careful when you speak. Thinking is best when done before
speaking. But how do you know
if your thinking is true?
Listening -
Interpretation -
Processing -
SignalsHow can you be sure
that something
goes without saying if you never
say it out loud? How can you be sure that it
goes without thinking if you never thought
it out load? To pretend to have a
conversation
with someone else, and to guess what their responses would be, is not that
unusual, people do it all the time, it's called
thinking to yourself. It's
anticipating
responses to particular
scenarios
and questions that you might ask someone. But the bottom line is, you're
still answering your own questions, so you're pretty much still just
talking to yourself, in a form of
role-playing. And it's
not a great way to teach yourself, mostly because you're only relying on
one information source. So you still need to
seek out more information and
knowledge in order to obtain a better understanding about the questions
you're asking, and, you also have to be sure that you're
asking the right questions,
and using the right
sources. Learning
to
become
more knowledgeable will always make for better conversations, even the
conversations that you have with yourself.
A conversation with yourself is not effectively
learning. Learning is a active process that takes more than just
thinking, you have to do things
and research things. You may figure some things out a little bit by
thinking, but it's only because you learned something before. You don't
learn too many things just thinking on your own. And you can't say that
you were trying to learn. You have to be
actively learning and understand what learning is. Did you ever wonder
who gave you that ability to learn? It was not you.
"You talk to yourself as if you were someone else. You're
acting as if you are
someone else in order to question yourself and
see things from another
perspective."
Acting (practicing) -
Imaginary Friend (imagination) -
Praying (higher self)
Voice-Over is a production technique where a voice—that is not part of
the
narrative (non-diegetic)—is used in a
radio, television production, filmmaking, theatre, or other presentations.
The voice-over is
read from a script and
may be spoken by someone who appears elsewhere in the production or by a
specialist voice talent. Synchronous dialogue, where the voice-over is
narrating the action that is taking place at the same time, remains the
most common technique in voice-overs. Asynchronous, however, is also used
in cinema. It is usually prerecorded and placed over the top of a film or
video and commonly used in documentaries or news reports to explain
information. Voice-overs are used in video games and on-hold messages, as
well as for announcements and information at events and tourist
destinations. It may also be read live for events such as award
presentations. Voice-over is added in addition to any existing dialogue.
It is not to be confused with the process of replacing dialogue with a
translated version, which is called dubbing or revoicing.
Is the person talking back
making sense? If the
measurer
is not
calibrated or knowledgeable
enough, then how can you be sure that the
examination
is accurate?
Self Regulation.
Subvocalization or silent speech, is the internal
speech typically
made when reading; it provides the
sound of the word as it is read.
This is a natural process when reading and it helps the mind to access
meanings to
comprehend and
remember what is read, potentially reducing
cognitive load. This inner speech is characterized by minute movements in
the larynx and other muscles involved in the articulation of speech. Most
of these movements are undetectable (without the aid of machines) by the
person who is reading. It is one of the components of Baddeley and Hitch's
phonological loop proposal which accounts for the storage of these types
of
information into
short-term memory.
How pronouns can be used to build confidence in stressful situations.
Self-distancing
language or self-talk can help us 'see' ourselves through someone else's
eyes.
Preschoolers Correct Speaking Mistakes Even When Talking to Themselves
Dialogical Self is a psychological concept which describes the mind's
ability to imagine the different positions of participants in an internal
dialogue, in close connection with external dialogue. The "dialogical
self" is the central concept in the Dialogical Self Theory (DST), as
created and developed by the Dutch psychologist Hubert Hermans since the
1990s.
Talking to ourselves in our heads may be fundamentally the same as
speaking our thoughts out loud. We spend a lot of time listening to
our own inner speech. Previous research suggests that when we prepare to
speak out loud, our brain creates a copy of the instructions that are sent
to our lips, mouth and vocal cords. This copy is known as an
efference-copy. It is sent to
the region of the brain that processes sound to predict what sound it is
about to hear. This allows the brain to discriminate between the
predictable sounds that we have produced ourselves, and the less
predictable sounds that are produced by other people. The efference-copy
dampens the brain's response to self-generated vocalisations, giving less
mental resources to these sounds, because they are so predictable. This is
why we can't
tickle ourselves.
When I rub the sole of my foot, my brain predicts the sensation I will
feel and doesn't respond strongly to it. But if someone else rubs my sole
unexpectedly, the exact same sensation will be unpredicted. The brain's
response will be much larger and creates a ticklish feeling simply
imagining making a sound reduced the brain activity that occurred when
people simultaneously heard that sound. People's thoughts were enough to
change the way their brain perceived sounds. In effect, when people
imagined sounds, those sounds seemed quieter.
I want everyone to know what I'm thinking, but what I'm
thinking is not always what I want to say out load, or should say out
load. Thinking bad things is not a victimless crime. You can say it's a
joke, but why does that excuse you? Unless
you are making a point? You have a responsibility for your own thoughts,
as well as for the words you speak. Saying horrible things, or thinking
horrible things, does not say that you are a bad person, it's only bad
when you believe those words or thoughts, it's also bad when you don't
apologize for your thoughts or words. (it is a learning process).
Shoulder
Angel -
Self-Smart -
Introvert
The Voice In Your
Head. A surreal comedy about an office worker who has resigned himself
to spending every waking hour tortured by the negative voice in head,
until a concerned coworker decides to take action.
Inferiority Complex -
Internal Narrative -
ThinkingIf you hear a voice in your head saying to
commit a crime, then that voice is wrong and bad. And pretending that the
voice is a holy spirit will only
make a
fool of you. How to
interpret information and
understand information is extremely
important, no matter what the source is.
Sleep Talking -
Inter
Voice -
Speed Reading
Misinterpretations are humans
achilles
heal. We not only
misinterpret each other
sometimes, we also misinterpret our own thoughts and feelings
sometimes. Not only do we experience difficulties communicating
with other people, we also have difficulties communicating with
ourselves. This is why we need more knowledge and information to
make us more skilled, more aware, and more intelligent.
Misinterpretation is having an inaccurate mental representation of the meaning or
significance of something. Not correct; not in conformity with
fact or truth.
Meanings -
Translations"if I'm
joking to myself, then who is the joke intended
for? My
conscience?
Who's that? If my awareness is random like my dreams, then how can I be
sure which part of me is
listening, and why?"
People with No Internal Monologue.
In childhood, the dorsal stream develops slower than the ventral stream.
The emergence of inner speech is influenced by dorsal stream development.
It's unclear why some people don't have an internal monologue, but
researchers speculate it has to do with the way the dorsal stream matures,
among other things. Inner dialogue is a frequent occurrence for only 30 to
50 percent of people.
Why Some People Don't Have an Inner Monologue (youtube)
Q&A with a person who does not have an internal monologue (youtube)
People without an inner voice have poorer verbal memory. Between 5-10
per cent of the population do not experience an inner voice.
The vast
majority of people have an ongoing conversation with themselves, an inner
voice, that plays an important role in their daily lives. But between 5-10
per cent of the population do not have the same experience of an inner
voice, and they find it more difficult to perform certain verbal memory
tasks, new research shows.
Aphantasia is when your brain doesn't
form or use
mental images as part of
your thinking or imagination. Experts don't define aphantasia as a medical
condition, disorder or disability. Instead, it's a characteristic, much
like which hand you naturally use to write.
Voices In My Head
Auditory
Hallucination is a form of
hallucination that involves
perceiving sounds
without auditory stimulus. A common form of auditory
hallucination
involves hearing one or more talking
voices, and this is known as an
auditory verbal hallucination. There are three main categories into which
the
hearing of
talking voices often fall: a person hearing a voice speak
one's thoughts, a person hearing one or more voices
arguing, or a person
hearing a
voice narrating their own actions. These three categories do not
account for all types of auditory hallucinations.
Hallucinations of music also occur. In
these, people more often hear snippets of songs that they know, or the
music they hear may be original, and may occur in normal people and with
no known cause. Is this related to
hearing voices
when your
half asleep?
If your
internal monologue seems to have a mind of its own,
and if the
dream world
mechanism for creating dreams while we sleep, is some how being
activated while you are awake, then your
auditory hallucinations might need to seek out some
professional advice.
Is
God trying to talk to me? Is
someone communicating with me
telepathically? Am I
receiving signals that
are not meant for me? Is it my
intuition communicating
with me? Or is it a
disorder
of the mind that causes random feedback from the
subconscious mind.
Somniloquy
is a parasomnia that refers to
talking aloud while asleep. It can be quite
loud, ranging from
simple mumbling sounds to loud shouts and long
frequently inarticulate speeches, and can occur many times during a sleep
cycle. As with
sleepwalking and
night terrors, sleeptalking usually occurs
during the less-deep delta-wave
NREM sleep stages or during temporary
arousals therefrom.
Lateral Lemniscus is a tract of axons in the
brainstem that
carries information about sound from the
cochlear nucleus to various
brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of
the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are
located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of
the lateral lemniscus
How to cope with Hearing Voices. Hearing the voices of God
or just voices?
Poor supplementary motor area activation differentiates Auditory Verbal
AVATAR Therapy for
Auditory Hallucinations uses
speech that closely
matched the pitch and tone of the persecutory voice in peoples heads.
Patients were then encouraged to engage in a dialogue with the avatar, who
was controlled by a therapist. Instead of propagating a relationship where
the
persecutory voice dominates a submissive patient, the therapist could
control the avatar so it would slowly yield
control
to the patient as time passed. AVATAR therapy showed mean reductions in
total
Psychotic Symptom
Rating Scale (PSYRATS) auditory hallucinations of 8.75 (P = .003), and
in the Omnipotence and Malevolence subscales of the Revised Beliefs About
Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ-R) of 5.88 (P = .004). On the other hand, the
control group experienced no changes during the study period.
Noise Masking.
What happens in the brain when a person with schizophrenia 'hears voices'?
New study used brain scans of people with and without auditory
hallucinations to model the brain networks that may be involved. Auditory
hallucinations are likely the result of abnormalities in two brain
processes: a 'broken'
corollary discharge that fails to suppress self-generated sounds, and
a 'noisy'
efference copy that makes the brain hear these sounds more intensely
than it should, according to a new study. Patients may fail to distinguish
between
their own thoughts
and external voices, resulting in a reduced ability to recognize thoughts
as self-generated. The new study showed that when patients with auditory
hallucinations were preparing to speak a syllable, their brains not only
failed to suppress these internal sounds, but had an enhanced "efference
copy" response to internal sounds other than the planned syllable.
Efference Copy (wiki) -
Listening -
Interpretation -
Processing -
Cross Talk Signals
-
Higher Dimensional Aliens -
Magic -
Illusions
Things I would say if I were me, "Who the hell
are you?" I'm you,
first person narrative. "Ohhh."
"Sometimes in order to keep
the conversation going, you have to do it yourself, ask all the
questions and look for the answers."
Interlocutor is a
person involved in a conversation or
dialogue. Two or more people
speaking to one another, are each
other's interlocutors.