City Management
Local Government - Administration - Settlements
City Manager is
an official appointed as the administrative
manager of a
city, in a
council–manager form of city
government. Local officials
serving in this
position are sometimes referred to as the
chief executive officer
or CEO or
chief administrative officer or CAO in some municipalities. City
managers
need to be able to conduct the following
duties effectively in the job:
Communicate. Delegate tasks. Oversee
projects. Create and
manage budgets. Bridge gaps
in
political disputes. Hire and
fire department heads . Represent the city.
Some of the basic roles,
responsibilities, and powers of a city manager
include:
Supervision of day-to-day operations of all city departments and
staff through department heads;
Oversight of all recruitment, dismissal,
disciplining and suspensions; Preparation, monitoring, and execution of
the city
budget, which includes submitting each year to the council a
proposed budget package with options and recommendations for its
consideration and possible approval; Main technical advisor to the council
on overall governmental operations; Public relations, such as meeting with
citizens, citizen groups, businesses, and other stakeholders (the presence
of a mayor may alter this function somewhat); Operating the city with a
professional understanding of how all city functions operate together to
their best effect; Attends all council meetings, but does not have any
voting rights. Additional duties that may be assigned by the council.
Federal Government
Departments.
Developing -
Infrastructure
-
Transportation -
Safety -
Environment Monitoring
-
Smart Cities -
Over Development -
Money -
Red Tape -
Bureaucracy -
Micromanagement -
Industry
How do you
manage a city and grow without wasting time, people, resources,
and energy?
Learning Society -
Census -
Parks
Mayor is
the
elected head of a city, town, or other municipality. Mayor is the
highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city
or a town. A mayor controls municipality workers, helps people, and
provides basic necessities for them. Worldwide, there is a wide variance
in
local laws and
customs regarding the powers and
responsibilities of a
mayor as well as the means by which a mayor is elected or otherwise
mandated. Depending on the system chosen, a mayor may be the
chief executive officer
of the municipal government, may simply chair a
multi-member governing body with little or no independent power, or may
play a solely ceremonial role. Options for selection of a mayor include
direct election by the public, or selection by an elected
governing
council or board. The term "Mayor" shares a linguistic origin with the
military rank of Major, both ultimately derived from French majeur.
Council–Manager government form is one of two predominant forms of
local government in the United States and Ireland, the other being the
mayor–council government form. Council–manager government form also is
used in both county and city governments in the United States. The
council–manager form is also used for municipal government in Canada and
many other countries, both for city councils and county councils.
Council of Governments also known as regional councils, regional
commissions, regional planning commissions, and planning districts) are
regional governing and/or coordinating bodies that exist throughout the
United States.
CoGs are normally controlled
by their member local governments, though some states have passed laws
granting CoGs region-wide powers over specific functions, and still other
states mandate such councils.
Country Management.
Aldermen
is an elected member of a municipal council. Alderman is a member of a
municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English
law. The term may be titular, denoting a high-ranking member of a borough
or county council, a council member chosen by the elected members
themselves rather than by popular vote, or a council member elected by
voters.
Administration the process or activity of
running a business, organization, etc. the management of public
affairs; government. Administrative relating to the running of a
business, organization, etc.
Administrative Division (wiki) -
Leadership.
Public Administration is the implementation of government
policy and also an academic discipline that
studies this implementation and prepares
civil servants for working in the
public service. As a "field of inquiry
with a diverse scope" whose fundamental goal is to "advance management
and policies so that government can function". Some of the various
definitions which have been offered for the term are: "
the
management of public programs"; the "translation of politics into
the reality that citizens see every day"; and "the study of government
decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various
inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce
alternative
policies." Public
administration is "centrally concerned with the organization of government
policies and programs as well as the behavior of officials (usually
non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct". Many unelected
public servants can be considered to be public administrators,
including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments
such as municipal budget directors, human resources (HR) administrators,
city managers, census managers, state mental health directors, and cabinet
secretaries. Public administrators are public servants working in public
departments and agencies, at all levels of government.
Law Enforcement.
Local Government is a form of
public administration which, in a
majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a
given state. The term is used to contrast with offices at state level,
which are referred to as the
central government, national government, or
federal government, and also to
supranational government which deals with governing institutions between
states. Local governments generally act within powers delegated to them by
legislation or directives of the higher level of government. In federal
states, local government generally comprises the third (or sometimes
fourth) tier of government, whereas in unitary states, local government
usually occupies the second or third tier of government, often with
greater powers than higher-level administrative divisions. The question of
municipal autonomy is a key question of public administration and
governance. The institutions of local government vary greatly between
countries, and even where similar arrangements exist, the terminology
often varies. Common names for local government entities include
state,
province, region, department, county, prefecture, district,
city,
township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire, village, and local
service district.
Red Tape -
Bureaucracy
Local Government in the United States refers to governmental
jurisdictions below the level of the
state. Most
states and territories have at least two tiers of local government:
counties and municipalities. In some states, counties are divided into
townships. There are several different types of jurisdictions at the
municipal level, including the city, town, borough, and village. The types
and nature of these municipal entities vary from state to state. In
addition to these general-purpose local governments, states may also
create special-purpose local governments. Many rural areas and even some
suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the
county level. In other places consolidated city-county jurisdictions
exist, in which city and county functions are managed by a single
municipal government. In places like New England, towns are the primary
unit of local government and counties have no governmental function but
exist in a purely perfunctory capacity (e.g. for census data). In addition
to counties and municipalities, states often create special purpose
authorities, such as school districts and districts for fire protection,
sanitary sewer service, public transportation, public libraries, public
parks or forests, or water resource management. Such special purpose
districts may encompass areas in multiple municipalities or counties.
According to the US Census Bureau's data collected in 2012, there were
89,004 local government units in the United States. This data shows a
decline from 89,476 units since the last census of local governments
performed in 2007. Depending on the state, local governments may operate
under their own charters or under general law, or a state may have a mix
of chartered and general-law local governments. Generally, in a state
having both chartered and general-law local governments, the chartered
local governments have more local autonomy and home rule.
Office of Management and Budget is the largest office within the
executive office of the President of the United States.
District is a type of
administrative division that, in some
countries, is managed by local government.
Scale.
Municipality
is usually a single urban
administrative division having corporate status
and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and
state laws, to which it is subordinate. It is to be distinguished from the
county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small
communities such as towns, villages and hamlets.
Municipal Corporation is the legal term for a
local governing body,
including (but not necessarily limited to) cities, counties, towns,
townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. The term can also be
used to describe municipally owned
corporations.
Municipal is relating to a
city or town or
its governing body. The characteristic of a municipality or relating to
the
government of a municipality.
Waste Management.
Types of Settlements
City
is a densely
populated human
settlement with complex systems for
sanitation, utilities,
safety, land usage,
housing, and
transportation,
land use, production of goods, and communication. A city is a permanent
and densely settled place with
administratively
defined
boundaries whose members work
primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Their density facilitates interaction
between people,
government organizations and
businesses, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process, such as
improving efficiency of goods and service distribution. Due to the
efficiency of transportation and the smaller land consumption, dense
cities hold the potential to have a
smaller
ecological footprint per inhabitant than more sparsely populated
areas. Therefore, compact cities are often referred to as a crucial
element of fighting climate change. However, this concentration can also
have significant negative consequences, such as forming urban heat
islands, concentrating pollution, and stressing water supplies and other
resources. Cities typically provide municipal services such as education,
through school systems;
policing, through
police departments; and
firefighting, through fire
departments; as well as the city's basic infrastructure. These are
provided more or less routinely, in a more or less equal fashion.
Responsibility for
administration usually falls
on the city government, though some services may be operated by a higher
level of government, while others may be privately run. Governance
includes government but refers to a wider domain of
social control functions implemented
by many actors including nongovernmental organizations. The impact of
globalization and the role of multinational corporations in
local
governments worldwide, has led to a shift in perspective on urban
governance, away from the "urban regime theory" in which a coalition of
local interests functionally govern, toward a theory of outside economic
control, widely associated in academics with the philosophy of
neoliberalism. In the neoliberal model of governance, public utilities are
privatized, industry is deregulated, and corporations gain the status of
governing actors—as indicated by the power they wield in public-private
partnerships and over business improvement districts, and in the
expectation of
self-regulation through corporate social responsibility. The biggest
investors and real estate developers act as the city's de facto urban
planners. The related concept of good governance places more emphasis on
the state, with the purpose of assessing urban governments for their
suitability for development assistance. The concepts of governance and
good governance are especially invoked in the emergent megacities, where
international organizations consider existing governments inadequate for
their large populations.
Urban planning, the
application of forethought to city design, involves
optimizing land use,
transportation,
utilities, and other basic
systems, in order to achieve certain objectives. Urban society is
typically stratified. Spatially, cities are formally or informally
segregated along ethnic,
economic and racial lines. People living
relatively close together may live, work, and play, in separate areas, and
associate with different people, forming ethnic or lifestyle enclaves or,
in areas of concentrated poverty, ghettoes. While in the US and elsewhere
poverty became associated with the inner city. Historically, cities rely
on rural areas for intensive farming to yield surplus crops, in exchange
for which they provide money,
political
administration, manufactured goods, and culture. Urban economics tends
to analyze larger agglomerations, stretching beyond city limits, in order
to reach a more complete understanding of the local labor market. Cities
are typically hubs for education and the
arts,
supporting universities, museums, temples, and other cultural
institutions. They feature impressive displays of
architecture ranging from
small to enormous and ornate to brutal; skyscrapers, providing thousands
of offices or homes within a small footprint, and visible from miles away,
have become iconic urban features. Density makes for effective mass
communication and transmission of news, through heralds, printed
proclamations,
newspapers, and
digital media. Urban infrastructure involves various physical networks and
spaces necessary for transportation, water use, energy, recreation, and
public functions.
Megaprojects such as the
construction of airports, power plants, and railways require large upfront
investments and thus tend to require funding from national government or
the private sector.
Privatization may also extend to all
levels of infrastructure construction and maintenance. Sanitation,
necessary for good health in crowded conditions, requires water supply and
waste management as well as individual hygiene. Urban water systems
include principally a water supply network and a network for wastewater
including sewage and
storm water. Historically, either local governments or
private companies have administered urban water supply, with a tendency
toward government water supply in the 20th century and a tendency toward
private operation at the turn of the twenty-first. The market for private
water services is dominated by two French companies, Veolia Water
(formerly Vivendi) and Engie (formerly Suez), said to hold 70% of all
water contracts worldwide. Modern urban life relies heavily on the energy
transmitted through electricity for the operation of electric machines
(from household appliances to industrial machines to now-ubiquitous
electronic systems used in
communications,
business, and government) and for traffic lights, streetlights and indoor
lighting. Cities rely to a lesser extent on hydrocarbon fuels such as
gasoline and natural gas for transportation, heating, and cooking.
Telecommunications infrastructure such as telephone lines and coaxial
cables also traverse cities, forming dense networks for mass and
point-to-point communications. Because cities rely on specialization and
an economic system based on wage labour, their inhabitants must have the
ability to regularly travel between home, work, commerce, and
entertainment. City-dwellers travel foot or by wheel on roads and walkways,
or use special rapid transit systems based on underground, over-ground, and
elevated rail. Cities also rely on long-distance transportation (truck,
rail, and airplane) for economic connections with other cities and rural
areas. A global city, also known as a world city, is a prominent centre of
trade, banking, finance, innovation, and markets.
States.
Why Cities Are
Where They Are (youtube)
Development
-
Sustainable Development
-
Green Building -
Smart Cities -
Retrofit -
Governance
Location - The Best Places to Build -
The Worst Places to Build.
Scale.
Global City is a city which is a primary node in the global economic
network. The concept comes from geography and urban studies, and the idea
that globalization is created and furthered in strategic geographic
locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the
global system of finance and trade. The most complex node is the "global
city", with links binding it to other cities having a direct and tangible
effect on global socio-economic affairs.
Metropolis is a
large city or conurbation which is a
significant economic, political, and
cultural
center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or
international connections, commerce, and communications. A big city
belonging to a larger urban agglomeration, but which is not the core of
that agglomeration, is not generally considered a metropolis but a part of
it.
Conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns,
and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical
expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially
developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised
area, in which transportation has developed to link areas to create a
single urban labour market or travel to work area.
There are
about 50 cities on earth that are larger than five million people.
Metropolitan Area is a region consisting of a
densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding
territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. A metro area
usually comprises multiple jurisdictions and municipalities:
neighborhoods, townships, boroughs, cities, towns, exurbs, suburbs,
counties, districts, states, and even nations like the eurodistricts. As
social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan
areas have become key economic and political regions. Metropolitan areas
include satellite cities, towns and intervening rural areas that are
socioeconomically tied to the urban core, typically measured by commuting
patterns. Most metropolitan areas are anchored by one major city such as
Paris metropolitan area (Paris) and New York metropolitan area (New York
City). In some cases metropolitan areas have multiple centers of close to
equal importance, such as Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area (Dallas and
Fort Worth) and Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area (Islamabad and
Rawalpindi).
Elevations.
Region
are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical
geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the
interaction of humanity and the environment (environmental geography).
Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their
imprecisely defined, and sometimes transitory boundaries, except in human
geography, where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined
in law.
Urban is a human settlement with
high population density and
infrastructure of built environment.
Urban areas are created through
urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as
cities, towns,
conurbations or suburbs. In urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas
such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology
it contrasts with natural environment.
Urban Geography
is the subdiscipline of
Geography
that derives from a study of cities and urban processes.
Rural is a geographic area that is located
outside
towns and cities, like
farming, forests,
mountains and
parks.
Countryside is the land and scenery of a rural area.
Parks.
Suburb is a residential area or a
mixed use area, either existing as
part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within
commuting distance of a city. Suburban
Residential District
is an area outside of a City where
homes are.
Town is a
human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size
definition for what constitutes a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world.
Civil Township is a widely used unit of
local
government in the United States that is subordinate to a county.
Township functions are generally overseen by a governing board (the name
varies from state to state) and a clerk, trustee, or mayor (in NJ
townships and Utah metro townships). Township officers frequently include
justice of the peace, road commissioner, assessor, constable, and
surveyor. In the 20th century, many townships also added a township
administrator or supervisor to the officers as an executive for the board.
In some cases, townships run local libraries, senior citizen services,
youth services, disabled citizen services, emergency assistance, and even
cemetery services. In some states, a township and a municipality that is
coterminous with that township may wholly or partially consolidate their
operations.
Village
is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but
smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand.
Neighbourhood is a geographically localised community within a larger
city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social
communities with considerable
face-to-face interaction among members or neighbors.
Residential Area is a land used in which
housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas.
Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas.
These include single-family housing, multi-family residential, or mobile
homes.
Zoning for residential use may
permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business
and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit low
density uses. Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR (floor
area ratio) than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning.
The area may be large or small.
Human Settlement is a
community in which people
live. A settlement can range in size from a small number of dwellings
grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized
areas. Settlements may include hamlets, villages, towns and cities.
Industrial District is a place where
workers
and firms, specialized in a main industry and auxiliary industries, live
and
work.
Professions
-
Supplies -
Mixed-Use Development
Commercial Area in a city are areas, districts, or neighborhoods
primarily composed of commercial buildings, such as a downtown, central
business district, financial district, "Main Street", commercial strip, or
shopping center. Commercial activity within cities includes the
buying and selling of goods and services in retail
businesses, wholesale buying and selling, financial establishments,
and a wide variety of uses that are broadly classified as "business."
While commercial activities typically take up a relatively small amount of
land, they are extremely important to a community’s economy. They provide
employment, facilitate the circulation of money, and often serve many
other roles important to the community, such as public gathering and
cultural events.
Scale.
Campus
is a collection of buildings and grounds that belong to a given
institution, either academic or non-academic. Usually a college campus
includes libraries, lecture halls, residence halls, student centers or
dining halls, and park-like settings.
Territory is the
geographical area
under the jurisdiction of a
sovereign state.
State is an organized
community living under a
single political structure and
government, sovereign or constituent.
State Constitutions -
Country Constitutions
Country
is the territory occupied by a nation of people. A politically organized
body of people under a single government with geographical region boundary
area outside of cities and towns.
The True Size of Countries.
Nation is a large group
or collective of people with
common characteristics attributed to them — including language,
traditions, mores (customs), habitus (habits), and ethnicity. By
comparison, a nation is more impersonal, abstract, and overtly political
than an ethnic group. It is a
cultural-political
community that has become conscious of its autonomy, unity, and particular interests.
Person is a
human
that has certain
capacities and
attributes
constituting
Personhood, which in turn is defined differently by different
authors in different disciplines, and by different cultures in different times and places.
Citizen is someone who has a document
that states that they are living in a particular country.
Refugee
-
Family
Immigrant
is the international movement of people into a destination country of
which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in
order to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or
naturalized citizens, or to take-up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as a foreign worker.
Development
Master Plan is a comprehensive
document that sets out an overall
strategy. A small-scale
graphic outline that shows all the
major elements of a
project. A
master plan is used to
develop or improve
land, a
community, a building complex, or the like, through a
long-range
plan that
balances and
harmonizes all
known elements that will be affected by the plan. Includes
land-use
planning and a
government entity’s plan for the overall
utilization
of a
particular area, including its allocation for residential or
manufacturing
uses and the corresponding
environmental impacts.
Highest and
best use is the use that would produce the highest
value for a property, regardless of
its actual current use.
How much Clean Water is
available? -
What is the Caring
Capacity of that location? What are the
Big 5 Needs? What is
Sustainable Development? What is
Over Development? What is
Low
Impact Development?
Request for
Proposal -
Project Management -
Cost Overruns -
Pandemics -
Mission Statement -
Urban Development -
Walking -
Infrastructure -
Location Concerns -
Growth vs.
Decay -
Gentrification -
Demographics
Capital Project is a large scale project
that helps to
maintain or improve
city assets such as
infrastructure and
public works, which may include water, drainage, sewage, streets, roads,
railways,
transportation, manufacturing plants,
power transmission and electrical distribution. A capitol project is an
investment in the
procurement or in the construction, reconstruction,
renovation, and
preventive maintenance of fixed
assets and city-owned buildings.
Education is Capitol.
Capital Improvements are permanent
structural changes, alterations or repairs to a property that enhance its
value, increases substantially, increases its useful life, or allows for a
new use and adaptability.
Capital Improvement Program is a short-range plan, usually four to ten
years, which identifies capital projects and equipment purchases, provides
a planning schedule and identifies options for financing the plan.
Developed Country is a
sovereign state that has a
developed economy
and
advanced technological
infrastructure
relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria
for evaluating the degree of economic development are
gross domestic product or GDP, gross
national product or GNP, the per capita income, level of
industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general
standard of living. Which criteria are
to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are
subjects of debate. Developed countries have generally more advanced
post-industrial economies, meaning the service sector provides more wealth
than the industrial sector. They are contrasted with developing countries,
which are in the process of industrialization or are pre-industrial and
almost entirely agrarian, some of which might fall into the category of
Least Developed Countries. As of 2015, advanced economies comprise 60.8%
of global GDP based on nominal values and 42.9% of global GDP based on
purchasing-power parity (PPP) according to the International Monetary
Fund. "A developed country with
underdeveloped minds
should not call themselves
developed.
We need to
grow intellectually and
grow
sustainably and
symbiotically, and also be
fair to
everyone at the same time. That's
development.
Financial
Planning -
Milestones -
Urban Planning -
Development
Metropolitan Planning Organization was created to ensure regional
cooperation in
transportation planning. Ensuring
that existing and future expenditures of
governmental
funds for transportation projects and programs are based on a
continuing, cooperative, and comprehensive (“3-C”) planning process.
Development Geography is a branch of geography which refers to the
standard of living and its
quality of life of its human inhabitants. In this context, development
is a process of change that affects people's lives. It may involve an
improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing
change. However, development is not always a positive process.
Human Geography is the branch of
geography
that deals with the study of people and their communities,
cultures, economies, and interactions with the
environment by studying their relations with and
across space and place. Human geography attends to human patterns of
social interaction, as well as
spatial level interdependencies, and how they influence or affect the
earth's environment. As an intellectual discipline, geography is divided
into the sub-fields of physical geography and human geography, the latter
concentrating upon the study of human activities, by the application of
qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Community Development is a process where
community members come together
to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems." It
is a broad term given to the practices of civic
leaders,
activists, involved citizens and professionals to improve various
aspects of communities, typically aiming to build stronger and more
resilient local communities.
Redevelopment is any
new construction on a
site that has pre-existing uses. It represents a process of land
development uses to revitalize the physical, economic and social fabric of
urban space. Some redevelopment projects and programs have been incredibly
controversial including the
urban renewal program in the United States in the mid-twentieth
century or the urban regeneration program in Great Britain.
Proto-City is a large, dense Neolithic settlement that is largely
distinguished from a city by its
lack of planning and centralized rule. The emergence of cities from
proto-urban settlements is a non-linear development that demonstrates the
varied experiences of early urbanization.
Development Process.
Proto indicates the first or the earliest
beginning of something, or the original.
Geopolitics is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human
and physical) on
politics and international
relations. While geopolitics usually refers to countries and relations
between them, it may also focus on two other kinds of states: de facto
independent states with limited international recognition and; relations
between sub-national geopolitical entities, such as the federated states
that make up a federation, confederation or a quasi-federal system.
Economic Geography.
Comprehensive Planning is a process that determines
community
goals and aspirations in
terms of community development. The outcome of comprehensive
planning is the Comprehensive Plan which dictates
public
policy in terms of
transportation, utilities, land use,
recreation, and
housing. Comprehensive plans typically encompass large geographical areas,
a broad range of topics, and cover a long-term time horizon.
Official Community Plan is a comprehensive
plan created by
an incorporated
municipality which dictates
public policy in terms of
transportation, utilities,
land use, recreation, and housing. OCPs
typically encompass large geographical areas, a broad range of topics, and
cover a long-term time horizon. The
process of creating an OCP is today
often referred to as a
community vision.
Five Pillars of Development -
Sustainable Development -
Parks -
Water
Management
-
Green Building -
Infrastructure
Geodesign is a set of concepts and methods used to involve all
stakeholders and various professions in collaboratively designing and
realizing the optimal solution for spatial challenges in the built and
natural environments, utilizing all available techniques and data in an
integrated process. Originally, geodesign was mainly applied during the
design and planning phase. "Geodesign is a design and planning method
which tightly couples the creation of design proposals with impact
simulations informed by geographic contexts." Now, it is also used during
realization and maintenance phases and to facilitate re-use of for example
buildings or industrial areas. Geodesign includes project
conceptualization, analysis, design specification, stakeholder
participation and collaboration, design creation, simulation, and
evaluation (among other stages).
Environmental Design is the process of addressing surrounding
environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies,
buildings, or products. It seeks to create spaces that will enhance the
natural, social, cultural and physical environment of particular areas.
Classical prudent design may have always considered environmental factors;
however, the environmental movement beginning in the 1940s has made the
concept more explicit. Environmental design can also refer to the applied
arts and sciences dealing with creating the human-designed environment.
These fields include architecture, geography, urban planning, landscape
architecture, and interior design. Environmental design can also encompass
interdisciplinary areas such as historical preservation and lighting
design. In terms of a larger scope, environmental design has implications
for the industrial design of products: innovative automobiles, wind power
generators, solar-powered equipment, and other kinds of equipment could
serve as examples. Currently, the term has expanded to apply to ecological
and sustainability issues.
Designing cities for 21st-century weather. Well-designed urban land
patterns can reduce population exposures to weather extremes. Researchers
have investigated how changes in urban land and population will affect
future populations' exposures to weather extremes under climate conditions
at the end of the 21st century. They used a data-driven model to predict
how urban areas across the country will grow by 2100, and found that how a
city is laid out or organized spatially has the potential to reduce
population exposures to future weather extremes.
Human Impact on the Environment includes impacts on biophysical
environments,
biodiversity, and other resources. The term
anthropogenic designates an effect or object resulting from human
activity.
Feasibility
Study.
Wrong trees in the wrong place can make cities hotter at night, study
reveals. While trees can cool some cities significantly during the
day, new research shows that tree canopies can also trap heat and raise
temperatures at night. The study aims to help urban planners choose the
best combinations of
trees and
planting
locations to combat
urban heat stress.
Environmental Planning is the process of
facilitating decision making
to carry out land development with the consideration given to the natural
environment, social, political, economic and governance factors and
provides a holistic framework to achieve
sustainable outcomes. A major
goal of environmental planning is to create
sustainable communities, which
aim to conserve and protect undeveloped land. Some of the main elements of
present-day environmental planning are: Social & economic development,
Urban development, Regional development,
Natural resource management &
integrated land use, Infrastructure systems,
Governance frameworks. The
environmental planning assessments encompass areas such as land use,
socio-economics, transportation, economic and
housing characteristics, air
pollution, noise pollution, the wetlands, habitat of the endangered
species, flood zones susceptibility, coastal zones erosion, and visual
studies among others, and is referred to as an Integrated environmental
planning assessment. It is the ability to
analyze environmental issues
that will facilitate critical decision making.
Urban Planning -
Land Use
Participatory
Design co-operative design or
co-design is an approach
to design attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees,
partners, customers, citizens, end users) in the design process to help
ensure the result meets their needs and is usable. Participatory design is
an approach which is focused on processes and
procedures of design and is not a
design style. The term is used in a
variety of fields e.g. software design, urban design, architecture,
landscape architecture, product design, sustainability, graphic design,
planning, and even medicine as a way of creating environments that are
more responsive and appropriate to their inhabitants' and users'
cultural,
emotional, spiritual and practical needs. It is one approach to placemaking. Recent research suggests that
designers create more
innovative concepts and ideas when
working within a co-design environment with others than they do when
creating ideas on their own. Participatory design has been used in many
settings and at various scales. For some, this approach has a political
dimension of user
empowerment
and democratization. For others, it is seen as a way of abrogating
design responsibility and innovation by designers.
How researchers are using digital city-building games to shape the future.
Researchers have come up with exciting and sophisticated new mapping
technology enabling future generations to get involved in creating their
own future built landscape. They say that planners are missing a real
trick when it comes to encouraging and involving the public to help shape
their own towns, cities and counties for the future. They also say that
games platforms can be used to plan future cities and also help the public
immerse themselves in these future worlds.
Enhanced Integrated Framework is a global development
program with the objective of supporting least developed countries (LDCs)
to better integrate into the global
trading system and to make trade a driver for development.
Frances Goldin was an unreconstructed socialist and was an advocate
for
affordable housing and a staunch
defender of the poor. Her activism extended over two careers. She was a
civic leader in a vintage neighborhood that was being gussied up with
fancy names (“as soon as they said ‘East Village,’ they tripled the rent,”
she told The New York Times in 1984) and becoming studded with
asymmetrical buildings girdled in glass. A founder of both the
Metropolitan Council on Housing and the
Cooper Square
Committee.
Planning
Permission refers to the approval needed for
construction or expansion
(including significant renovation) in some jurisdictions. It is usually
given in the form of a building permit (or construction permit).
Generally, the new construction must be inspected during construction and
after completion to ensure compliance with national, regional, and
local
building codes.
Land Use Change
refers to the conversion of a piece of land's use by humans, from one
purpose to another. For example, land may be converted from cropland to
grassland, or from wild land (e.g. tropical forests) to human-specific
land uses (e.g. palm oil plantations). Land use changes occur constantly
and at many scales, and can have specific and cumulative effects on air
and water quality, watershed function, generation of waste, extent and
quality of wildlife habitat, climate, and human health.
Use Change means the conversion of an
existing residential or commercial structure from one use to another use
permitted within the zoning district.
Land
Evaluation is concerned with the assessment of land performance
when used for specified purposes. It involves the execution and
interpretation of basic surveys of climate, soils, vegetation and other
aspects of land in terms of the requirements of alternative forms of land
use. The California Agricultural LESA Model evaluates measures of soil
resource quality, a given project's size, water resource availability,
surrounding agricultural lands, and surrounding protected resource lands.
An estimated 80 percent of land use change worldwide is caused by
agriculture.
Land use, land-use change, and forestry is defined as a "greenhouse
gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse
gases resulting from direct human-induced land use such as settlements and
commercial uses, land-use change, and forestry activities. LULUCF has
impacts on the global carbon cycle and as such, these activities can add
or remove carbon dioxide (or, more generally, carbon) from the atmosphere,
influencing climate.
Social
Geography is the branch of human geography that is most closely
related to social theory in general and sociology in particular, dealing
with the relation of social phenomena and its spatial components.
White Men’s Roads Through Black Men’s Homes: Advancing Racial Equity
Through Highway Reconstruction. Planners of the interstate highway system,
which began to take shape after the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956,
routed some highways directly, and sometimes purposefully, through Black
and brown communities. In some instances, the government took homes by
eminent domain. (73 Vanderbilt Law
Review 1259 (2020) - NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No.
20-49).
How a city is organized can create less-biased citizens. The city you
live in could be making you, your family, and your friends more
unconsciously racist. Or, your
city might make you less racist. It depends on how populous, diverse, and
segregated your city is, according to a new study that brings together the
math of cities with the psychology of how individuals develop unconscious
racial
biases. A new study presents
data and a mathematical model to explain why there is more unconscious, or
implicit, racial bias in some cities than others. The study, which brings
together the math of cities with the psychology of how individuals develop
unconscious racial biases, suggests that a city's level of implicit bias
depends on how populous, diverse, and segregated that city is.
Rugosity and Concentricity: In Urban Planning, Look to Edges, Not Just The
Core.
Global Urban Growth typified by Suburbs, not Skyscrapers. An analysis
of 478 cities with populations of more than 1 million people finds that
urban growth across the world is predominantly moving outward rather than
upward, a trend that is generally considered inefficient and
unsustainable.
American Institute of Certified Planners certifies professionals in
the United States in the field of Urban planning and assists planners in
the areas of ethics, professional development, planning education, and the
standards of
planning practice. Members of AICP pledge to adhere to a
detailed Code of
Ethics and
Professional Conduct. Once certified,
professional planners may place the designation "AICP" after their name to
indicate their membership in AICP, and their mastery of the principles,
skills, knowledge, and experience determined by the organization as
essential for a professional planner. To become certified, a planner must
have a specified combination of
relevant education and professional
experience, must pass an examination that tests skills and knowledge, must
pay an annual fee, and must be a member of the
American Planning Association in good standing. The AICP certification
exam is offered twice a year for two weeks, in May and November. Beginning
in 2004 the exam uses a computer-based format. To maintain membership in
the AICP, a certified planner must earn a specified number of continuing
education credit hours that include courses in planning law and ethics every two years.
Growth
Exponential Growth is a phenomenon that occurs when the
growth rate of the value of a
mathematical function is proportional to the
function's current value, resulting in its
growth with
time being an
exponential function.
Over Development -
Tipping Point -
Two Sides to a
Story -
Development
Doubling time
is the Rule of 70. The Rule of 70 states that to find the doubling time of
a quantity growing at a given annual percentage rate, divide the
percentage number into 70 to obtain the approximate number of years
required to double. For example, at a 10% annual growth rate, doubling
time is 70 / 10 = 7 years. Doubling time is the period of time required for
a quantity to double in size or
value. It is applied to population growth,
inflation, resource extraction, consumption of goods,
Climate Change, compound interest,
the volume of malignant
tumors, and many other things that tend to grow
over time. When the relative growth rate (not the absolute growth rate) is
constant, the quantity undergoes exponential growth and has a constant
doubling time or period, which can be calculated directly from the growth
rate.
A
Century of Sprawl in the United States.
Exponential is a function in which an
independent variable appears as an exponent.
Exponential Function is a function of the form.
Exponentiation
is a mathematical operation, written as bn, involving two numbers, the
base b and the exponent or power n, and pronounced as "b raised to the
power of n". The definition of exponentiation can be extended to allow any
real or complex exponent.
Exponent is a quantity representing the
power to which a given number or expression is to be raised, usually
expressed as a raised symbol beside the number or expression (e.g. 3 in 23
= 2 × 2 × 2). Exponent is a mathematical notation
indicating the number of times a quantity is multiplied by itself. The
inverse operation to
exponentiation, just as division is the inverse of multiplication and
vice versa. That means the logarithm of a number is the exponent to which
another fixed number, the base, must be raised to produce that number.
Exponent can also mean someone who expounds and
interprets or explains. A person who
pleads for a cause or propounds an idea. A person who believes in and
promotes the truth or benefits of an idea or theory.
Expounds is to
add details, as to an account or idea. To clarify the meaning of something
and discourse in a learned way, usually in writing.
Logarithmic Growth describes a phenomenon whose size or
cost can be described as a logarithm
function of some input. Logarithmic growth and exponential growth may be
explained by the fact that exponential growth curves may be straightened
by plotting them using a logarithmic scale for the growth axis.
Logarithmic Spiral.
Logarithm is the exponent required to produce a given number.
Natural Logarithm (wiki)
Power
Law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a
relative change in one quantity
results in a proportional relative change
in the other quantity, independent of the initial size of those
quantities: one quantity varies as a power of another. For instance,
considering the area of a square in terms of the length of its side, if
the length is doubled, the area is multiplied by a factor of four.
Growth is a process of becoming larger or
longer, more numerous or more important, more dangerous or more unstable.
In biology growth is the process of an individual organism growing
organically; a purely
biological unfolding of
events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more
complex level.
Organic Growth
is related to the growth of natural systems and organisms, societies and
economies, as a dynamic organizational process, that for business
expansion is marked by increased output, customer base expansion, or new
product development. Organic business growth is growth that comes from a
company's existing businesses, as opposed to growth that comes from buying
new businesses. Organic business growth does include growth over a period
that results from investment in businesses the company owned at the
beginning of the period.
Inorganic Growth
is the rate of growth of business and sales expansion by increasing output
and business reach by acquiring new businesses by way of
mergers,
acquisitions and take-overs.
Increment
is a process of becoming larger or longer or
more numerous or more
important or more dangerous. The amount by which something increases. To
increase by some amount, usually by one.
Grow is to become larger, greater, or
bigger; expand or gain. To
develop.
Scale
Scale is an
ordered reference
standard. The
ratio between the
size of something
and a representation of it.
Scaling
is the act of arranging things in a
graduated
series. The act of measuring or arranging or adjusting according to a
scale. Pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to
some rate or standard. Size or measure according to a scale.
At Scale is at the required size that would
solve a problem.
Maps.
Scale
in
ratio
of a model represents the
proportional ratio of a linear
dimension of the model to the same
feature of the original. Examples include a
3-Dimensional Scale Model of a
building or the scale
drawings of the elevations or plans of a building.
In such cases the scale is dimensionless and exact throughout the model or
drawing. The scale can be expressed in four ways: in words (a lexical
scale), as a
ratio, as a fraction and as a
graphical (bar) scale. Thus on an architect's drawing one might read 'one
centimetre to one metre' or 1:100 or 1/100 and a bar scale would also
normally appear on the drawing.
Golden Ratio
-
Fractals -
Symmetry
Scale Parameter is
a special kind of numerical parameter of a parametric family of
probability distributions. The larger the
scale parameter, the more spread out the distribution.
Scale
Factor is a number which scales, or multiplies, some quantity. In the
equation y = Cx, C is the scale factor for x. C is also the coefficient of
x, and may be called the constant of proportionality of y to x. For
example, doubling distances corresponds to a scale factor of two for
distance, while cutting a cake in half results in pieces with a scale
factor of one half. The basic equation for it is image over preimage. In
the field of measurements, the scale factor of an instrument is sometimes
referred to as sensitivity. The ratio of any two corresponding lengths in
two similar geometric figures is also called a scale factor.
Scaling in geometry is a linear transformation that enlarges
(increases) or shrinks (diminishes) objects by a scale factor that is the
same in all directions. The result of uniform scaling is similar (in the
geometric sense) to the original. A scale factor of 1 is normally allowed,
so that congruent shapes are also classed as similar. Uniform scaling
happens, for example, when enlarging or reducing a photograph, or when
creating a scale model of a building, car, airplane, etc.
Spatial Scale
refers to the order of magnitude of extent or
size of a land area or
geographical distance studied or described.
For instance, in physics
an object or phenomenon can be called microscopic if too small to be
visible. In climatology, a micro-climate is a climate which might occur in
a mountain, valley or near a lake shore. In statistics, a megatrend is a
political, social, economical, environmental or technological trend which
involves the whole
planet or is supposed
to last a very large amount of time. The concept is also used in
geography, astronomy, and meteorology. These divisions are somewhat
arbitrary; where, on this table, mega- is assigned global scope, it may
only apply continentally or even regionally in other contexts. The
interpretations of meso- and macro- must then be adjusted accordingly.
Scale
in social sciences
is the process of measuring or ordering entities with respect to
quantitative attributes or traits.
Scalability is the capability of a system, network, or
process to handle a growing amount of work, or its potential to be
enlarged in order to accommodate that growth.
Sizes.
Scale-Free Network is a network whose degree distribution follows a
power law, at least asymptotically.
Asymptotic
means approaching a value or curve arbitrarily closely (i.e., as some sort
of limit is taken). A line or curve that is asymptotic to given curve is
called the asymptote of.
Asymptotic Analysis is a method of describing limiting behavior.
Logarithmic Scale is a way of displaying numerical data over a very
wide range of values in a compact way—typically the largest numbers in the
data are hundreds or even thousands of times larger than the smallest
numbers. Such a scale is nonlinear: the numbers 10 and 20, and 90 and 100,
are not the same distance apart on a log scale. Rather, the numbers 10 and
100, and 100 and 1000 are equally spaced. Thus moving a set distance along
the scale means the number has been multiplied by 10 (or some other fixed
factor). Often exponential growth curves are displayed on a log scale,
otherwise they would increase too quickly to fit within a small graph.
Another way to think about it is that the number of digits of the data
grows at a constant rate. The numbers 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 are equally
spaced on a log scale, but the number of digits is going up by 1 each
time: 2, 3, 4, and 5 digits. In this way, adding two digits multiplies the
quantity measured on the log scale by a factor of 100.
Power Law is a functional relationship between two quantities, where a
relative change in one quantity results in a proportional relative change
in the other quantity, independent of the initial size of those
quantities: one quantity varies as a power of another. For instance,
considering the area of a square in terms of the length of its side, if
the length is doubled, the area is multiplied by a factor of four.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015 said private property
developers should not decide how a city should grow, and the
decision should be taken by residents and the city leadership,
leadership that is not corrupted or criminal and ignorant of course.
Surveying
Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of
determining the terrestrial or
three-dimensional position of points and
the
distances and
angles between them. A land surveying professional is
called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the
surface of the
Earth, and they are often used to establish land
maps and boundaries for
ownership, locations like building corners or the surface location of
subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil
law, such as property sales. Surveyors work with elements of
geometry,
trigonometry, regression analysis,
physics,
engineering,
metrology, programming languages and the
law.
They use equipment like total stations, robotic total stations, GPS
receivers, retroreflectors, 3D scanners, radios, handheld tablets, digital
levels, drones, GIS and surveying software. Surveying has been an element
in the development of the human environment since the beginning of
recorded history. The
planning and execution of most forms of construction
require it. It is also used in transport, communications,
mapping, and the
definition of legal boundaries for land ownership. It is an important tool
for research in many other scientific disciplines.
Navigation.
Cadastre
is a comprehensive register of the real estate or real property's
metes-and-bounds of a country.
Public
Land Survey System is the surveying method developed and used in the
United States to plat, or divide, real property for sale and settling.
Also known as the Rectangular Survey System, it was created by the Land
Ordinance of 1785 to survey land ceded to the United States by the Treaty
of Paris in 1783, following the end of the American Revolution.
Space Syntax encompasses a set of theories and
techniques for the analysis of
spatial configurations.
Planning (predictions)
Social Interface is face-to-face encounters between individuals
or social units representing different interests and backed by different
resources.
Interfaces.
Temporary Megacity - Ephemeral Megacity - Informal City - Pop Up City
Every 12 years, a megacity of seven million people springs up in India for
the Kumbh Mela religious festival where about 100 million people
congregate. The temporary megacity of 30 square kilometers, is
built
in ten weeks is completely
disassembled in one
week. It also replicates all
forms of physical, as well as social, infrastructure. Water supply,
sewage, electricity, there are 1,400 CCTV cameras that are used for
security by an entire station that is set up. But also social
infrastructure, like clinics, hospitals, all sorts of community services,
that make this function like any real megacity would do. 10,500 sweepers
are employed by the city. There are five materials that are used to build
this settlement for seven million people: eight-foot tall bamboo, string
or rope, nails or screw and a skinning material. Could be corrugated
metal, a fabric or plastic. And these materials come together and
aggregate. It's like a kit of parts. And it's used all the way from a
small tent, which might house five or six people, or a family, to temples
that can house 500, sometimes 1,000 people. And this kit of parts, and
this imagination of the city, allows it to be disassembled. And so at the
end of the festival, within a week, the entire city is disassembled.
Kumbh
Mela (wiki).
Burning Man (temporary city design) -
Social
Experiment.
Square-Mile Street Network Visualization.
Grid Plan
is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other,
forming a grid. In the context of the culture of ancient Rome, the grid
plan method of land measurement was called Centuriation.
Centuriation or Roman grid, was a method of land measurement used by
the Romans. In many cases land divisions based on the survey formed a
field
system, often referred to in modern times by the same name. According
to O. A. W. Dilke, centuriation combined and developed features of land
surveying present in Egypt, Etruria, Greek towns and Greek countryside.
Centuriation is characterised by the regular layout of a square grid
traced using surveyors' instruments. It may appear in the form of roads,
canals and agricultural plots. In some cases these plots, when formed,
were allocated to Roman army veterans in a new colony, but they might also
be returned to the indigenous inhabitants, as at Orange (France). The
study of centuriation is very important for reconstructing landscape
history in many former areas of the Roman empire.
Landscape History is the study of the way in which humanity has
changed the physical appearance of the environment – both present and
past.
Landscape Archaeology is the study of the ways in which people in the
past constructed and used the environment around them.
Cultural Landscape describes a symbiosis of human activity and
environment. A landscape designed and created intentionally by man. An
organically evolved landscape which may be a relict or fossil landscape or
a continuing landscape. An associative cultural landscape which may be
valued because of the religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element.
Growing Pains - Over Development
Exponential Decay is the
decrease in a
quantity that happens over a period of time. The
decay is constant
and decreases at a rate that is proportional to its current
value, reducing its amount by a
consistent percentage rate over a period of time.
Exponential
Decay occurs
when the
growth rate is
negative. In the case of a discrete domain of definition
with equal intervals, it is also called geometric
growth or
geometric
decay, the function values forming a
geometric progression.
Growth of Decay are the side
effects of
growth and over development, like
more pollution, more depleted
resources, more sick people, and more problems.
People
need to Learn how to do math correctly and completely.
Feedback Loops -
Chain Reactions -
Over Development Dangers -
Unsustainable -
Denial
-
Hoarding -
Profits -
Ignorance -
Cancer -
Gentrification
-
Stratification -
Progress Trap -
Social Trap -
Wealth Inequality
-
Urban
Decay
The Limits to Growth
is
a
1972 book about the
computer simulation of exponential economic and
population growth with finite resource supplies.
Economics -
Sustainable Development -
Mix Use There are limits in
physical
growth, those are the facts of life and the
laws of physics. But there are
no limits in
mental growth, because the things that we can learn has no
limits. So when the
growth of minds is
hindered, then
underdeveloped minds will always be vulnerable to bad decisions in the
physical world, as we can clearly see in so many areas around the world.
Internal Colonialism is the structural political and
economic
inequalities between regions within a nation state. The term is used to
describe the uneven effects of economic
development on a regional basis,
otherwise known as "
uneven
development", and to describe the exploitation of minority groups
within a wider society. This is held to be similar to the relationship
between metropole and colony, in colonialism proper. The term used to
describe the
distinct separation of the dominant core, from the periphery
in an empire.
Why the "Wrong Side of the Tracks" is usually the East Side of Cities:
Stephen DeBerry (video and text)
How do you quantify the
cost of sprawl? There are so many, after all. For local governments,
the cost of single-family homes and shopping malls tend to outweigh the
tax benefits. Sprawl drives up fuel and energy consumption, commute times,
and per capita land use, and
drives down individual
health, physical activity, and even psychological well-being.
Combining the the 50 largest metro areas in the U.S., he found,
commuters pay more than $107 billion annually, which is about $1,400
per commuter, on average. Those are the dollar costs of the number of
additional hours Americans spend traveling to and from work due to
sprawling land-use patterns—which, by their methodology, ends up being
around 3.9 billion extra hours total, or 50 hours per worker, per year.
AI can alert urban planners and policymakers to cities' decay. As
urbanization advances around the globe, the quality of the urban physical
environment will become increasingly critical to human well-being and to
sustainable development initiatives. However, measuring and tracking the
quality of an urban environment, its evolution and its spatial disparities
is difficult due to the amount of on-the-ground data needed to capture
these patterns.
Greenbelts are effective at slowing urban sprawl. Study compares 60
European cities to see how protected landscapes lead to denser
development. Researchers argue that
greenbelts almost
always work in curbing sprawl, particularly in larger cities. It looks at
60 cities in Europe, half of them with a greenbelt, half without, and uses
open-source data to compare changes in and levels of urban sprawl between
2006 and 2015. 'We noticed decreases in urban sprawl in 27 of the 30
cities that had greenbelts, so we can say that overall, greenbelts are
very effective,' says the study's lead author, Parnian Pourtaherian, MSc
21. Jochen Jaeger, an associate professor of geography, planning and
environment in the Faculty of Arts and Science, co-authored the paper.
Modernization Theory (wiki) -
Modernism (wiki) -
Pollution -
Problem Solving
Republicans receive bribes from developers to allow
developers to over develop areas at the cost of the environment and at the
cost of people who need shelter. Republican-controlled state legislature
led the charge a decade ago to do away with the agency governing growth.
During his campaign for governor in 2010, Sen. Rick Scott called the
state's growth management rules a jobs killer. Developers disliked the
checks and balances, such as limits on projects tied to road capacity and
building big developments in rural areas where land was cheaper. They
especially bristled over the requirement that developers pay for schools,
police, roads and the other services that new housing would require.
We know
the limits to growth and that the
ecosystem
is Fluctuating,
adapting and Evolving.
The
balance of nature is not an
equilibrium for
mother nature is sometimes unpredictable just like
Humans. But what we do know is that
cause and effect cannot be ignored. Even when there is no
100 percent guarantee we still have to play the
odds
as best as we can.
St. Petersburg Paradox is a situation where a naive decision criterion
which takes only the expected value into account predicts a course of
action that presumably no actual person would be willing to take. Several
resolutions are possible.
Arithmetic, Population and Energy with Dr. Albert Bartlett (youtube)
-
M. King Hubbert the rate of petroleum production of the
reserve over time would resemble a bell curve.
Precautionary Principle to
risk management states that if an action or policy has a suspected
risk of causing harm to the public, or to the environment, in the absence
of scientific consensus (that the action or policy is not harmful), the
burden of proof that it is not
harmful
falls on those taking that action.
Sustainability (smart growth is no growth)
-
Economic Growth
Environmental Crime
is an illegal act which
directly harms
the
environment.
Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and
income per capita indicators.
NIMBY is
an acronym for the phrase "
Not In My Back Yard", which is an opposition by
residents to a proposal for a new development because it is close to them
(or, in some cases, because the development involves controversial or
potentially dangerous technology) often with the connotation that such
residents believe that the developments are needed in society but should
be further away. The residents are often called Nimbys and their state of
mind is called Nimbyism.
Hypocrisy
Double Standards.
Architecture that's Built to Heal: Michael Murphy (video and
interactive text)
All
Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace (Ep. 2)
(youtube)
Paul
Gilding: The Earth is Full (youtube)
Dystopia
is a community or society that is undesirable or frightening. It is
translated as "not-good place".
Cybernetics approach for exploring
regulatory systems – their structures,
constraints, and possibilities.
Externalities (transferring
of problems)
Equilibrium Point is a constant solution to a differential equation.
Rare Earth Element (currency)
Economics
-
Statistics -
Self Management -
ProductivityWhere
intuition meets
knowledge.
Malls and Huge Shopping Centers Repurposed (info-graph)
Developed Country is a
sovereign state that has a
highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure
relative to other less industrialized nations.
Least Developed Country (wiki)
Developing Country is a nation or sovereign state with a
less developed industrial base and a low
Human Development Index relative to other countries.
The growing
pains have been devastating and still are devastating. But this time is
different. The era of lost human civilizations has come to an end.
This is our grand awakening.
Knowledge Keeper
provides for instant desktop analysis of
potential impacts of
industrial development on traditional land use, species habitat, and any
areas of importance to a community. This fully customizable
referrals/consultation tracking and management system is configured to
suit and support each community’s specific needs and consultation process.
The CKK also provides a comprehensive digital community archive for
documents, photographs, audio, and video files.
Tools for Data Sharing
There
is No Free Lunch. Only criminals believe that profiting from death
is somehow called making a living. This is what ignorance does, it blinds
a person from their own murderess acts. And they believe they can do it
just by changing the definitions of words to fit their own distorted
reality. They try to cover up their crimes, and hope to some how feel good
about themselves. You can't call it growth when you steal from other
people and steal from millions of future generations. You can't call it
growth when you poison the water, poison the land and poison the air.
You can't call it growth when people die because of it. This is way
beyond being amoral, or lacking any sense of
moral standards or principles,
this is something extremely evil and dangerous, a million times worse then
a rabid animal. This is a disease. And it needs to be treated as such.
Common-Pool
Resource is a type of good consisting of a natural or human-made
resource system (e.g. an irrigation system or fishing grounds), whose size
or characteristics makes it costly, but not impossible, to exclude
potential beneficiaries from obtaining benefits from its use. Unlike pure
public goods, common pool resources face problems of congestion or
overuse, because they are subtractable. A common-pool resource typically
consists of a core resource (e.g. water or fish), which defines the stock
variable, while providing a limited quantity of extractable fringe units,
which defines the flow variable. While the core resource is to be
protected or nurtured in order to allow for its continuous exploitation,
the fringe units can be harvested or consumed.
Urban Planning
Urban Planning is a technical and political process
concerned with the
development and use of land, protection and use of the
environment,
public welfare, and the design of the
urban environment, including air, water, and the
infrastructure passing into and out of urban
areas, such as
transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning,
regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning or some
combination in various areas worldwide. It takes many forms and it can
share perspectives and practices with urban design.
Urban Planner is
a professional who practices in the field of urban planning.
Eminent Domain Abuses.
Urban
Design is the process of designing and shaping the physical features
of cities, towns, and villages and planning for the provision of municipal
services to residents and visitors. Although it deals with issues of a
larger scale than architecture, it cannot be understood as a wholly
separated field of research and design, since the quality of one depends
on the quality of the other. In fact, it is this very interdependency,
which has been termed ‘’
relational design’’. Urban design deals with the
larger scale of groups of buildings,
infrastructure, streets and
public
spaces, whole
neighborhoods and districts, and entire cities, with the
goal of making
urban environments that are equitable, beautiful, performative, and sustainable. Urban design is an inter-disciplinary field
that utilizes the procedures and the elements of architecture and other
related professions, including landscape design, urban planning, civil
engineering and
municipal engineering. It borrows substantive and
procedural knowledge from public administration, sociology, law, urban
geography, urban economics and other related disciplines from the social
and behavioral sciences, as well as from the natural sciences. In more
recent times different sub-subfields of urban design have emerged such as
strategic urban design,
landscape urbanism, water-sensitive urban design,
and
sustainable urbanism. Urban design demands an understanding of a wide
range of subjects from physical geography to social science, and an
appreciation for disciplines, such as real estate
development, urban
economics, political economy and social theory. Urban designers work to
create inclusive cities that protect the commons, ensure equal access to
and distribution of public goods, and meet the needs of all residents,
particularly women, people of color, and other marginalized populations.
Through design interventions, urban designers work to revolutionize the
way we conceptualize our social, political and spatial systems as
strategies to produce and reproduce a more equitable and innovative
future. Urban design is about making connections between people and
places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric. Urban design
draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental
stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of
places with distinct beauty and identity. Urban design draws these and
other strands together, creating a vision for an area and then deploying
the resources and skills needed to bring the vision to life. Urban design
theory deals primarily with the design and management of public space
(i.e. the
'public environment', 'public realm' or 'public domain'), and
the way public places are used and experienced. Public space includes the
totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-day basis by the general
public, such as streets, plazas, parks and public infrastructure. Some
aspects of privately owned spaces, such as building facades or domestic
gardens, also contribute to public space and are therefore also considered
by urban design theory.
Urban Vitality is the quality of spaces in cities that attract diverse
groups of people for varied activities over frequent, varied times. These
spaces may be perceived as alive, lively or vibrant, in contrast with
low-vitality areas, which may repel people and be perceived as unsafe.
Urban
Planning Education is the practice of teaching and learning urban
theory, studies, and professional practices. The interaction between
public officials, professional planners and the public involves a
continuous education on planning process. Community members often serve on
a city planning commission, council or board. As a result, education
outreach is effectively an ongoing cycle. Core courses typically include
coursework in history/theory of urban planning, urban design, statistics,
land use/planning law, urban economics, and planning practice. Many
planning degree programs also allow a student to "concentrate" in a
specific area of interest within planning, such as land use, environmental
planning, housing, community development, economic development, historic
preservation, international development, urban design, transportation
planning, or geographic information systems (GIS). Some programs permit a
student to concentrate in real estate, however, graduate real estate
education has changed giving rise to specialized real estate programs.
Urban Science is an interdisciplinary field that studies diverse
urban
issues and problems. Based on research findings of various disciplines
such as history, economics, sociology, administration, architecture, urban
engineering, transportation engineering, landscape architecture,
environmental engineering, and geo-informatics, it aims to produce both
theoretical and practical knowledge that contributes to understanding and
solving the problems of urban issues in contemporary society. Urban
science uses a computational understanding of city systems to evaluate how
they work and how they are grow and change. Its aim is to make cities more
habitable,
resilient, and
sustainable.
Urban Sprawl relates
to the social and environmental consequences associated with this
development where the expansion of human populations away from central
urban areas into low-density, monofunctional and usually car-dependent
communities, in a process called suburbanization.
Achieving Sustainable Urban Growth on a global scale. From the impacts
on the environment and climate to transforming land cover and habitats,
urban growth is driving global change. Urban areas contribute up to 75% of
global greenhouse gas emissions. By 2050, urban areas globally will either
double or triple, and the raw materials needed to build future cities is
more than the world can sustainably provide.
Preparing future urban planners for climate change. A study of
American and Canadian universities found most are including climate change
in the curriculum for future urban planners, but they vary widely in their
approaches to preparing the future professionals for mitigating, adapting
to and being resilient to climate change in their profession. List a
recommendations include requiring core climate change courses in planning
education and practice. Tracking if and how accredited planning programs
comply with requirements for climate change as part of core curriculum.
Increasing opportunities for cross-program and cross-national exchange on
teaching the topic in planning. Expanding perspectives beyond traditional
approaches to
reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation to climate impacts to more
centrally include equity and justice in transformative planning. Leading
by example to communicate the urgency of mitigation and adaptation and to
integrate the issue into existing classes.
Building green and blue spaces, such as
parks, in
new communities is crucial for cleaner air. With house building a priority
for the new UK Government, researchers are urging city planners not to
forget to build 'greening areas' such as parks in new communities.
Improving urban planning with virtual reality. Using the Unity3 game
engine, they recreate
scenarios in
3D where people can experience potential changes through
immersion. They
were able to prove that the physical reaction to this experience is
measurable. Construction measures that transform urban settings change the
environment of both the people who live there permanently and those who
visit them temporarily. It's not always possible to foresee the effects in
advance. In such cases, it helps to recreate the setting in a
3D model which people can
experience through immersion. To this end, the cartographers working with
Marco Weißmann use software that was originally designed to programme
computer game environments. "We've developed a lab kit of sorts in which
you can simulate an environment virtually, complete with traffic,"
explains Weißmann. The researchers can use it to directly visualise the
effects of planned structural changes: how does the traffic flow? Do cars
and pedestrians get in each other's way or not?
Does urbanization trigger plant evolution? Urban environments have
become hotspots for understanding how rapid evolution occurs in response
to extreme environmental changes. These habitats exert selective pressures
on resident organisms that impact their evolutionary trajectories.
Recently, researchers investigated how the creeping woodsorrel plant might
adapt in response to elevated temperatures that result from urbanization.
Understanding these effects can help predict evolutionary traits to manage
plant evolution in the face of shifting climatic conditions. A key
characteristic of such environments is the presence of impermeable,
heat-retaining surfaces created using brick, stone, asphalt, and concrete.
Notably, these surfaces form urban heat islands, i.e., regions with
elevated surface temperatures. An unexpected result of heat stress is the
impact on the behavior, physiology, and evolutionary trajectories of
resident organisms. Although several studies have investigated the role of
urban heat stress on evolution in animals, its effects on plant evolution
remain largely unexplored.
LA city failed to
build any dense housing, and the outcomes of that failure, using an
important concept in public policy analysis:
path dependence. (youtube)
Subdivision in land is the act of dividing land into pieces that are
easier to sell or otherwise develop, usually via a plat. The former single
piece as a whole is then known in the United States as a subdivision. If
it is used for housing it is typically known as a housing subdivision or
housing development, although some developers
tend to call these areas communities. Subdivisions may also be for the
purpose of commercial or industrial development, and the results vary from
retail shopping malls with independently owned out parcels, to industrial
parks.
Housing
(home alternatives)
Land Development is making land
more usable by humans
without waste, abuse or
corruption.
Principles of Intelligent Urbanism is urban planning
composed of a set of ten axioms intended to guide the formulation of city
plans and urban designs. They are intended to reconcile and
integrate
diverse urban planning and management concerns. These axioms include
environmental sustainability, heritage conservation, appropriate
technology, infrastructure-efficiency, placemaking, social access,
transit-oriented development, regional integration, human scale, and
institutional integrity.
Sustainable City is a city designed with consideration of
environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization of
required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air
pollution - CO2, methane, and water pollution.
Green Building Codes.
City Beautiful was a reform philosophy of North American
architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s
with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in
cities.
Beautification is the process of making visual improvements to a
person, place, or thing. With regard to a town, city, or urban area, this
most often involves
planting trees,
shrubbery, and other greenery, but frequently also includes adding
decorative or historic-style street lights and other lighting and
replacing broken pavement, often with brick or other natural materials.
Old-fashioned cobblestones are sometimes used for crosswalks; they provide
the additional benefit of slowing motorists.
Beautification projects are
often undertaken by city councils to refurbish their downtown areas, in
order to boost tourism or other commerce. Often, this is also spurred by
broken sidewalks, which pose a safety hazard for pedestrians and
potentially insurmountable obstacles for wheelchair users. These projects
are frequently part of other larger projects such as construction,
especially in conjunction with ones for transit, such as streets and roads and mass transit.
Garden City cities were intended to be planned,
self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing
proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
Parks.
Smart Cities
Jacque Fresco of
The
Venus Project believes in having a central
computer base where people can ask questions and get answers.
Of course this central database will
need humans to operate it, humans to manage it, humans to update
it, and humans to monitor it. (
Autonomic
Computing) Computers are not a self reliant entity, they do need
human interaction. For now you can just
ask the internet a question or ask a search engine a
question and get an answer, collectively, it's truly our
greatest strength.
So we just need to expand on that
central database a little more so that
people can understand the idea a little better.
Jacque has
great vision and great ideas.
I love his ideas on future cities and society. He just needs to
explain the
Transition from our old incompetent way of
living to the new improved and
sustainable way of living. We
also need to
Retrofit old cities so that we can help
maximize this
transition and make it easy for everyone during these
improvements. And of course we have to come up with a way to educate
people so that these improvements are clearly understood by everyone and
why we need to make these improvements as quick as possible.
Photos of Design Ideas for Future Cities (images)
Major Cities only take up 2% of the usable land on earth.
But Major Cities are home to 50% of the worlds population,
consume 75% of the worlds energy and emit 80% of
CO2 Carbon Dioxide.
So fixing cities are a good place to start.
Paul
Romer: The World's First Charter City (youtube) -
Green
Building
Charter City is a city in which the governing system is
defined by the city's own charter document rather than by state,
provincial, regional or national laws. In locations where city charters
are allowed by law, a city can adopt or modify its organizing charter by
decision of its administration by the way established in the charter.
These cities may be administered predominantly by residents or through a
third-party management structure, because a charter gives a city the
flexibility to choose novel types of government structure. Charter cities
are similar in administrative structure to special administrative regions.
Charter
City Film (youtube) -
Charter Cities
Smart City is an urban development vision to integrate
multiple
information and communication technology
and
Internet of Things solutions in a secure fashion to manage a city's assets – the
city's assets include, but are not limited to, local departments'
information systems, schools, libraries, transportation systems,
hospitals, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law
enforcement, and other community services. The goal of building a smart
city is to
improve quality of life by using urban informatics and
technology to improve the efficiency of services and meet residents'
needs. ICT allows city officials to interact directly with the community
and the city infrastructure and to
monitor what is happening in the city,
how the city is evolving, and how to enable a better quality of life.
Through the use of
sensors integrated with real-time monitoring systems,
data are collected from citizens and devices – then processed and
analyzed. The information and knowledge gathered are keys to tackling
inefficiency.
Smart City Prototype -
Samsø (wiki) -
Smart Cities Initiative -
Smart
Cities Initiative -
Environmentally Sustainable Urban Spaces -
CNU -
PracticalCity that is tall and
narrow and more than 105 miles long, that will be teeming with 9 million
residents and running entirely on renewable energy. This new city will
stretch from the Red Sea eastward across the desert and into a mountain
range. It will be only 200 meters wide (roughly 220 yards). It will rise
500 meters above sea level — higher than the Empire State Building.
Residents will be able to run errands with a five-minute walk. There will
be no cars or roads. High-speed rail will carry people from end to end in
20 minutes. It will cost hundreds of billions of dollars to build.
Construction has already begun, and Saudi projections call for 1.5 million
people to live in The Line by 2030.
Renovate - Retrofit - Repurpose
Renovation is the
process of improving a broken, damaged, or
outdated structure.
Renovations are typically either commercial or
residential. Additionally, renovation can refer to making something new,
or bringing something back to life and can apply in social contexts. For
example, a community can be renovated if it is strengthened and revive.
Mixuse.
Transition Towns refers to
grassroot community projects that
aim to increase
self-sufficiency
to reduce the potential effects of peak oil, climate destruction, and
economic instability.
Retrofit refers to the addition of new technology or features to older
systems.
Repurpose
(reuse-re-imagine)
Capital Project
is a project to construct either new facilities or make significant,
long-term renewal improvements to existing facilities.
The Death and Life of Great American Cities is a 1961 book by writer
and activist Jane Jacobs. The book is a critique of 1950s urban planning
policy, which it holds responsible for the decline of many city
neighborhoods in the United States. Going against the modernist planning
dogma of the era, it proposes a newfound appreciation for organic urban
vibrancy in the United States.
Real Estate Development has no specific credential required,
or license. Almost any person or company can call himself a real estate
developer.
Property is that which belongs to or with something, whether
as an attribute or as a component of said thing.
Zoning -
Building Codes
Social Economic Development
-
Social Entrepreneur
-
Community Solutions
-
Families and Work
-
Urban Habitat
-
Economic Co-Operation
-
Environmental Leader
The End of Ownership (youtube -VPRO Backlight, 47:52)
Instead of having property lines that just show
ownership, we should have lines that show protected areas,
polluted areas and areas that could sustain life.
Metropolitan Area Projects Plan is a multi-year, municipal capital
improvement program, consisting of a number of projects, originally
conceived in the 1990s in Oklahoma City by its then mayor Ron Norick. A
MAPS program features several interrelated and defined capital projects,
funded by a temporary sales tax (allowing projects to be paid for in cash,
without incurring debt), administered by a separate dedicated city staff
funded by the sales tax, and supervised by a
volunteer citizens oversight committee. In some ways, a MAPS
program is similar to a Local option sales tax. However, taxes collected
by a MAPS program do not go to a city's general fund, but are instead
deposited into a trust dedicated to the specific projects identified in
the taxes' enabling ordinance. Additionally, MAPS programs are only
indirectly controlled by a city's elected governance body; a citizens
oversight committee provides direct oversight, which is also established
by the enabling ordinance.
ParksTraffic Noise.
Levels of highway traffic
noise typically
range from 70 to 80 dB(A) at a distance of 15 meters or 50 feet from the
highway. These levels affect a majority of people,
interrupting concentration, increasing heart rates, or limiting the
ability to carry on a conversation.
Children who attend schools with more traffic noise show slower cognitive
development. If you're within one mile of a motorway or
major road, you will almost certainly hear a steady
hum of traffic.
Noise
is affected as much by topography as distance if you have a large hill
between you and a road, much of the noise will be cut out.
Pollution.
Local Option Sales Tax is a local option sales tax is often used as a
means of raising funds for specific local or area projects, such as
improving area streets and roads, or refurbishing a community's downtown
area.
Structural Engineering - Civil Engineering - Earthworks
Geotechnical Engineering is the branch of civil engineering
concerned with the engineering
behavior of earth materials. Geotechnical
engineering is important in civil engineering, but also has applications
in military, mining, petroleum and other
engineering disciplines that are
concerned with construction occurring on the surface or within the ground.
Geotechnical engineering uses principles of
soil mechanics and rock
mechanics to investigate subsurface conditions and
materials; determine
the relevant physical/mechanical and chemical properties of these
materials; evaluate stability of natural slopes and
man-made soil
deposits; assess
risks posed by site conditions; design earthworks and
structure foundations; and monitor site conditions, earthwork and
foundation construction. A typical geotechnical engineering project begins
with a review of project needs to define the required material properties.
Then follows a site investigation of soil, rock, fault distribution and
bedrock properties on and below an area of interest to determine their
engineering properties including how they will interact with, on or in a
proposed construction. Site investigations are needed to gain an
understanding of the area in or on which the engineering will take place.
Investigations can include the assessment of the risk to humans, property
and the environment from natural hazards such as
earthquakes, landslides,
sinkholes, soil liquefaction, debris flows and rockfalls.
Foundations built for above-ground
structures include shallow and deep foundations. Retaining structures
include earth-filled dams and retaining walls. Earthworks include
embankments, tunnels, dikes and levees, channels, reservoirs, deposition
of hazardous waste and sanitary landfills. Geotechnical engineers are
extensively involved in earthen and concrete
dam projects, evaluating the subsurface conditions at the dam site and
the side slopes of the reservoir, the seepage conditions under and around
the dam and the stability of the dam under a range of normal and extreme
loading conditions. Geotechnical engineering is also related to coastal
and ocean engineering. Coastal engineering can involve the design and
construction of wharves, marinas, and jetties. Ocean engineering can
involve foundation and anchor systems for offshore structures such as oil
platforms. The fields of geotechnical engineering and engineering geology
are closely related, and have large areas of overlap. However, the field
of geotechnical engineering is a specialty of engineering, where the field
of engineering geology is a specialty of geology. Coming from the fields
of
engineering and
science, respectively, the two may approach the same subject, such as
soil classification, with different methods.
Geotechnical Investigation is performed by geotechnical engineers or
engineering geologists to obtain information on the physical properties of
soil earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for repair of
distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions.
This type of investigation is called a site investigation. Additionally,
geotechnical investigations are also used to measure the thermal
resistivity of soils or backfill materials required for underground
transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines, radioactive waste disposal, and
solar thermal storage facilities. A geotechnical investigation will
include surface exploration and subsurface exploration of a site.
Sometimes, geophysical methods are used to obtain data about sites.
Subsurface exploration usually involves soil sampling and laboratory tests
of the soil samples retrieved. Surface exploration can include geologic
mapping, geophysical methods, and photogrammetry, or it can be as simple
as a geotechnical professional walking around on the site to observe the
physical conditions at the site. To obtain information about the soil
conditions below the surface, some form of subsurface exploration is
required. Methods of observing the soils below the surface, obtaining
samples, and determining physical properties of the soils and rocks
include test pits, trenching (particularly for locating faults and slide
planes), boring, and in situ tests. These can also be used to identify
contamination in soils prior to development in order to avoid negative
environmental impacts. Site investigations are needed to gain an
understanding of the area in or on which the engineering will take place.
Investigations can include the assessment of the risk to humans, property
and the environment from natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides,
sinkholes, soil liquefaction, debris flows and rockfalls.
Geospatial Predictive Modeling is a process for analyzing events
through a geographic filter in order to make statements of likelihood for
event occurrence or emergence. Spatial environment factors
(infrastructure, sociocultural, topographic, etc.) that constrain and
influence where the locations of events occur. Geospatial predictive
modeling attempts to describe those constraints and influences by
spatially correlating occurrences of historical geospatial locations with
environmental factors that represent those constraints and influences.
Civil Engineering is a
professional
engineering discipline
that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical
and naturally built environment, including works like
roads,
bridges,
canals,
dams, and
buildings.
Infrastructure.
American Society of Civil Engineers is dedicated to the advancement of
the science and profession of civil
engineering
and the enhancement of human welfare through the activities of society
members. It has more than 143,000 members in 177 countries. Its mission is
to provide essential value to members, their careers, partners, and the
public; facilitate the advancement of technology; encourage and provide
the tools for lifelong learning; promote professionalism and the
profession; develop and support civil engineers.
Civil
Engineering Society primary objective of the organization is to
provide services designed to aid the holistic development of the students
as future civil engineers.
Institution of Civil Engineers (wiki)
Structural Engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in
which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and muscles'
that create the form and shape of man made structures. Structural
engineers need to understand and calculate the stability, strength and
rigidity of built structures for buildings and nonbuilding
structures. The
structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such as
architects and building services engineer and often
supervise the construction of projects by
contractors on site. They can also be involved in the design of
machinery, medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity
affects functioning and safety. Structural engineering theory is based
upon applied physical laws and empirical knowledge of the
structural performance of
different materials and geometries. Structural engineering design uses a
number of relatively simple structural elements to build complex
structural systems. Structural engineers are responsible for making
creative and efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials to
achieve these goals.
Engineering Geology is the application of the geological
sciences to engineering study for the purpose of assuring that the
geological factors regarding the location, design, construction, operation
and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and accounted for.
Engineering geologists provide geological and geotechnical
recommendations, analysis, and design associated with human development
and various types of structures. The realm of the engineering geologist is
essentially in the area of earth-structure interactions, or investigation
of how the earth or earth processes impact human made structures and human
activities.
Soil.
Constructivist Architecture was a form of modern
architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early
1930s.
Deconstructivism is a development of postmodern architecture
that began in the late 1950s. It is influenced by the theory of
"Deconstruction", which is a form of semiotic analysis. It is
characterized by fragmentation, an interest in manipulating a structure's
surface, skin, non-rectilinear shapes which appear to distort and
dislocate elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope. The
finished visual appearance of buildings that exhibit deconstructivist
"styles" is characterized by unpredictability and controlled chaos.
Earthworks are engineering works created through the processing of
parts of the earth's surface involving quantities of
soil or unformed rock. Heavy construction equipment is usually used
due to the amounts of material to be moved — up to millions of cubic
metres. Earthwork construction was revolutionized by the development of
the (Fresno) scraper and other earth-moving machines such as the loader,
the dump truck, the grader, the bulldozer, the backhoe, and the dragline
excavator. Typical earthworks include road construction, railway beds,
causeways, dams, levees, canals, and berms. Other common earthworks are
land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize
slopes.
Workers.
Heavy Equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for
executing
construction tasks,
most frequently ones involving earthwork operations or other large
construction tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment
systems: implementation, traction, structure, power train, control and
information.
Dump
Truck is used for taking dumps (such as sand, gravel, or demolition
waste) for
construction as well
as coal. A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed, which is
hinged at the rear and equipped with hydraulic rams to lift the front,
allowing the material in the bed to be deposited ("dumped") on the ground
behind the truck at the site of delivery.
Backhoe
is a type of excavating equipment, or digger, consisting of a digging
bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. It is typically mounted
on the back of a tractor or front loader, the latter forming a "backhoe
loader" (a US term, but known as a "JCB" in Ireland and the UK). The
section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, while the
section that carries the bucket is known as the dipper (or dipper-stick),
both terms derived from steam shovels. The boom is generally attached to
the vehicle through a pivot known as the king-post, which allows the arm
to pivot left and right, usually through a total of 180 to 200 degrees.
Backhoe Loader is a heavy equipment vehicle that consists of a
tractor-like unit fitted with a loader-style shovel/bucket on the front
and a backhoe on the back. Due to its (relatively) small size and
versatility, backhoe loaders are very common in urban engineering and
small construction projects (such as building a small house, fixing urban
roads, etc.) as well as developing countries. This type of machine is
similar to and derived from what is now known as a TLB
(Tractor-Loader-Backhoe), which is to say, an agricultural tractor fitted
with a front loader and rear backhoe attachment.
Excavator are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom,
dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the
"house". The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. They
are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often mistakenly
called power shovels. All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator
are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic
cylinders and hydraulic motors. Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic
cylinders, their mode of operation is fundamentally different from
cable-operated excavators which use winches and steel ropes to accomplish
the movements.
Steam
Shovel is a large steam-powered excavating machine designed for
lifting and moving material such as rock and soil. It is the earliest type
of power shovel or excavator. Steam shovels played a major role in public
works in the 19th and early 20th century, being key to the construction of
railroads and the Panama Canal. The development of simpler, cheaper
diesel-powered shovels caused steam shovels to fall out of favor in the
1930s.
Dragline Excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used in civil
engineering and surface mining.
Loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move aside
or load materials such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed,
gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, woodchips, etc.
into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor
belt, feed-hopper, or railroad car). There are many types of loader,
which, depending on design and application, are called by various names,
including bucket loader, front loader, front-end loader, payloader, scoop,
shovel, skip loader, wheel loader, or skid-steer.
Bulldozer is a large and heavy tractor equipped with a substantial
metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil,
sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion
work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as
a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials. It is usually a crawler
(continuous tracked) tractor.
Grader
is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface
during the grading process. Although the earliest models were towed behind
horses or other powered equipment, most modern graders contain an engine,
so are known, technically erroneously, as "motor graders".
Wheel Tractor-Scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used for
earthmoving. The rear part of the scraper has a vertically moveable hopper
with a sharp horizontal front edge which can be raised or lowered. The
front edge cuts into the soil, like a carpenter's plane cutting wood, and
fills the hopper. When the hopper is full it is raised, closed, and the
scraper can transport its load to the fill area where it is dumped. With a
type called an 'elevating scraper' a conveyor belt moves material from the
cutting edge into the hopper.
Tractor
is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive
effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer
or machinery such as that used in agriculture or construction. Most
commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the
power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and
originally) tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural
implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor
may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.
Earthworks in archaeology are artificial changes in land level,
typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and
soil. Earthworks can themselves be archaeological features, or they can
show features beneath the surface.
Cost Overruns
Cost
Overrun involves unexpected incurred costs. When these
costs are in
excess of
budgeted amounts due to an
underestimation of the
actual cost during budgeting, they are known by
these terms. Cost overruns are common in
infrastructure, building, and
technology
projects. For IT projects, a 2004 industry study by the
Standish Group found an average cost overrun of 43 percent; 71 percent of
projects came in over budget, exceeded time estimates, and had estimated
too narrow a scope; and total waste was estimated at $55 billion per year
in the US alone. Many major
construction projects have incurred cost
overruns; cost estimates used to decide whether important transportation
infrastructure should be built can mislead grossly and systematically.
Cost overrun is distinguished from
cost escalation,
which is an anticipated growth in a budgeted cost due to factors such as
inflation.
Planned Extortion -
Bid-Rigging -
Planned Obsolescence -
Poor Efficiency -
Negligence
Scope
Creep in
project management refers to
changes, continuous or uncontrolled growth in a project’s scope, at any
point after the project begins. This can occur when the scope of a project
is not properly defined, documented, or controlled. It is generally
considered harmful. It is related to but distinct from feature creep,
because feature creep refers to features, and scope creep refers to the
whole project.
Scope creep can be a result of:
poor change control, lack of proper initial identification of what is
required to bring about the project objectives, weak project manager or
executive sponsor, poor communication between parties, lack of initial
product versatility. These aspects can affect the operational efficiencies
of companies, especially when involved in long-term relationships. Scope
creep is a
risk in most projects. Most megaprojects fall victim to scope
creep. Scope creep often results in cost overrun. A "value for free"
strategy is difficult to counteract and remains a difficult challenge for
even the most experienced project managers.
Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1
billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple
public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions
of people.
Planning Fallacy is when
predictions about how much time will be
needed to complete a future task display an optimism
bias and
underestimate the time needed. This phenomenon sometimes occurs regardless
of the individual's knowledge that past tasks of a similar nature have
taken longer to complete than generally planned. The
bias affects
predictions only about one's own tasks; when outside observers predict
task completion times, they show a pessimistic bias, overestimating the
time needed. The planning
fallacy requires that predictions of current
tasks' completion times are more optimistic than the beliefs about past
completion times for similar projects and that predictions of the current
tasks' completion times are more optimistic than the actual time needed to
complete the tasks.
Benefit Shortfall is when the actual benefits of a venture are less
than the projected or estimated benefits, the result is known as a benefit
shortfall.
Hiding Hand Principle is a theory that offers a framework to examine
how ignorance (particularly concerning future obstacles when person first
decides to take on a project) intersects with rational choice to undertake
a project; the intersection is seen to provoke creative success over the
obstacles through the deduction that it is too late to abandon the
project.
Managing large-scale construction projects to avoid cost overruns.
Supplier selection and pricing format decisions that reflect key
characteristics of the project, such as the size of the project, duration,
and type of customer, are best at reducing a significant part of cost
overruns. The implications of cost overruns go beyond financial metrics
and can include reputational damage, litigation, and future overreliance
on rigid and formalized relationship features. Managing suppliers and
subcontractors, who can run into the hundreds in major projects, is an
enormously difficult task. It necessitates considerable coordination and
monitoring in a context where parties often have not worked together, they
lack shared procedures or rules, and there is a great need to get up to
speed quickly. Researchers find that supplier selection and pricing format
decisions that reflect key characteristics of the project, such as the
size of the project, duration, and type of customer, are best at reducing
a significant part of the cost overruns observed.
Infrastructure
Infrastructure
refers to
structures, systems, and
facilities serving the country, city,
town, or area, including technical structures' such as
roads,
bridges,
tunnels, or other constructed facilities such as
loading docks, cold storage chambers,
electrical capacity, fuel tanks,
cranes, overhead clearances, or components of
water supplies,
sewers,
electrical grids,
telecommunications, and so forth. Infrastructure thus consists of
improvements with significant cost to develop or install that return an
important
value over time.
Transport -
Civil
Engineering -
Environmental Monitoring -
Waste Water Management
Green Infrastructure is a network providing the
ingredients for solving urban and climatic challenges by building with
nature. The main components of this approach include
storm-water management, climate
adaptation, less heat stress, more biodiversity,
food production, better air quality, sustainable energy production,
clean water and healthy soils, as well as the
more anthropocentric functions such as increased quality of life through
recreation and providing shade and shelter in and around towns and cities.
Green infrastructure also serves to provide an ecological framework for
social, economic and
environmental health of the surroundings.
Natural Infrastructure refers to naturally occurring
landscape features and/or
nature-based solutions that promote, use, restore or emulate natural
ecological processes. Nature provides effective solutions for minimizing
coastal flooding,
erosion, and
runoff, as do man-made systems that
mimic natural processes. Examples include mangroves and wetlands, oyster
reefs, and sand dunes; permeable pavement and driveways; green roofs; and
natural areas incorporated into city designs. A
natural infrastructure approach represents a successful and cost
efficient way to protect coastal communities.
Knowledge Infrastructure -
Internet Infrastructure
-
Networks -
Roads
Utilities are useful features for a home or
business such as
electricity, gas,
water, cable and
telephone.
Public
Utilities is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a
public service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure).
Public utilities are subject to forms of public control and regulation
ranging from local community-based groups to statewide government
monopolies. Electricity, natural gas,
water, and
sewage. Broadband
internet services (both fixed-line and mobile) are
increasingly being included within the definition.
Public Works are a broad category of infrastructure
projects, financed and constructed by the government, for recreational,
employment, and health and safety uses in the greater community. They
include public buildings (municipal buildings, schools, hospitals),
transport infrastructure (
roads, railroads, bridges,
pipelines, canals,
ports, airports),
public spaces (public squares, parks, beaches), public
services (
water supply,
sewage,
electrical grid,
dams), and other, usually
long-term, physical assets and facilities. Though often interchangeable
with public infrastructure and public capital, public works does not
necessarily carry an economic component, thereby being a broader term.
Environment -
Restoration.
Government (local) -
Municipality
(administration)
Problem Solving -
Politics -
Economics
Management Tools -
Maintenance
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act was initially a $547–715
billion infrastructure package that included provisions related to
federal-aid highway, transit, highway safety, motor carrier, research,
hazardous materials and rail programs of the Department of Transportation.
After congressional negotiations, it was amended and renamed to the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act to include funding for
broadband access, clean water and
electric grid renewal in addition to the transportation and road proposals
of the original House bill. This amended version included approximately
$1.2 trillion in spending, with $550 billion being newly authorized
spending on top of what Congress was planning to authorize regularly.
(H.R. 3684), is a United States federal statute enacted by the 117th
United States Congress and signed into law by President Joe Biden on
November 15, 2021. On March 31, 2021, President Joe Biden unveiled his
$2.3 trillion American Jobs Plan (which, when combined with the American
Families Plan, amounted to $4 trillion in infrastructure spending),
pitched by him as "a transformative effort to overhaul the nation's
economy". The detailed plan aimed to create millions of jobs, bolster
labor unions, expand labor protections, and address climate change.
Supply Chain -
5 Basic
Needs -
CommunicationPublic Service -
Social Services
Converged Infrastructure operates by grouping multiple
information
technology components into a single, optimized
computing package.
Components of a converged infrastructure may include
servers,
data storage
devices,
networking equipment and software for
IT infrastructure
management, automation and orchestration. IT organizations use
converged infrastructure to centralize the management of IT resources, to
consolidate systems, to increase resource-utilization rates, and to lower
costs. Converged infrastructures foster these objectives by implementing
pools of computers, storage and networking resources that can be shared by
multiple applications and managed in a collective manner using
policy-driven processes. IT vendors and IT industry analysts use various
terms to describe the concept of a converged infrastructure. These include
"converged system", "unified computing", "fabric-based computing", and
"dynamic infrastructure".
Wireless
Communication -
Microwaves.
Linear Infrastructure Intrusions into natural ecosystems are man-made
linear infrastructure such as roads and highways, electric power lines,
railway lines, canals, pipelines, firebreaks, and fences. These intrusions
cause linear opening through the habitat or breakage in
landscape connectivity due to
infrastructure creation and maintenance, which is known to have multiple
ecological effects in terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems. These
effects include habitat loss and fragmentation, spread of invasive alien
species, desiccation, windthrow, fires, animal injury and mortality (e.g.,
roadkill), changes in animal behaviour, pollution, microclimate and
vegetation changes, loss of ecosystem services, increased pressures from
development, tourism, hunting, garbage disposal, and associated human
disturbances. These intrusions, considered crucial infrastructure for
economic sectors such as transportation, power, and irrigation, may also
have negative social impacts on indigenous and rural people through
exposure to novel social and market pressures, loss of land and
displacement, and iniquitous distribution of costs and benefits from
infrastructure projects. The study of the ecological effects of linear
infrastructure intrusions has spawning sub-fields of research such as road
ecology and railroad ecology.
World's Highest Bridge Opens in Southwest China (youtube) - The Beipanjiang Bridge is a 1,341-meter-long cable-stayed
suspension bridge
started construction in 2013 - 9/2016. Costing about 1 billion yuan (about
150 million U.S. dollars). 570 meters above a valley, high as 200-story
building.
Bridge Report - There are 178 million daily crossings on
over 47,000 structurally deficient U.S. bridges.
American Road and
Transportation Builders Association.
Army Corps of Engineers is a U.S. federal agency under the
Department of Defense (DoD) that
primarily oversees
dams, canals and
flood protection in the United States,
as well as a wide range of public works throughout the world. The Corps of
Engineers is a major Army command made up of some 37,000 civilian and
military personnel, making it one of the world's largest public
engineering, design, and construction management agencies. Through some of
its dams, reservoirs, and flood control projects, the Corps of
Engineers also provides outdoor recreation
opportunities to the public. Its hydroelectric projects provide 24% of
U.S. hydropower capacity. The corps' mission is to "Deliver vital public
and military engineering services; partnering in peace and war to
strengthen our Nation's security, energize the economy and reduce risks
from disasters." Their most visible missions include: Planning,
designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering
projects include flood control, beach nourishment, and dredging for
waterway navigation. Design and construction of flood protection systems
through various federal mandates. Design and construction management of
military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve, and Air Force
Reserve as well as other DoD and
federal government agencies. Environmental regulation and
ecosystem restoration.
Infrastructure Security is the security provided to protect
infrastructure, especially critical infrastructure, such as airports,
highways rail transport, hospitals, bridges, transport hubs, network
communications,
media, the electricity
grid, dams, power plants, seaports, oil refineries, and water systems.
Infrastructure security seeks to limit vulnerability of these structures
and systems to sabotage, terrorism, and
contamination. Critical infrastructures naturally utilize information
technology as this capability has become more and more available. As a
result, they have become highly interconnected, and interdependent.
Intrusions and disruptions in one infrastructure might provoke unexpected
failures to others. How to handle interdependencies becomes an important
problem.
Potential causes of infrastructure
failure. Critical infrastructure is vital for essential functioning
of a country. Incidental or deliberate damage will have serious impact on
the economy as well as providing essential services to the communities it
serves. There are a number of reasons why infrastructure needs to be
heavily secured and protected. Terrorism - person or groups deliberately
targeting critical infrastructure for political gain. In the November 2008
Mumbai attacks, the Mumbai central station and hospital were deliberately
targeted. Theft – person of groups breaking into critical infrastructure
sites like electrical substations or telecommunication towers to steal
materials or equipment (e.g. metal theft) Sabotage - person or groups such
as ex-employee, political groups against governments, environmental groups
in defense of environment. Refer to Bangkok's International Airport Seized
by Protestors. Information warfare - private person hacking for private
gain or countries initiating attacks to glean information and also damage
a country's infrastructure. For example, in cyberattacks on Estonia and
cyberattacks during the 2008 South Ossetia war. Natural disaster -
hurricane or natural events which damage critical infrastructure such as
oil pipelines, water and power grids. See Hurricane Ike and Economic
effects of Hurricane Katrina.
Waste Law.
Critical Infrastructure is a term used by governments to describe
assets that are essential for the functioning of a
society and economy – the infrastructure. Most commonly associated
with the term are facilities for:
Shelter;
Heating (e.g. natural gas, fuel oil, district heating); Agriculture,
food production and distribution;
Water supply (drinking water, waste water/sewage,
stemming of surface water (e.g. dikes and sluices));
Public health (hospitals, ambulances);
Transportation systems (fuel supply, railway
network, airports, harbours, inland shipping);
Security services (police, military).
Electricity generation, transmission and distribution; (e.g. natural
gas, fuel oil, coal, nuclear power) Renewable energy, which are naturally
replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
waves, and geothermal heat.
Telecommunication;
coordination for successful operations. Economic sector; Goods and
services and financial services (banking, clearing).
The USA has had a wide-reaching critical
infrastructure protection program in place since 1996. Its Patriot Act of
2001 defined critical infrastructure as those "systems and assets, whether
physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that the incapacity or
destruction of such systems and assets would have a debilitating impact on
security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or
any combination of those matters."
In 2014 the
NIST Cyber-Security Framework was published, and quickly became a
popular set of guidelines, despite the significant costs of full
compliance. These have identified a number of critical infrastructures and
responsible agencies: Agriculture and food – Departments of Agriculture
and Health and Human Services. Water – Environmental Protection Agency.
Public Health – Department of Health and Human Services. Emergency
Services – Department of Homeland Security. Government – Department of
Homeland Security. Defense Industrial Base – Department of Defense.
Information and Telecommunications – Department of Commerce. Energy –
Department of Energy. Transportation and Shipping – Department of
Transportation. Banking and Finance – Department of the Treasury. Chemical
Industry and Hazardous Materials – Department of Homeland Security. Post –
Department of Homeland Security. National monuments and icons - Department
of the Interior. Critical manufacturing - Department of Homeland Security
(14th sector announced March 3, 2008; recorded April 30, 2008).
The National Infrastructure Protection Plan
(NIPP) defines critical infrastructure sector in the US. Presidential
Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21), issued in February 2013 entitled Critical
Infrastructure Security and Resilience mandated an update to the NIPP.
This revision of the plan established the following 16 critical
infrastructure sectors: Chemical, Commercial facilities, Communications,
Critical manufacturing, Dams, Defense industrial base, Emergency services,
Energy, Financial services, Food and agriculture, Government facilities,
Healthcare and public health, Information technology, Nuclear reactors,
materials, and waste, Transportation systems, Water and wastewater
systems.
National Monuments and Icons along
with the postal and shipping sector were removed in 2013 update to the
NIPP. The 2013 version of the NIPP has faced criticism for lacking viable
risk measures. The plan assigns the following agencies sector-specific
coordination responsibilities: Department of Homeland Security. Chemical.
Commercial facilities. Communications. Critical manufacturing. Dams.
Emergency services. Government facilities (jointly with General Services
Administration). Information technology. Nuclear reactors, materials, and
waste. Transportation systems (jointly with Department of Transportation).
Department of Defense. Defense industrial base. Department of Energy.
Energy. Department of the Treasury. Financial services. Department of
Agriculture. Food and agriculture. General Services Administration.
Government facilities (jointly with Department of Homeland Security).
Department of Health and Human Services. Healthcare and Public Health.
Department of Transportation. Transportation systems (jointly with
Department of Homeland Security). Environmental Protection Agency. Water
and wastewater systems.
You have to know how the system works in order to
improve it, repair it, maintain it and understand it.
Municipal or Urban Engineering applies the tools of science, art and
engineering in an urban environment. Municipal engineering is concerned
with municipal infrastructure. This involves specifying, designing,
constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks,
sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal,
storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public
works (salt, sand, etc.), public parks and cycling infrastructure. In the
case of underground utility networks, it may also include the civil
portion (conduits and access chambers) of the local distribution networks
of electrical and telecommunications services. It can also include the
optimizing of garbage collection and bus service networks. Some of these
disciplines overlap with other civil engineering specialties, however
municipal engineering focuses on the coordination of these infrastructure
networks and services, as they are often built simultaneously (for a given
street or development project), and managed by the same municipal
authority.
Humans are disrupting natural 'salt cycle' on a global scale, new
study shows. The influx of salt in streams and rivers is an 'existential
threat. A new paper revealed that human activities are making Earth's air,
soil and freshwater saltier, which could pose an 'existential threat' if
current trends continue. Geologic and hydrologic processes bring salts to
Earth's surface over time, but human activities such as mining and land
development are rapidly accelerating this natural 'salt cycle.' The new
study considered a variety of salt ions that are found underground and in
surface water. Salts are compounds with positively charged cations and
negatively charged anions, with some of the most abundant ones being
calcium, magnesium, potassium and sulfate ions. Road salts have an
outsized impact in the U.S., which churns out 44 billion pounds of the
deicing agent each year. Road salts represented 44% of U.S. salt
consumption between 2013 and 2017, and they account for 13.9% of the total
dissolved solids that enter streams across the country. This can cause a
"substantial" concentration of salt in watersheds, according to Kaushal
and his co-authors.
Anthropogenic Salt Cycle.
Keeping it Clean - Sanitation - Waste Management
City Water
(Public Water System and Water Treatment)
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through
prevention of human contact with the
hazards of wastes as
well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or
wastewater. Hazards
can be either physical, microbiological, biological or
chemical agents of
disease that can cause health problems.
Pesticides.
Sewage is a type of
wastewater that is produced by a community of people. It is characterized
by volume or rate of flow, physical condition,
chemical and toxic constituents,
and its bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what
quantities). It consists mostly of
greywater
(from sinks, tubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers),
blackwater (the water used to flush
Toilets, combined
with the human waste that it flushes away); soaps and detergents; and
toilet paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used instead of
paper). Sewage usually travels from a building's plumbing either into a
sewer, which will carry it elsewhere, or into an onsite sewage facility
(of which there are many kinds). Whether it is combined with surface
runoff in the sewer depends on the sewer design (sanitary sewer or
combined sewer). The reality is, however, that most wastewater produced
globally remains untreated causing widespread water pollution, especially
in low-income countries: A global estimate by UNDP and UN-Habitat is that
90% of all wastewater generated is released into
the environment untreated. In many developing countries the bulk of
domestic and industrial wastewater is discharged without any treatment or
after primary treatment only. The term sewage is nowadays regarded as an
older term and is being more and more replaced by "wastewater". In general
American English usage, the terms "sewage" and "sewerage" mean the same
thing. In common British usage, and in American technical and professional
English usage, "sewerage" refers to the infrastructure that conveys
sewage.
Wastewater is any water that has been affected by human use.
Wastewater is "used water from any combination of domestic, industrial,
commercial or agricultural activities,
surface
runoff or stormwater, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration".
Therefore, wastewater is a byproduct of domestic, industrial, commercial
or agricultural activities. The characteristics of wastewater vary
depending on the source. Types of wastewater include: domestic wastewater
from households, municipal wastewater from communities (also called
sewage) or industrial wastewater from industrial activities. Wastewater
can contain physical, chemical and biological pollutants. Households may
produce wastewater from flush
Toilets, sinks,
dishwashers, washing machines, bath tubs, and showers. Households that use
dry toilets produce
less wastewater than those that use
flush toilets. Wastewater may be conveyed in a sanitary sewer which
conveys only sewage. Alternatively, it can be transported in a combined
sewer which includes
storm water runoff and
industrial wastewater. After treatment at a wastewater treatment plant,
the treated wastewater (also called effluent) is discharged to a receiving
water body. The terms "wastewater reuse" or "
water
reclamation" apply if the treated waste is used for another purpose.
Wastewater that is discharged to the environment without suitable
treatment causes
water pollution. In
developing countries and in rural areas with low population densities,
wastewater is often treated by various on-site sanitation systems and not
conveyed in sewers. These systems include septic tanks connected to drain
fields, on-site sewage systems (OSS), vermifilter systems and many more.
Waste Energy -
Waste Management -
Landfills
Garbage Dump
Titanium oxide material can remove toxic dyes from wastewater. Drexel
University researchers show titanium oxide material's potential for water
treatment. Discharged in large quantities by textile, cosmetic, ink, paper
and other manufacturers, dyes carry high-toxicity and can bring potential
carcinogens to wastewater. It’s a major concern for wastewater treatment —
but researchers may have found a solution, using a tiny nanofilament.
Life Threatening Dangers of Poor Sanitation -
Maintenance
-
Infrastructure
Even treated wastewater affects our rivers. Wastewater treatment
plants are undoubtedly a great achievement. After all, they have made a
significant contribution to improving the quality of natural waters. A
study shows, however, that substances still manage to enter the water
cycle that have an impact on the composition of the organisms living in
it.
Study shows how water systems can help accelerate renewable energy
adoption. Untapped potential: As power grids rely more on
renewable energy sources like wind and
solar, balancing energy supply and demand becomes more challenging. A new
analysis shows how water systems, such as desalination plants and
wastewater treatment facilities, could help enhance grid stability and
create new revenue streams.
Cleaner
is someone who
helps keep areas free from dirt or impurities. Makes clean
by removing dirt, filth, or unwanted substances from without spreading
pollution or
contamination.
Safety - Security
Security is
protection from
harm.
The state of being free from
danger or
injury.
Freedom from
anxiety or
fear. A guarantee that an
obligation
will be met. Measures taken as a
precaution against
theft or
espionage or
sabotage etc.
Defense against
financial failure.
Security is freedom from, or
resilience against,
potential harm or other
unwanted coercive change caused by others.
Emergency Services -
Fires
Public Security is the function of governments which ensures
the
protection of citizens, organizations, and institutions against
threats to their
well-being – and to the prosperity of their communities.
This includes protection against
corruption,
corporate crimes and
abuse from the
justice system.
Securities is
the state of being free from danger or injury. Freedom from anxiety or
fear. Measures taken as a
precaution against theft, espionage or sabotage
etc. An electrical device that sets off an
alarm when someone tries to
break in. Defense against financial failure;
financial independence. A formal declaration that documents a fact of
relevance to finance and
investment; the holder has a right to receive
interest or dividends. A department responsible for the security of the
institution's property and workers. A guarantee that an
obligation will be
met.
Insurance -
Prevention.
Civil Defense is an effort to
protect the
citizens of a state from military attacks,
corporate aggression and
natural disasters. It uses the
principles of
emergency operations:
prevention, mitigation, preparation, response, or emergency evacuation and
recovery. Programs of this sort were initially discussed at least as early
as the 1920s and were implemented in some countries during the 1930s as
the threat of war and aerial bombardment grew. It became widespread after
the threat of nuclear weapons was realized.
Watch Dogs.
National Security is the security and
defense of a
nation state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which
is regarded as a
duty of government.
Homeland Security the national effort to ensure a homeland that is
safe, secure, and resilient against
terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and
ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist
attacks within the United States, reduce the
vulnerability
of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the
damage from attacks that do occur.
Physical Security describes security measures that are designed to
deny unauthorized access to facilities, equipment and resources and to
protect personnel and property from damage or harm (such as espionage,
theft, or terrorist attacks). Physical security involves the use of
multiple layers of interdependent systems which include
CCTV surveillance, security
guards, protective barriers, locks, access control protocols, and many
other techniques.
Information
Security.
Lock as a
Security device is a mechanical or electronic
fastening device that is released by a physical object (such as a key,
keycard, fingerprint, RFID card, security token, coin etc.), by supplying
secret information (such as a keycode or password), or by a combination
thereof.
Anti-Theft Systems protect valuables such as vehicles and personal
property like wallets, phones, and jewelry. They are also used in retail
settings to protect merchandise in the form of security tags and labels.
Anti-theft systems include devices such as locks and keys, RFID tags, and
GPS locators.
Security Guard is a person employed by a government or private party
to protect the employing party's assets (property, people, equipment,
money, etc.) from a variety of hazards (such as waste, damaged property,
unsafe worker behavior, criminal activity such as theft, etc.) by
enforcing preventative measures. Security guards do this by maintaining a
high-visibility presence to deter illegal and inappropriate actions,
looking (either directly, through patrols, or indirectly, by monitoring
alarm systems or video surveillance cameras) for signs of crime or other
hazards (such as a fire), taking action to minimize damage (such as
warning and escorting trespassers off property), and reporting any
incidents to their clients and emergency services (such as the police or
paramedics), as appropriate. Security officers are generally uniformed to
represent their lawful authority to protect private property. Security
guards are generally governed by legal regulations, which set out the
requirements for eligibility (e.g., a criminal record check) and the
permitted authorities of a security guard in a given jurisdiction. The
authorities permitted to security guards vary by country and subnational
jurisdiction. Security officers are hired by a range of organizations,
including businesses, government departments and agencies and
not-for-profit organizations (e.g., churches and charitable
organizations).
Security Company is a business corporation, which provides armed and
unarmed security services and expertise to private and public clients.
Private security companies are defined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor
Statistics as companies primarily engaged in providing guard and patrol
services, such as bodyguard, guard dog, parking security and security
guard services. Many of them will even provide advanced special operations
services if the client demands it. Examples of services provided by these
companies include the prevention of unauthorized activity or entry,
traffic regulation, access control, and fire and theft prevention and
detection. These services can be broadly described as the protection of
personnel and/or assets. Other security services such as roving patrol,
bodyguard, and guard dog services are also included, but are a very small
portion of the industry. The private security industry is rapidly growing,
currently there are 2 million full-time security workers in the United
States and this number is expected to increase by 21% percent through
2020. Making the security industry a $100 billion a year industry, with
projected growth to $200 billion by 2010. The United States is the world's
largest consumer of private military and security service and the private
security industry in the US began seeing a huge increase in popularity in
2010. Since then, the U.S. security industry has already grown to be a 350
billion dollar market.
G4S
is a British multinational security services company headquartered in
London, England.
Home Security
includes both the security hardware placed on a property and individuals'
personal security practices. Security hardware includes doors, locks,
alarm systems, lighting, motion detectors, and security camera systems.
Personal security involves practices like ensuring doors are locked,
alarms are activated, owning a Dog, windows are closed, and extra keys are
not hidden outside. According to an FBI report, 58.3% of burglaries in the
United States involved forcible entry. Per the most recent statistics, the
average burglary in the United States takes about 90 seconds to 12
minutes, and on average, a burglar will break into a home within 60
seconds. Most target cash first followed by jewels, drugs, and
electronics. Common security methods include never hiding extra keys
outside, never turning off all the lights, applying small CCTV stickers on
doors, and keeping good tabs with neighbors.
Castle Doctrine.
WiFi Blockers
or
Jammers and
Deauthers can
disrupt WiFi security cameras and cause them not to record. Criminals will
not be recorded when committing crimes. Same thing can happen when the
internet is down.
Security Theater can give a false sense of security, while at the same
time,
violate your privacy.
Safe is being free from
danger and
risk and protected from
harm.
Safety
is the condition of being protected from harm
or other
non-desirable outcomes.
Safety can also refer to the control of recognized hazards in order to
achieve an acceptable level of
risk.
Safety Engineering
-
Quality Control -
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health)
Protected is to keep someone safe
and
defended, shielded or guarded from
danger, injury, loss, destruction
or damage.
Protection is
the act of
defending, shielding and guarding someone or something from
danger,
damage, injury, loss or
destruction.
Self-Defense.
Consumer Protection -
Environment Protection -
Information Protection -
Watch Dogs
Integrated Pest Management is a broad-based approach that
integrates practices for economic control of pests. IPM aims to suppress
pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL), which is the
smallest number of insects (amount of injury) that will cause yield losses
equal to the insect management costs. Economic threshold. The pest density
at which management action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest
population from reaching the economic injury level.
Defense (self) -
Home Monitors
Refuge is a safe place to turn to or go
to for
assistance or security. A
shelter from danger
or hardship.
Rescue is to save
someone from
any violence,
danger or evil.
To free or
liberate people from
confinement or
other physical restraints. The recovery or the
preservation from loss or danger.
Rescue Equipment.
Help is to give
assistance to someone and to be of
service to someone. To
improve the condition of
someone's situation and make a change for the
better. The activity of
contributing to the fulfillment of a persons needs and the furtherance of an effort or
purpose.
Assist is to give help or
assistance to someone and be of
service to them. The activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a
persons needs and the furtherance of an effort or purpose.
Public Service.
Community Policing - Neighborhood Watch
Community
Policing is a strategy of policing that focuses on developing
relationships with community members. It is a philosophy of full-service
policing that is highly personal, where an officer patrols the same area
for a period of time and develops a partnership with citizens to identify
and solve problems. The central goal of community policing is for police
to build relationships with the community, including through local
agencies to reduce social disorder. The main purpose of community policing
aims to reduce low-level crime, but the broken windows theory proposes
that this can reduce serious crimes as well. Community policing is related
to problem-oriented policing and intelligence-led policing, and contrasts
with reactive policing strategies which were predominant in the late 20th
century. Many police forces have teams that focus specifically on
community policing, such as Neighborhood Policing Teams in the United
Kingdom, which are separate from the more centralized units that respond
to emergencies.
Neighborhood Watch is an organized group of civilians devoted to crime
and vandalism prevention within a neighborhood. The aim of neighborhood
watch includes
educating residents of a community on security and safety
and achieving safe and secure neighborhoods. However, when a
criminal
activity is suspected, members are encouraged to report to authorities,
and not to intervene.
Watchman perform the services of
public safety, fire watch, crime
prevention, crime detection, recovery of stolen goods. Watchmen have
existed since earliest recorded times in various guises throughout the
world and were generally succeeded by the emergence of formally organized
professional policing.
Private
Investigators -
Watch Dogs
-
Self
Defense
Proactive Policing is the practice of deterring criminal activity by
showing police presence, the use of police powers by both uniformed and
plain clothed officers and engaging the public to learn their concerns, as
well as investigating and discovering offences and conspiracies to commit
crimes thereby preventing crime from taking place in the first place. In
contrast, responding to a complaint after a crime has been committed is
reactive policing.
Public Interest.
Problem-Oriented Policing involves the identification and analysis of
specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective
response strategies.
Crime Prevention is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and
criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to
reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice. Create,
implement and monitor a national action plan for violence prevention.
Enhance capacity for collecting data on violence. Define priorities for,
and support research on, the causes, consequences, costs and prevention of
violence. Promote primary prevention responses. Strengthen responses for
victims of violence. Integrate violence prevention into social and
educational policies, and
thereby promote gender and social equality. Increase collaboration and
exchange of information on violence prevention.
Educational interventions
to prevent relationship violence in young people. Alternative education
programs and
School-based
programs. Promote and monitor adherence to international treaties,
laws and other mechanisms to protect human rights. Seek practical,
internationally agreed responses to the global drugs and global arms
trade.
Intelligence-Led Policing is a policing model built around the
assessment and management of risk. Intelligence officers serve as guides
to operations, rather than operations guiding intelligence.
Evidence-Based Policing emphasizes the value of statistical analysis,
empirical research and ideally randomized controlled trials. EBP does not
dismiss more traditional drivers of police decision-making, but seeks to
raise awareness and increase the application of scientific testing,
targeting and tracking of police resources, especially during times of
budget cuts and greater public scrutiny.
Broken Windows Theory is a criminological theory that states that
visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an
urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including
serious crimes. The theory suggests that policing methods that target
minor crimes, such as vandalism, loitering, public drinking, jaywalking
and fare evasion, help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness,
thereby preventing more serious crimes.
Police
Police is a constituted body of persons
empowered by the state to
enforce the law, protect property, and limit
civil disorder. Their powers include the
legitimized
use of force, but not
abuse or
misuse.
Nuisance -
Crime Statistics.
Enforce is to compel observance of or
compliance with a
Law,
Rule, or
Obligation.
Enforcement is the process of ensuring compliance with laws,
regulations, rules, standards, or
social
norms. By enforcing laws and regulations, governments attempt to
effectuate successful implementation of policies.
Brutality.
Law Enforcement is any system by which some members of society act in
an organized manner to enforce the law by discovering, deterring,
rehabilitating, or
punishing people who
violate the rules and norms governing that society. Although the term
may encompass entities such as
courts and
prisons, it is most frequently applied to those who directly engage in
patrols or
surveillance to dissuade
and discover criminal activity, and those who investigate crimes and
apprehend offenders, a task typically carried out by the police or another
law enforcement agency. Furthermore, although law enforcement may be most
concerned with the prevention and punishment of crimes, organizations
exist to discourage a wide variety of non-criminal violations of rules and
norms, effected through the imposition of less severe consequences.
Security
Increase often occurs when a nation, state, or institution has
recently suffered from a serious incident or is under the perception that
there is an increased risk for an incident to occur that endangers or
potentially endangers its well-being.
Police State is a
government that exercises power arbitrarily through the power of the
police force.
Dictatorship -
Mass surveillance.
Martial Law is the
imposition of direct
military control of normal civilian functions by a
government, especially in response to a temporary emergency such as
invasion or major disaster, or in an occupied territory.
Constable is a person holding a particular office, most
commonly in criminal law enforcement. The office of constable can vary
significantly in different jurisdictions. A constable is commonly the rank
of an officer within the police. Other persons may be granted powers of a
constable without holding the title of constable.
Councillor is a member of a local government council.
Knightscope
Robotic Security Force - Robo-Cop at your service.
Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading (VPUU)
People need safety, insurances and stability.
If things go bad, people want to be prepared and avoid catastrophic
failures, like wars, diseases and environmental threats. Having insurances
makes life a lot more enjoyable and a lot more pleasant. As long as we
don't create a false sense of security or forget our
responsibilities to
maintain life to the highest degree
of
quality possible.
Fire Safety
Firefighting is the act of attempting to prevent the spread of and
extinguish significant unwanted
fires in
buildings, vehicles, woodlands, etc. A firefighter suppresses fires and
performs rescues to protect lives, property and the environment.
Firefighters may provide other services to their communities. Firefighters
typically undergo a
high degree of technical training. This involves both
general firefighting techniques and developing specialist expertise in
particular fire operations, such as aircraft firefighting and wildland
firefighting In the U.S. the national level of certifications are called
Firefighter I/II. One of the major hazards associated with firefighting
operations is the toxic environment created by combustible materials. The
four major risks are smoke, oxygen deficiency, elevated temperatures, and
poisonous atmospheres. Additional hazards include falls and structural
collapse that can exacerbate the problems entailed in a toxic environment.
To combat some of these risks, firefighters carry self-contained breathing
equipment. The first step in a firefighting operation is reconnaissance to
search for the origin of the fire and to identify the specific risks.
Fires can be extinguished by water, fuel or oxidant removal, or chemical
flame inhibition.
Firefighter is a rescuer extensively trained in firefighting,
primarily to extinguish hazardous
fires
that threaten life, property and/or the environment. The complexity of
modern, industrialized life has created an increase in the skills needed
in firefighting technology. The fire service, also known in some countries
as the fire brigade or fire department, is one of the three main emergency
services. From urban areas to aboard ships, firefighters have become
ubiquitous around the world.
The goals of
firefighting are (in order of priority): Save Life, Save Property,
Save the Environment.
First Aid.
Multiple-Alarm Fire. A 5 Alarm Fire is usually the highest level alarm
sounded for a fire and the most dangerous. These types of fires can
require as many as 100 firefighters in order to extinguish the fire
entirely.
Fire Extinguisher is an
active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small
fires, often in
emergency
situations. It is
not intended for use on
an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling,
endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.),
or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire brigade. Typically, a fire
extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel
containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish a fire. Fire
extinguishers manufactured with non-cylindrical pressure vessels also
exist, but are less common.
Smoke Detector is a device that
senses
smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial security devices
issue a signal to a
fire alarm control panel as part of a
fire alarm
system, while household smoke detectors, also known as
smoke alarms, generally issue a local
audible or
visual alarm from the
detector itself or several detectors if there are multiple smoke detectors
interlinked.
Fire
Marshal duties vary but usually include
fire code enforcement or
investigating fires for origin and cause. Fire marshals may be sworn
law-enforcement officers and are often experienced firefighters. In larger
cities with substantially developed fire departments the local fire
departments are sometimes delegated some of the duties of the fire
marshal.
The
US Fire Administration estimates there were 364,000 residential fires
in 2016, the majority of which occurred while someone was cooking. That
year,
2,775 people died in residential fires; 11,025 people were injured;
and monetary losses totaled more than $5.7 billion.
Avoidable Accidents.
If
your home was on fire,
what item would you take
with you? If you only had a few seconds to escape,
what would you grab in order to save it
from the fire? If you had to leave home and could take only one keepsake,
what would it be?
First Aid (cpr)
-
OSHA -
Emergency Response
(disasters - catastrophes)
Red Flag Warning is a
forecast
warning issued by the United States National Weather Service to inform
area firefighting and land management agencies that conditions are ideal
for
wildland fire combustion, and rapid
spread. After
drought conditions, when
humidity is very low, and especially when there are high or erratic winds
which may include lightning as a factor, the
Red Flag Warning becomes a
critical statement for firefighting agencies. These agencies often alter
their staffing and equipment resources dramatically to accommodate the
forecast
risk. To the public, a Red Flag Warning means
high fire danger with
increased probability of a quickly spreading
vegetation fire in the area within 24 hours. The weather criteria for fire
weather watches and red flag warnings vary with each
Weather Service office’s warning area
based on the local vegetation type, topography, and distance from major
water sources. They usually include the daily vegetation moisture content
calculations, expected afternoon high temperature, afternoon minimum
relative humidity and daytime wind speed. Outdoor burning bans may also be
proclaimed by local law and fire agencies based on red flag warnings. A
separate but less imminent forecast may include a fire weather watch,
which is issued to alert
fire and land management agencies to the
possibility that Red Flag conditions may exist beyond the first forecast
period (12 hours). The watch is issued generally 12 to 48 hours in advance
of the
expected conditions, but can be issued up to 72 hours in advance if
the NWS agency is reasonably confident. The term “
Fire Weather Watch” is
headlined in the routine forecast and issued as a product. That watch then
remains in effect until it expires, is canceled, or upgraded to a red flag
warning.
Monitoring
-
Watchdogs -
Predictions -
Safety
California firefighters use AI to spot wildfires. The program uses a
statewide network of
cameras
and
sensors to
monitor for wildfires and
other potential disasters.
ALERTCalifornia
has now teamed up with Cal Fire, the state's fire department, to test an
AI tool
that can differentiate between smoke and other particles in the air.
U.S. Fire Administration or USFA collects data from a variety of
sources to provide information and analyses on the status and scope of the
fire problem in the United States. Residential is the leading property
type for fire deaths (75.0%), fire injuries (77.1%) and fire dollar loss
(43.3%). African American males (21.6) and American Indian males (17.2)
have the highest fire death rates per million population. Age - People
ages 85 or older have the highest fire death rate (44.8). People ages
50-54 have the highest fire injury rate (63.8).
National Fire Protection
Association or NFPA is a global self-funded nonprofit organization,
established in 1896, devoted to eliminating death, injury, property and
economic loss due to fire, electrical and related hazards.
Backfire is a fire set intentionally to
arrest the progress of an approaching fire by creating a burned area in
its path, thus depriving the fire of fuel. Backfire also means a mistimed
explosion in the cylinder or exhaust of a vehicle or engine.
A Plan that Backfired.
An estimated 46 million homes in the U.S., valued at $1.3 trillion, now
face wildfire risks. Home hardening techniques include fire-resistant
roofs, covered gutters,
no plants or mulch within 5 feet of the house, mesh on air vents that
can stop embers from flying inside.
About one-quarter of California is at high risk of burning, according
to state wildfire authorities. And as the climate gets hotter, ten of
thousands of homes have been lost in destructive wildfires in the last
five years alone.
Mitigate Wildfire Risk from Proposed Developments in Fire-Prone Areas.
Wildfires increase air pollution in
surrounding areas and can affect regional
air quality. The effects of
smoke from wildfires can range from eye and respiratory tract irritation
to more serious disorders, including reduced lung function, bronchitis,
exacerbation of asthma and heart failure, and premature death. Air
contains about 21 percent oxygen, and most fires require at least 16
percent oxygen content to burn.
Global carbon dioxide emissions from forest fires increase by 60 percent.
A major new study reveals that carbon dioxide emissions from forest fires
have surged by 60 percent globally since 2001, and almost tripled in some
of the most climate-sensitive northern boreal forests.
Researchers warn of unprecedented arsenic release from wildfires.
Study finds contaminated mining sites worsen risks from fires. The
wildfire season of 2023 was the most destructive ever recorded in Canada
and a new study suggests the impact was unprecedented. It found that four
of the year's wildfires in mine-impacted areas around Yellowknife,
Northwest Territories potentially contributed up to half of the arsenic
that wildfires emit globally each year.
How wildfires change soil chemistry. Severe wildfires can drive
chemical changes in soil that affect ecosystem recovery and risks to human
health. A new study finds broader surveillance and modeling of these
changes could inform strategies for protecting lives, property and natural
resources, and managing wildlife.
Wildfire Risk Rezones - Fire Prone Areas
RedZone has highlighted five lesser-known areas where homeowners have
increased wildfire risk. Mid-slope areas, Areas Adjacent to
Wildland Fuels, In the Ember Zone, In Urban Canyons, Proximity to
Highway Grade.
Building in Wildfire Prone Areas -
U.S. Geological Survey
-
Storymaps -
University of California
Wildfire Insurance and Forest Health Task Force.
Identify Your Local Fire Hazard Ranking -
Evacuation Plans.
Fire-Safe Landscaping.
Plant placement is the most important criteria when it comes to
plant
selection. Vegetation that touches the siding, is located in front of
windows or under eaves and vents, and/or under or near a deck will
increase the likelihood that a home will be ignited from wildfire.
Reduce Fuels in the
Landscape. Work strategically to thin and prune trees, mow grass, and
reduce shrubs along
evacuation routes, roads, and other control points.
These broader actions can help reduce the energy of an oncoming fire and
create places for fire personnel to work.
Create Defensible Space.
Defensible space does more than just
preventing fire from reaching your
home and giving you
safe evacuation routes. Defensible space also gives
fire professionals a safe or "defendable" area to stage their personnel
and equipment.
Home
Landscaping for Fire (PDF) -
Reducing Wildfire Risks (PDF).
Prepare and harden your home for a wildfire. There are three ways your
home can be exposed to wildfire: Direct flames from a wildfire or burning
neighboring home; radiant heat from nearby burning plants or structures;
and flying embers. Flying embers from a wildfire can destroy homes up to a
mile away and are responsible for the destruction of most homes during a
wildfire. Taking the necessary measures to harden your home can help
increase its likelihood of survival when wildfire strikes. Invest in
fire-resistant materials and know the latest wildfire building codes and
have an updated fire risk map.
Home Ignition Zone.
Wildfire-Resistant Home.SRAs or
State Responsibility Areas are lands where the state has financial
responsibility for wild land fire protection.
Fire-Resistant Materials: Fire-resistant glass windows, concrete,
gypsum, stucco and brick. Mineral wool. Gypsum boards. Asbestos cement.
Perlite boards. Corriboard. Calcium silicate. Sodium silicate. Potassium
silicate.
Composites have been used in fire
resistant applications for decades.
8 Fire Retardant Building Materials.
Fireproofing is rendering something resistant to fire, or
incombustible. Fire-proof is a passive fire protection measure.
Acoustic Fire Suppression. Dousing flames with low-frequency sound
waves and using sound waves to put out fires by displacing O2 molecules.
Since sound waves can move oxygen and fire through pressure from their
vibrations, this specific frequency of sound wave works to separate the
flame molecules from the surrounding oxygen, effectively starving the fire
and snuffing out the flame.
Americans flocking to fire: National migration study. Americans are
leaving many of the U.S. counties hit hardest by hurricanes and
heatwaves -- and moving
towards dangerous wildfires and warmer temperatures, says one of the
largest studies of U.S. migration and natural disasters. These results are
concerning, as wildfire and rising temperatures are projected to worsen
with
climate change. The
study was inspired by the increasing number of headlines of
record-breaking natural disasters.
For 400 years, Indigenous tribes buffered climate's impact on wildfires in
the American Southwest. Devastating megafires are becoming more
common, in part, because the planet is warming. But a new study suggests
bringing 'good fire' back to the U.S. and other wildfire fire-prone areas,
as Native Americans once did, could potentially blunt the role of climate
in triggering today's wildfires.
Stoking
the fires of change.
Transportation - Mobility
Transport is to take or carry people or
goods from one place to another by means of a vehicle, aircraft, or
ship.
Transfer is the act of
moving or sending something from one location or
position to another place. The
act of
transferring
something from one form to another. The application of a skill learned in
one situation to a different but similar situation.
Traveling Worker -
Trade -
Travel Rights -
Supply Chain -
Emergencies
Intelligent Transportation Systems are
advanced applications
which, without embodying intelligence as such, aim to provide innovative
services relating to different modes of transport and traffic management
and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more
coordinated, and 'smarter' use of
transport networks.
Self Driving
Vehicles -
Car Sharing -
Air Flight
Transportation Planning is the process of defining future
policies, goals, investments and designs to prepare for future needs to
move people and goods to destinations.
Transport Geography is a branch of geography that investigates the
movement and connections between people, goods and information on the
Earth's surface.
Transient.
Transportation
is the movement of people,
animals and
goods from one location to another.
Modes of transport include air, rail,
road, water,
bridges, cable, pipeline and
space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and
operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between
people, which is essential for the development of civilizations.
Public Transportation is a shared
passenger-transport
service which is available for use by the general public, as distinct from
modes such as taxicab, carpooling, or hired buses, which are not shared by
strangers without private arrangement.
Traffic Management is a key branch within
logistics. It concerns the planning, control and purchasing of
transport services needed to physically move vehicles (for example
aircraft, road vehicles, rolling stock and watercraft) and freight.
Traffic management is implemented by people working with different job
titles in different branches: Within freight and cargo logistics: traffic
manager, assessment of hazardous and awkward materials, carrier choice and
fees, demurrage, documentation, expediting, freight consolidation,
insurance, reconsignment and tracking. Within air traffic management:
Air traffic
controller. Within rail traffic management: Rail traffic controller, train
dispatcher or signalman. Within road traffic management: Traffic Control
Management is the design, auditing and implementation of traffic control
plans at worksites and civil infrastructure projects. Traffic Management
can include but is not limited to: Flagging, lane closures, detours, full
freeway closures, pedestrian access, traffic plans and sidewalk closures.
Traffic Safety.
Traffic Engineering is designing safe and efficient movement
of people and goods on roadways. It focuses mainly on research for safe
and efficient traffic flow, such as road geometry,
sidewalks and
crosswalks,
cycling infrastructure, traffic signs, road surface markings
and
traffic lights,
which are
signaling devices
positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings, and other
locations to notify travelers when to stop, when to go, and where to turn,
which also helps control the flow of traffic.
Road Traffic Control involves directing vehicular and pedestrian
traffic around a construction zone, accident or other road disruption,
thus ensuring the safety of
emergency response teams, construction workers and the general public.
Institute of Transportation Engineers is an international educational
and scientific association of transportation professionals who are
responsible for meeting mobility and safety needs. ITE facilitates the
application of technology and scientific principles to research, planning,
functional design, implementation, operation, policy development and
management for any mode of ground transportation. Through its products and
services, ITE promotes professional development of its members, supports
and encourages education, stimulates research, develops public awareness
programs and serves as a conduit for the exchange of professional
information.
Highway Engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil
engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation,
and maintenance of
roads, bridges, and tunnels to
ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods. Highway
engineering became prominent towards the latter half of the 20th Century
after World War II. Standards of highway engineering are continuously
being improved. Highway engineers must take into account future traffic
flows, design of highway intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment
and design, highway pavement materials and design, structural design of
pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance.
Geometric Design of Roads is the branch of highway engineering
concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the
roadway according to standards and constraints. The
basic objectives in geometric design are to optimize efficiency and safety
while minimizing cost and environmental damage. Geometric design also
affects an emerging fifth objective called "livability," which is defined
as designing roads to foster broader community goals, including providing
access to employment, schools, businesses and residences, accommodate a
range of travel modes such as walking, bicycling, transit, and
automobiles, and minimizing fuel use, emissions and environmental damage.
Geometric roadway design can be broken into three main parts: alignment,
profile, and cross-section. Combined, they provide a three-dimensional
layout for a roadway. The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a
series of horizontal tangents and curves. The profile is the vertical
aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight grade
lines connecting them. The cross section shows the position and number of
vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks, along with their cross slope or
banking. Cross sections also show drainage features, pavement structure
and other items outside the category of geometric design.
Road is a
thoroughfare, route, or
way on land between two places that has been
paved or otherwise improved to allow
travel by foot or by some form of
conveyance (including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse).
Other names for a road include:
parkway;
avenue;
freeway, motorway or expressway;
tollway;
interstate;
highway;
thoroughfare; or primary, secondary, and tertiary local road.
Gravel
Road (wiki) -
Junction.
Stroad
is a type of thoroughfare that is a cross between a street and a road.
Stroad is
part street—which he describes as
a "complex environment where life in the city happens", with pedestrians,
cars, buildings close to the sidewalk for easy accessibility, with many
entrances and exits to and from the street, and with spaces for temporary
parking and delivery vehicles—and
part road,
which he describes as a "high-speed connection between two places" with
wide lanes, limited entrances and exits, and which are generally straight
or have gentle curves.
Farm-to-Market Road or
Ranch-to-Market Road
is a state highway or county road that connects rural or agricultural
areas to market towns. These are better quality roads, usually a highway,
that farmers and ranchers use to transport products to market towns or
distribution centers.
City
Block or simply block is a central element of
urban
planning and
urban design. A city block is the
smallest area that is surrounded by streets. City blocks are the space for
buildings within the street pattern of a city, and form the basic unit of
a city's urban fabric. City blocks may be subdivided into any number of
smaller land lots usually in private ownership, though in some cases, it
may be other forms of tenure. City blocks are usually built-up to varying
degrees and thus form the physical containers or 'streetwalls' of public
space. Most cities are composed of a greater or lesser variety of sizes
and shapes of urban block. For example, many pre-industrial cores of
cities in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East tend to have irregularly
shaped street patterns and urban blocks, while cities based on grids have
much more regular arrangements.
Urban Street Design Guide charts the principles and practices of the
nation’s foremost engineers, planners, and designers working in cities
today. Streets comprise more than 80% of public space in cities, but they
often fail to provide their surrounding communities with a space where
people can safely walk, bicycle, drive, take transit, and socialize.
Street Hierarchy is an urban planning technique for laying out road
networks that exclude automobile through-traffic from developed areas. It
is conceived as a hierarchy of roads that embeds the link importance of
each road type in the network topology (the connectivity of the nodes to
each other). Street hierarchy restricts or eliminates direct connections
between certain types of links, for example residential streets and
arterial roads, and allows connections between similar order streets (e.g.
arterial to arterial) or between street types that are separated by one
level in the hierarchy (e.g. arterial to highway and collector to
arterial.) By contrast, in many regular, traditional grid plans, as laid
out, higher order roads (e.g. arterials) are connected by through streets
of both lower order levels (e.g. local and collector.) An ordering of
roads and their classification can include several levels and finer
distinctions as, for example, major and minor arterials or collectors.
Dead End or
Cul-De-Sac is a street with
only one inlet or outlet or a no through
road or no
exit road. Dead ends are created in urban planning to limit
through-traffic in residential areas. While some dead ends provide no
possible passage except in and out of their road entry, others allow
cyclists, pedestrians or other non-automotive traffic to pass through
connecting easements or paths, an example of filtered permeability. The
International Federation of Pedestrians proposed to call such streets
"living end streets" and to provide signage at the entry of the streets
that make this permeability for pedestrians and cyclists clear. Its
application retains the dead end's primary function as a non-through road,
but establishes complete pedestrian and bicycle network connectivity.
Vehicle Infrastructure Integration is an initiative fostering research
and applications development for a series of technologies directly linking
road vehicles to their physical surroundings, first and foremost in order
to improve road safety.
Freight
Transport (supplies) -
Logistics -
Sustainable Transport -
Environmentally Safe Roads.
Vac-Train
is a proposed design for very-high-speed rail transportation. Maglev (
magnetic levitation).
Long-Term Environmental Damage from Transportation Projects in Kenya,
scientists warn.
Taken for a
Ride - The U.S. History of the Assault on Public Transport in the Last
Century (youtube) - Learn about how General Motors deliberately
sabotaged public transportation and
electric streetcar systems through
service reductions and fare increases, just so that GM could sell more
cars and buses that polluted the cities. General Motors also
lobbied and bought politicians in
order to force states to build more highways so that GM could sell more
cars that caused more traffic jams and created more
deadly pollution. GM
was found guilty of its war on public transportation that started in the
1930's, but GM continued to sabotaged public transportation to increase GM
profits. Other countries did not sell out to car manufacturers, but
instead invested in public transportation, and thus did not suffer like
Americans did. Of course GM was not alone. Big Oil and other companies who
profited from more cars on the road also helped
sabotage public transportation in
almost every city in America. These are the types of things that happen
when a
service is
manipulated and ends up
becoming a
racket, like with the the
media being controlled by a few
corporations.
Highway Revolt was in response to plans for the construction of new
freeways, as advocated for by the highway lobby. A significant number of
these highways were abandoned or significantly scaled back due to
widespread public opposition, especially of those whose neighborhoods
would be disrupted or displaced by the proposed freeways, and due to
various other negative effects that freeways are considered to have.
I like to use my car as a think tank.
But sometimes the
thoughts can get so deep that I forget where I am, so
I'm not fully aware of my surroundings, which can make driving dangerous.
Deep thinking reduces your awareness because you're basically in another
world, or in another dimension.
Walking - Traveling on Foot - Paths - Sidewalks
Walking is one of the
main gaits of
locomotion among legged animals, and is typically slower
than running and other gaits. Walking is defined by an 'inverted pendulum'
gait in which the body vaults over the stiff limb or limbs with each step.
This applies regardless of the number of limbs - even arthropods, with
six, eight or more limbs, walk.
Gait is the pattern of
movement of the limbs of animals, including humans, during locomotion over
a solid substrate.
Stroll is a
leisurely walk with no
apparent aim, usually in some public place. Walking 5 miles is around
10,000 steps.
One of the Longest Walks in the World (image) -
Long Hike
(image)
Pedestrian
is a person
traveling on foot, whether walking or running. In some
communities, those traveling using tiny wheels such as roller skates,
skateboards, and scooters, as well as wheelchair users are also included
as pedestrians. In modern times, the term usually refers to someone
walking on a road or pavement, but this was not the case historically.
Walkability or
Walk Score is a measure of
how friendly an area is to
walking. Walkability has health, environmental, and economic benefits.
The City with the Highest Walking Score is New York with a walk score
rating of 87.6 , then San Francisco 83.9, Boston 79.5, Philadelphia 76.5,
Miami 75.6, Chicago 74.8, Washington, D.C. 74.1, Seattle 70.8, Oakland
68.5 and Baltimore with 66.2.
15-Minute City
is the concept to improve the quality of life by creating cities where
everything a resident needs can be reached within 15 minutes
by foot or
by bike.
The 15-minute city requires minimal travel among housing, offices,
restaurants, parks, hospitals and cultural venues. Almost everything is
within a walking distance.
New Pedestrianism
Jeff
Speck: The Walkable City (video)
4 ways to make a city more walkable: Jeff Speck (video and interactive
text)
Walkable Communities
Global Street Design Guide - National Association of City
Transportation Officials.
Superblocks: How
Barcelona is taking city streets back from cars (youtube)
Vegamálun GÍH -
3D Cross walk Design makes cross walks more visible (youtube)
Sidewalks that Generate Electricity just by
people walking on them.
Helsinki
and
Oslo
cut pedestrian deaths to zero. They cut speed limits, changed
street design, and reduced space for cars and increased the space for
people walking, which made it safer for people to walk, so more people
walk and less people drive.
Vehicular Assault is a form of assault
that involves the use of a vehicle to cause another person harm or
threaten him or her with harm. The possible sentence for vehicular assault
varies from state to state and depends on whether the crime is classified
as a felony or misdemeanor.
A new report by the
Governors Highway Safety Association determined about
6,227 pedestrians were killed in motor vehicle
crashes in 2018 — a 4 percent increase over 2017 and the highest
mortality rate since 1990. SUVs and trucks, which are more likely to kill
a human because of the size and weight difference. The number of sport
utility vehicles or SUVs involved in pedestrian deaths has increased by 50
percent since 2013. By comparison, non-SUV passenger cars' involvement in
pedestrian fatalities increased by 30 percent over the same time period.
Although passenger cars still account for the majority of pedestrian
deaths, SUVs – which generally cause more severe pedestrian injuries –
make up an increasingly large percentage of registered vehicles. From 2008
to 2017 the number of nighttime pedestrian fatalities increased by 45
percent, compared to a much smaller 11 percent increase in daytime
pedestrian fatalities. In 2020 there were less people driving, but there
were more pedestrians killed in 2020.
7,522 pedestrian deaths occurred in 2022. Pedestrian fatalities
account for 18% of all crash fatalities. Although pedestrian deaths in
2022 were approximately the same as in 1975, they have increased 83% since
reaching their lowest point in 2009. They found that
pickup trucks, SUVs
and vans with a hood height greater than 40 inches are 45% more likely
to cause fatalities than shorter vehicles with a hood height of 30 inches
or less. While 19 percent of all car accidents in the US involve
pedestrians, in California, that rate is closer to 25 percent. According
to the Centers for Disease Control, the odds of getting hit by a car while
walking are approximately 1 in 4,292.
Pedestrians struck by a vehicle going 20 mph have a 95 percent survival
rate, that drops to 55 percent survival at 30 mph, and 15 percent
survival at 40 mph. According to NHTSA data, in 2022 most pedestrian
traffic deaths occurred in urban settings (84%), on the open road (76%)
versus intersections (24%), and during dark conditions with or without
artificial lighting (74%). The largest number of pedestrian deaths occur
on Saturdays (1,278), closely followed by Fridays (1,121). Except for a
decline on Sundays, the number of pedestrian deaths during daylight hours
is relatively consistent throughout the week. However, pedestrian
fatalities at night (during dark with or without artificial lighting) vary
substantially.
Nighttime pedestrian deaths are at
their lowest point on Wednesday and increase throughout the
remainder of the week, peaking on Saturday.
Red
Light Cameras.
Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities by State: 2020 Preliminary Data. 3 out
of 4 pedestrian deaths happened at night.
Families for Safe Streets. Get dangerous drivers off the road. Hold
reckless drivers accountable after a crash. Demand that all streets are
designed for safety.
How Your Neighborhood May Impact Your Health and Well-Being. Residents
of traditional neighborhoods walk the most, while residents of suburban
developments report the best mental health, the UA's Adriana Zuniga-Teran
found.
Hypermobility travelers are "highly mobile individuals" who
take "frequent trips, often over great distances.
Ankle exoskeleton enables faster walking. In lab tests, researchers
found that an optimized ankle
exoskeleton system increased participants' walking speed by about 40
percent compared with their regular speed. The researchers hope someday to
help restore walking speed in older adults. The exoskeleton is externally
powered by motors and controlled by an algorithm. When the researchers
optimized it for speed, participants walked, on average, 42 percent faster
than when they were wearing normal shoes and no exoskeleton.
Project for Public
Spaces -
LA
Open Acres
Japanese
Synchronized Walking Competition or Precision Walking Competition (youtube)
-
Marching Bands
Spaces Awareness -
Urbanized
(video)
Michael Kiwanuka -
Father's Child (youtube) - Walk with me, show me the right direction.
Mobilities is a contemporary paradigm in the social sciences that
explores the movement of people, ideas and things, as well as the broader
social implications of those movements.
Mobility Types.
Social Mobility is the movement of individuals,
families, households, or other categories of people within or between
social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to
others' social location within a given society.
Geographic
Mobility is the measure of how populations move over time.
Economic
Mobility is the ability of an individual, family or some other group
to improve (or lower) their economic status—usually measured in income.
Academic
Mobility refers to students and teachers in higher education moving to
another institution inside or outside their own country to study or teach for a limited time.
Bicycling - Bike Paths
Utility Cycling encompasses any cycling done simply as a
means of transport rather than as a sport or leisure activity. It is the
original and most common type of cycling in the world.
Bicycle Transportation Engineering is designing and
implementation of
cycling infrastructure.
Bike
City, Great City (2014) (video)
Junction
Design in the Netherlands (youtube)
How Amsterdam
Cleverly Reconfigured Its Bike Crossings To Allow More Riders At Once (youtube)
Biking Knowledge and Information (fatalities)
Street Films-Ciclovia (Bogotá, Colombia). Every Sunday and holiday,
every week, the City of Bogotá, Colombia closes down over 70 miles of
roadways to cars and let people bike, walk, talk, exercise, picnic,
sunbathe, I could go on and on. Just watch the video, it's amazing.
Street Films.
Tactical Urbanism and Demonstration Projects
American Public
Transportation Association
Transit Projects -
Solar Roadways
Sustainable Transport evaluating sustainability include the
particular vehicles used for road, water or air transport; the source of
energy; and the infrastructure used to accommodate the transport (roads,
railways, airways, waterways, canals and terminals).
Transportation
Alternatives -
Legislation
Transportation Alternatives (TA) Data Exchange
Transportation Choices -
Shared Cars -
Action Physics
Balanced Transportation Analyzer -
Komanoff
Chinese Street
Surveillance. Object / Face Recognition (youtube) Shows number of
Cars, Trucks, Bicycles and Pedestrians in real time.
U.S. cities opt to
ditch their off-street parking minimums in order to end up with less
parking, more affordable housing, better transit, and walkable
neighborhoods. One 2017 study found that including garage parking
increased the rent of a housing unit by about 17 percent.
Transit-Oriented Development is a
mix use residential and commercial
area
designed to maximize access to
public transport, and often
incorporates features to encourage transit ridership while dissuading the
ownership of automobiles. A TOD neighborhood typically has a center with a
transit station or stop (train station, metro station, tram stop, or bus
stop), surrounded by relatively high-density development with
progressively lower-density development spreading outward from the center.
TODs generally are located within a radius of one-quarter to one-half mile
(400 to 800 m) from a transit stop, as this is considered to be an
appropriate scale for pedestrians, thus solving the last mile problem.
Overlay zoning is a regulatory tool that creates a special zoning
district, placed over an existing base zone(s), which identifies special
provisions in addition to those in the underlying base zone.
Parks - Open Spaces - Public Property
Park is an area
of
natural, semi-natural or
planted space set aside for human enjoyment and recreation or for the
protection of wildlife or natural habitats.
Urban
parks are green spaces set aside for recreation inside towns and
cities.
National parks and
country parks are green spaces used for recreation in the countryside.
State
parks and provincial parks are administered by sub-national government
states and agencies. Parks may consist of
grassy areas, rocks, soil and
trees, but may also contain buildings and other artifacts such as
monuments, fountains or
playground structures. Many parks have fields for playing sports such
as soccer, baseball and football, and paved areas for games such as
basketball. Many parks have trails for walking, biking and other
activities. Some parks are built adjacent to bodies of water or
watercourses and may comprise a beach or boat dock area. Urban parks often
have benches for sitting and may contain picnic tables and barbecue
grills. The largest parks can be vast natural areas of hundreds of
thousands of square kilometers (or square miles), with abundant
wildlife and natural
features such as mountains and rivers. In many large parks, camping in
tents is allowed with a permit. Many natural parks are protected by law,
and users may have to follow restrictions (e.g. rules against open fires
or bringing in glass bottles). Large national and sub-national parks are
typically overseen by a park ranger. Large parks may have areas for
canoeing and hiking in the warmer months and, in some northern hemisphere
countries, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing in colder months. There
are also amusement parks which have live shows, fairground rides,
refreshments, and games of chance or skill.
Environmental Economics
-
Health Benefits
from Being Outdoors -
Play Grounds -
Exercise
Benefits -
Walking -
Moving Meditation -
Creative Commons
Biodiversity in the city: Designing
urban spaces
for humans and animals. Animals and plants also live and thrive on public
squares. This creates opportunities for greater
biodiversity and
well-being for the human population. Researchers have studied at 103
locations in Munich how various factors affect flora and fauna. They
advocate a close examination of local conditions and a more nature-focused
approach to the design of public spaces.
Land Use involves
the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into
built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as
arable fields, pastures, and managed woods. Land use by humans has a long
history, first emerging more than 10,000 years ago. It also has been
defined as "the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people
undertake in a certain land cover type.
Roadside Park is a designated park on the wide side of a road for the
traveling tourist usually maintained by a governmental entity, either
local, state, or national. It is for recreational use such as a picnic
spot or a trail head. A roadside park will generally be found in a rural
setting, whereas a rest area will be found on an interstate highway in a
suburban setting or between major destinations like cities. A rest area is
specifically designed for the rest and relaxation of the motoring public.
The roadside park with the use of picnic tables is the predecessor of the
modern
rest area /
travel plaza.
Picnic
is a meal taken outdoors or al fresco, as part of an excursion, especially
in scenic surroundings, such as a
park, lakeside, or
other place affording an interesting view, or else in conjunction with a
public event such as preceding an open-air theater performance, and
usually in summer.
How Land is used in America -
Multi-Use -
Land Use -
Agriculture
Land
Economics comprises all naturally occurring resources whose
supply is inherently fixed. Examples are any and all particular
geographical locations, mineral deposits, forests, fish stocks,
atmospheric quality, geostationary orbits, and portions of the
electromagnetic spectrum. Natural resources are fundamental to the
production of all goods, including capital goods. Location values must not
be confused with values imparted by fixed capital improvements. In
classical economics, land is considered one of the three factors of
production (also sometimes called the three producer goods) along with
capital, and labor. Land is sometimes merged with capital to simplify
micro-economics. However, a common mistake is combining land and capital
in macro-analysis. Income derived from ownership or control of natural
resources is referred to as rent.
National Parks is a park in use for conservation
purposes. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed
land that a sovereign state declares or owns.
More
Trees means More O2.
City Parks is a park in cities which may have playgrounds,
gardens, hiking, running and fitness trails or paths, bridle paths, sports
fields and courts, public restrooms, boat ramps and/or picnic facilities,
depending on the budget and natural features available.
Neighborhoods with More Green Space may mean Less
Heart Disease. People who live in neighborhoods with more green
spaces may have better blood vessel health and lower levels of stress, and
a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks, strokes and
others.
Irregularly shaped parks reduce mortality risk. Linking existing parks
with greenways or adding new, connected parks might be fiscally accessible
strategies for promoting health.
Public Space is a place that is generally open and accessible to
people. Roads, pavement, public squares, parks and beaches
are typically considered public space.
Common Ownership -
Common Responsibility -
Meeting Place (social
gatherings)
Public
Land in the United States governmental entities including cities,
counties, states, and the federal government all manage land which are
referred to as either public lands or the
public domain.
Public Property
is property that is
dedicated to public use
and is a subset of state property. The term may be used either to describe
the use to which the property is put, or to describe the character of its
ownership (
owned collectively by the
population of a state). This is in contrast to private property, owned
by an individual person or artificial entities that represent the
financial interests of persons, such as corporations. State ownership,
also called public ownership, government ownership or state property, are
property interests that are vested in the state, rather than an individual
or communities.
Open
Space Reserve is an area of
protected or conserved
land or water on which development is indefinitely set aside.
Place Meter Urban
Intelligence Platform helps quantify how public space is used structured
data about pedestrian, bike, and vehicle traffic.
Tools for Data Sharing.
Wilderness
is a
natural environment on
Earth that has not been significantly modified by civilized human
activity. It may also be defined as: "The most intact, undisturbed wild
natural areas left on our planet—those last truly wild places that humans
do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other
industrial infrastructure.
National Forest is a classification of protected and managed federal
lands in the United States. National Forests are largely forest and
woodland areas owned collectively by the American people through the
federal government, and managed by the United States Forest Service, a
division of the United States Department of Agriculture.
National Grassland is a classification of protected and managed
federal lands in the United States authorized by Title III of the
Bankhead–Jones Farm Tenant Act of 1937.
National Monument is a protected area that is similar to a national
park, but can be created from any land owned or controlled by the federal
government[a] by proclamation of the President of the United States.
Open Space Reserve is an area of protected or
conserved land or water
on which development is indefinitely set aside. The purpose of an open
space reserve may include the preservation or conservation of a community
or region's rural natural or historic character; the conservation or
preservation of a land or water area for the sake of recreational,
ecological, environmental, aesthetic, or agricultural interests; or the
management of a community or region's growth in terms of development,
industry, or natural resources extraction. Open space reserves may be
urban, suburban, or rural; they may be actual designated areas of land or
water, or they may be zoning districts or overlays where development is
limited or controlled to create undeveloped areas of land or water within
a community or region. They may be publicly owned or owned by non-profit
or private interests.
Relaxation -
Recreation.
Urban Open Space is open space areas for "parks," "
green
spaces," and other
open areas. The
landscape of urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly
maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. Generally
considered open to the public, urban open spaces are sometimes privately
owned, such as higher education campuses, neighborhood/community
parks/gardens, and institutional or corporate grounds. Areas outside city
boundaries, such as state and national parks as well as open space in the
countryside, are not considered urban open space. Streets, piazzas, plazas
and urban squares are not always defined as urban open space in land use
planning.
State Ownership is the ownership of an industry, asset, or enterprise
by the state or a public body
representing a
community as
opposed to an individual
or private party. Public ownership specifically refers to industries
selling goods and services to consumers and differs from public goods and
government services financed out of a government's general budget. Public
ownership can take place at the national, regional, local, or municipal
levels of government; or can refer to non-governmental public ownership
vested in autonomous public enterprises. Public ownership is one of the
three major forms of property ownership, differentiated from private,
collective/cooperative, and common ownership.
Commons
is the cultural and
natural resources accessible
to all members of a society, including natural materials such as
air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not
owned privately. Commons can also be understood as natural resources that
groups of people (communities, user groups) manage for individual and
collective benefit.
Common is
belonging to or participated in by a
community as a whole or by
the public. Something shared by or having the same connection with two or
more parties. A piece of open land for recreational use in an urban area.
Common can also mean that something is widely known or commonly
encountered that is average or ordinary or usual and having no special
distinction or quality. Found in large numbers or in a large quantity.
Being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language.
Common Land is
land owned collectively by a number of persons, or by one person, but over
which other people have certain traditional rights, such as to allow their
livestock to graze upon it, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel.
Personal Space
(solitude).
Common Thread is a
recurring characteristic or theme present in different events or areas.
Freedom to Roam is the
general public's right
to access certain public or privately owned land, lakes, and rivers
for recreation and exercise. The right is sometimes called the right of
public access to the wilderness or the "right to roam".
Right
of Way is the legal right, established by usage or grant, to pass
along a specific route through grounds or property belonging to another,
or a path or thoroughfare subject to such a right. This article is mainly
about access by foot, by bicycle, horseback, or along a waterway, and
Right-of-way (transportation) focuses on highways, railways, pipelines,
etc. A footpath is a right of way that can only be used by pedestrians. A
similar right of access also exists on some public land in the United
States. In Canada, Australia and New Zealand, such land may alternatively
be called Crown land.
Loitering.
Wildlife Crossing are structures that allow animals to cross
human-made barriers safely. Wildlife crossings may include underpass
tunnels or wildlife tunnels, viaducts, and overpasses or green bridges
(mainly for large or herd-type animals); amphibian tunnels; fish ladders;
canopy bridge (especially for monkeys and squirrels), tunnels and culverts
(for small mammals such as otters, hedgehogs, and badgers); and green
roofs (for butterflies and birds). Wildlife crossings are a practice in
habitat conservation, allowing connections or reconnections between
habitats, combating habitat fragmentation. They also assist in avoiding
collisions between vehicles and animals, which in addition to killing or
injuring wildlife may cause injury to humans and property damage. Similar
structures can be used for domesticated animals, such as cattle creeps.
Green
Belt is a policy and land-use zone designation used in
land-use
planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural
land surrounding or neighboring urban areas. Similar concepts are
greenways or green wedges, which have a linear character and may run
through an urban area instead of around it. In essence, a green belt is an
invisible line designating a border around a certain area,
preventing
development of the area and allowing wildlife to return and be
established.
Buffer
Zone in nature
conservation is often created to enhance the protection of areas under
management for their
biodiversity importance. The buffer zone of a protected area may be
situated around the periphery of the region or may be a connecting zone
within it that links two or more protected areas, therefore increasing
their dynamics and conservation productivity.
Protected Area
are locations which receive
protection because of
their recognized natural or cultural values. Protected areas are those
areas in which human presence or the exploitation of natural resources is
limited. The term "
protected
area" also includes marine protected areas and transboundary protected
areas across multiple borders. As of 2016, there are over 161,000
protected areas representing about 17 percent of the world's land surface
area (excluding Antarctica).
Nature Reserve may also be known as a natural reserve,
wildlife refuge
or
sanctuary, biosphere reserve (bioreserve), natural or nature preserve,
or
nature conservation area.
It is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, or features of
geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for
purposes of
conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or
research.
Urban Ecology is the scientific study of the
relation
of living organisms with each other and their surroundings in the context
of an urban environment. The urban environment refers to environments
dominated by high-density residential and commercial buildings, paved
surfaces, and other urban-related factors that create a unique landscape
dissimilar to most previously studied environments in the field of
ecology.
Landscaping.
Oasis
Effect refers to the creation of a local
microclimate that is cooler than the surrounding dry area due to
evaporation or evapotranspiration of
a water source or plant life and higher albedo of plant life than bare
ground. The oasis effect is so-named because it occurs in desert oases.
Urban planners can design a city's layout to optimize
the
oasis effect to
combat the
urban heat island effect. Since it depends on evaporation, the
oasis effect differs by season. An oasis contains moisture from a water
source and/or plants. When that water evaporates or transpirates, heat
from the surroundings is used to convert liquid to gas in an endothermic
reaction, which results in cooler local temperatures. Moreover, vegetation
has a higher albedo than bare ground, and reflects more sunlight, leading
to lower land temperatures, lower air temperatures, and a cooler local
microclimate. The oasis effect occurs most prominently during the
summer because warmer temperatures lead to more evaporation. In the
winter, the oasis effect operates differently. Instead of making the
oasis cooler, the oasis
effect makes it warmer at night. This occurs through the fact that trees
block heat from leaving the land. Basically, radiation cannot be emitted
back into the atmosphere because the trees intercept and absorb it.
The
Nature of Cities -
The Nature
of Cities (video)
Reappropriation
is the cultural process by which a group reclaims terms or artifacts that
were previously used in a way disparaging of that group.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
Social Center are community spaces. They are
buildings which
are used for a range of disparate activities, which can be linked only by
being not-for-profit. They might be organizing centers for local
activities or they might provide support networks for minority groups such
as prisoners and refugees. Often they provide a base for initiatives such
as cafes, free shops, public computer labs, graffiti murals, legal
collectives and free housing for travellers. The services are determined
by both the needs of the community in which the social center is based and
the skills which the participants have to offer.
Community Building is a field of practices directed toward
the creation or enhancement of community among individuals within a
regional area (such as a neighborhood) or with a common interest. It is
sometimes encompassed under the field of community development.
Community Centre are public locations where members of a
community tend to gather for group activities, social support, public
information, and other purposes. They may sometimes be open for the whole
community or for a specialized group within the greater community.
Cultural Space
-
Diversity
Souq is an
open-air marketplace or commercial quarter in Western Asian and North
African cities.
Market
is a location where people regularly gather for the purchase and sale of
provisions, livestock, and other goods.
City Engineer -
Future Cities -
Ideas -
Environmental
Impacts -
Farming -
Surveying
Carto is an open,
powerful, and intuitive platform for discovering and predicting the key
insights underlying the location data in our world.
Mixed-Use Development is a type of
urban development
that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or
industrial uses, where those functions are physically and
functionally
integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections. Greater housing
variety and density, reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail
businesses, and other destinations, more compact development, stronger
neighborhood character, pedestrian and bicycle-friendly environments.
Multiple Use refers to the
harmonious and coordinated management of the various resources, each with
the other,
without impairment of the productivity of the land, with
consideration being given to the relative values of the various resources,
and not necessarily the combination of uses that will give the greatest
dollar return or the greatest unit output. Multiple use implies a
sustained yield of outdoor recreation, range, timber, watershed, and
wildlife and fish values.
Multiple Use Lands can be used for recreation in
parks, ball fields,
trails, rivers, streams, mountains, plains, wilderness, wildlife, complete
eco-systems. The 191 million acre National Forest System administered by
the Forest Service, an agency of the Department of Agriculture, and the
265 million acres of Public Lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management
or BLM, an agency of the Department of the
Interior, are concentrated in the Western third of the lower 48 and
Alaska.
Multi-Purpose Stadium are a type of stadium designed
to be easily used by
multiple types
of events. While any stadium could potentially host more than one type
of sport or event, this concept usually refers to a specific design
philosophy that stresses multifunctionality over specificity.
Emergency Shelters -
Repurpose -
Empty Office Buildings
Stadiums: Last Week
Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) (youtube)
Wolfgang Kessling: Building Outdoor
Arenas (video)
Stadium is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor
sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either
partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow
spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
Arena is an enclosed area, often circular or
oval-shaped, designed to showcase theater, musical performances, or
sporting events.
Coliseum is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the
city of Rome, Italy.
Amphitheatre is an open-air venue used for entertainment,
performances, and sports.
Paint Colors (video)
Bjarke Ingels: Sustainable Design (video)
Sustainable Lawns and Landscapes
Before I Die
Urban Morphology is the study of the form of human
settlements and the process of their formation and transformation. The
study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of a
metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its
component parts and the pro\ , ownership or control and occupation.
Typically, analysis of physical form focuses on street pattern, lot (or,
in the UK, plot) pattern and building pattern, sometimes referred to
collectively as urban grain. Analysis of specific settlements is usually
undertaken using cartographic sources and the process of development is
deduced from comparison of historic maps.
Sustainable Development -
Maintenance
Urban Decay is the process whereby a previously
functioning city, or part of a city,
falls into disrepair and decrepitude.
It may feature deindustrialization, depopulation or changing population,
restructuring, abandoned buildings, high local unemployment, fragmented
families, political disenfranchisement, crime, and a desolate,
inhospitable city landscape.
Noise Pollution -
Pollution -
Location Dangers -
Floods
Urban Heat Island is an
urban area or
metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural
areas due to human activities. The temperature difference is usually
larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are
weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter. The main cause
of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces.
Waste heat generated by energy usage is a secondary contributor. As a
population center grows, it tends to expand its area and increase its
average temperature. The term heat island is also used; the term can be
used to refer to any area that is relatively hotter than the surrounding,
but generally refers to human-disturbed areas. Monthly rainfall is greater
downwind of cities, partially due to the UHI. Increases in heat within
urban centers increases the length of growing seasons and decreases the
occurrence of weak tornadoes. The UHI decreases air quality by increasing
the production of pollutants such as ozone, and decreases water quality as
warmer waters flow into area streams and put stress on their ecosystems.
Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island, and the heat island
characteristics depend strongly on the background climate of the area in
which the city is located. Mitigation of the urban heat island effect can
be accomplished through the use of green roofs and the use of
lighter-colored surfaces in urban areas, which reflect more sunlight and
absorb less heat. Concerns have been raised about possible contribution
from urban heat islands to global warming. While some lines of research
did not detect a significant impact, other studies have concluded that
heat islands can have measurable effects on climate phenomena at the
global scale.
Egalitarianism is a trend of thought that favors equality
for all people.
We should not have
Ghetto's. -
Human Development Index -
Development.
Resident Assistant is a trained peer leader who
supervises those living in a residence hall or group housing facility. The
majority of RAs work at colleges, universities, or residential mental
health and substance abuse facilities.
Official Development Assistance is widely used as an indicator
of international aid flow. It includes some loans.
Development
Aid is financial aid given by governments and other agencies
to support the economic, environmental, social, and political development
of developing countries. It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by
focusing on alleviating poverty in the long term, rather than a short term
response.
Public Trust Feature Film | The Fight for America’s Public Lands (youtube)
- A feature-length documentary about America’s system of public lands and
the fight to protect them. Take action to protect our public lands. Text
DEFEND to 71333
640 Million Acres of Public
Land - Keep it Public -
Privatizing
Failures
Protected Area are locations which receive protection because of their
recognized natural, ecological or cultural values.
Federal Lands are lands in the United States owned by the federal
government. Pursuant to the Property Clause of the United States
Constitution (Article Four, section 3, clause 2), the Congress has the
power to retain, buy, sell, and regulate federal lands, such as by
limiting cattle grazing on them. These powers have been recognized in a
long line of U.S. Supreme Court decisions. The federal government owns
about 640 million acres of land in the United States, about 28% of the
total land area of 2.27 billion acres. The majority of federal lands
(610.1 million acres in 2015) are administered by the Bureau of Land
Management (BLM), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), National Park
Service (NPS), or U.S. Forest Service (FS). BLM, FWS, and NPS are part of
the U.S. Department of the Interior, while the Forest Service is part of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture. An additional 11.4 million acres of
land (about 2% of all federal land) is owned by the U.S. Department of
Defense (DOD). The majority of federal lands are located in Alaska and the
Western states.
Bureau of Land Management is an agency within the United States
Department of the Interior responsible for administering public lands.
With oversight over 247.3 million acres (1,001,000 km2), it governs one
eighth of the country's landmass. President Harry S. Truman created the
BLM in 1946 by combining two existing agencies: the General Land Office
and the Grazing Service. The agency manages the federal government's
nearly 700 million acres (2,800,000 km2) of subsurface mineral estate
located beneath federal, state and private lands severed from their
surface rights by the Homestead Act of 1862. Most BLM public lands are
located in these 12 western states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado,
Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming.
The mission of the BLM is "to sustain the health, diversity, and
productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and
future generations." Originally BLM holdings were described as "land
nobody wanted" because homesteaders had passed them by. All the same,
ranchers hold nearly 18,000 permits and leases for livestock grazing on
155 million acres (630,000 km2) of BLM public lands. The agency manages
221 wilderness areas, 27 national monuments and some 636 other protected
areas as part of the National Conservation Lands (formerly known as the
National Landscape Conservation System), totaling about 36 million acres
(150,000 km2). In addition the National Conservation Lands include nearly
2,400 miles of Wild and Scenic Rivers, and nearly 6,000 miles of National
Scenic and Historic Trails. There are more than 63,000 oil and gas wells
on BLM public lands. Total energy leases generated approximately $5.4
billion in 2013, an amount divided among the Treasury, the states, and
Native American groups.
National Conservation Lands is a 35-million-acre (140,000 km2)
collection of lands in 873 federally recognized areas considered to be the
crown jewels of the American West. These lands represent 10% of the 258
million acres (1,040,000 km2) managed by the Bureau of Land Management
(BLM). The BLM is the largest federal public land manager and is
responsible for over 40% of all the federal public land in the nation. The
other major federal public land managers include the US Forest Service
(USFS), National Park Service (NPS), and the US Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS).
Conservation
of Land (organizations) -
There is a big difference between
Developing Land and Destroying Land, make sure that people know
the difference.
Restoration and Conservation.
Public Lands and Waters Are under Threat - Patagonia Action Works.
Antiquities Act is an act that was passed by the United States
Congress and signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt on June 8, 1906. This
law gives the President of the United States the authority to, by
presidential proclamation, create national monuments from federal lands to
protect significant natural, cultural, or scientific features. The Act has
been used more than a hundred times since its passage. (Pub.L. 59–209, 34
Stat. 225, 54 U.S.C. §§ 320301–320303).
Wilderness Act created the legal definition of wilderness in the
United States, and protected 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal
land. The result of a long effort to protect federal wilderness and to
create a formal mechanism for designating wilderness, the Wilderness Act
was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 3, 1964
after over sixty drafts and eight years of work. The Wilderness Act is
well known for its succinct and poetic definition of wilderness: "A
wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works
dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth
and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a
visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser. When Congress passed and
President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Wilderness Act on September 3,
1964, it created the National Wilderness Preservation System. The initial
statutory wilderness areas, designated in the Act, comprised 9.1 million
acres (37,000 km²) of national forest wilderness areas in the United
States of America previously protected by administrative orders. The
current amount of areas designated by the NWPS as wilderness totals 757
areas encompassing 109.5 million acres of federally owned land in 44
states and Puerto Rico (5% of the land in the United States). (1964 (Pub.L.
88–577) was written by Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society.
Clean Air Act of 1963 designed to control
air pollution on a
national level. It is one of the United States' first and most influential
modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality
laws in the world. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental
statutes, it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), in coordination with state, local, and tribal governments. Its
implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Sub-chapter C, Parts
50–97.
Air Quality Law govern the emission of
air pollutants into
the atmosphere. A specialized subset of air quality laws regulate the
quality of air inside buildings. Air quality laws are often designed
specifically to protect human health by limiting or eliminating airborne
pollutant concentrations. Other initiatives are designed to address
broader ecological problems, such as limitations on chemicals that affect
the ozone layer, and emissions trading programs to address acid rain or
climate change. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorizing
air pollutants, setting limits on acceptable emissions levels, and
dictating necessary or appropriate mitigation technologies.
Clean Water Act is the primary federal law in the United States
governing
water pollution. Its objective is to
restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of
the nation's waters; recognizing the responsibilities of the states in
addressing pollution and providing assistance to states to do so,
including funding for publicly owned treatment works for the improvement
of wastewater treatment; and maintaining the integrity of wetlands.
Endangered Species Act of 1973 is the primary law in the United States
for protecting imperiled species. Designed to protect critically imperiled
species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and
development untempered by adequate concern and conservation", the ESA was
signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973. The U.S.
Supreme Court called it “the most comprehensive legislation for the
preservation of endangered species enacted by any nation.” The purposes of
the ESA are two-fold: to prevent extinction and to recover species to the
point where the law's protections are not needed. It therefore “protect[s]
species and the ecosystems upon which they depend" through different
mechanisms. For example, section 4 requires the agencies overseeing the
Act to designate imperiled species as threatened or endangered. Section 9
prohibits unlawful ‘take,’ of such species, which means to “harass, harm,
hunt...” Section 7 directs federal agencies to use their authorities to
help conserve listed species. The Act also serves as the enacting
legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
The U.S. Supreme Court found that "the plain intent of Congress in
enacting" the ESA "was to halt and reverse the trend toward species
extinction, whatever the cost." The Act is administered by two federal
agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). FWS and NMFS have been delegated
the authority to promulgate rules in the Code of Federal Regulations to
implement the provisions of the Act.
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 is a United States
federal law that governs the way in which the public lands administered by
the Bureau of Land Management are managed. The law was enacted in 1976 by
the 94th Congress and is found in the United States Code under Title 43.
The Federal Land Policy and Management Act phased out homesteading in the
United States by repealing the pre-existing Homestead Acts. Congress
recognized the value of the public lands, declaring that these lands would
remain in public ownership. The National Forest Service, National Park
Service, and now, the Bureau of Land Management, are commissioned in FLPMA
to allow a variety of uses on their land (of greater concern for the BLM,
who is the least restrictive in terms of uses) while simultaneously trying
to preserve the natural resources in them. This concept is best summarized
by the term 'multiple-use.' 'Multiple use' is defined in the Act as
"management of the public lands and their various resource values so that
they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the present and
future needs of the American people." FLPMA addresses topics such as
land-use planning, land acquisition, fees and payments, administration of
federal land, range management, and right-of-ways on federal land. FLPMA
has specific objectives and time frames in which to accomplish these
objectives, giving it more authority and eliminating the uncertainty
surrounding the BLM's role in wilderness designation and management. Parts
of FLPMA relating specifically to Wilderness are found in Subchapter VI
Designated Management Areas (§§ 1781 to 1787) under 43 U.S. Code § 1782 -
Bureau of Land Management Wilderness Study. Here, the BLM is also given a
mandate to recommend areas for designation as Wilderness and are given 15
years to do so. The BLM is to conduct studies, classifying areas as
'Wilderness Study Areas.' These areas are not official Wilderness areas
but are, for all intents and purposes, treated as such until formally
designated as Wilderness or released by Congress. Approximately 8.8
million acres of BLM wilderness are currently included in the National
Wilderness Preservation System as a result of the wilderness reviews
mandated by FLPMA. Those ordered to implement policies from FLPMA are
trained government employees using guidelines expressly stated within the
act itself.
Industry - Resources
Industry
is the
production of
goods or related
services within an
economy.
Industrialization is the period of social and economic
change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an
industrial one, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for
the purpose of
manufacturing.
Automation is the use of various
control
systems for operating equipment such as
machinery, processes in
factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone
networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other
applications with minimal or reduced
human intervention. Some processes have been completely
automated.
Peer Production is a way of producing goods and services
that relies on self-organizing communities of individuals. In such
communities, the labor of a large number of people is coordinated towards
a shared outcome.
Manufacturing is the value added
production of
merchandise for use or sale using
labour and
machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or
formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from
handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial
production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on
a large scale. Such finished goods may be used for manufacturing other,
more complex products, such as aircraft, household appliances or
automobiles, or sold to wholesalers, who in turn sell them to retailers,
who then sell them to end users and consumers.
Mining (resources)
Textile Manufacturing is based on the conversion of
fibre
into yarn, yarn into fabric. These are then dyed or printed, fabricated
into
clothes. Different types of fibre are used to produce yarn. Cotton
remains the most important natural fibre, so is treated in depth. There
are many variable processes available at the spinning and
fabric-forming
stages coupled with the complexities of the finishing and
coloration
dyes
processes to the production of a wide ranges of products. There remains a
large industry that uses hand techniques to achieve the same results.
Clothing Waste.
Procedural Justice is the idea of fairness in the processes
that resolve disputes and allocate resources.
Cooperation instead of Competition
-
The Third Industrial Revolution
Sustainable -
Energy
-
Industrial Development Report Series
Means of Production are physical, non-human inputs used for
the
production of economic value, such as facilities, machinery, tools,
infrastructural capital and natural capital.
Division of Labour is the separation of tasks in any
economic system so that participants may specialize. Individuals,
organizations, and nations are endowed with or acquire specialized
capabilities and either form combinations or trade to take advantage of
the capabilities of others in addition to their own. Specialized
capabilities may include equipment or
natural resources in addition to
skills and training and complex combinations of such assets are often
important, as when multiple items of specialized equipment and skilled
operators are used to produce a single product. The division of labour is
the motive for trade and the source of economic interdependence.
Jobs (work - employment).
Work Force - Businesses
Business is an
organizational entity
involved in providing
goods and
services to people. A rightful concern
or
responsibility involving
financial and commercial and industrial aspects. A commercial or
industrial enterprise and the people who are in charge with a task or
function.
Small Business Administration.
Workers -
Jobs
-
Production -
Business Man -
Merchant -
Funding
Business
Development entails tasks and processes to
develop and implement
growth opportunities within and between
organizations. It is a subset of
the fields of business, commerce and organizational theory. Business
development is the creation of long-term
value for an organization from customers, markets, and
relationships.
Big Business involves
large-scale
corporate-controlled financial or business activities. As a term, it
describes activities that run from "huge transactions" to the more general
"
doing big things". The concept first arose in a symbolic sense after 1880
in connection with the combination movement that began in American
business at that time. United States
corporations that fall into the
category of "big business" as of 2015 include ExxonMobil, Wal-Mart,
Google, Microsoft, Apple, General Electric, General Motors, Citigroup,
Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase. The largest German corporations as of
2012 included Daimler AG, Deutsche Telekom, Siemens and Deutsche Bank.
Among the largest companies in the United Kingdom as of 2012 are HSBC,
Barclays, WPP plc and BP. The latter half of the 19th century saw more
technological advances and corporate growth in additional sectors, such as
petroleum, machinery, chemicals, and electrical equipment.
Small Businesses are types of corporations, partnerships, or sole
proprietorships which have a small number of employees and/or less annual
revenue than a regular-sized business or corporation.
Startup Company is a company or project undertaken by an entrepreneur
to seek,
develop, and validate a scalable economic model. While
entrepreneurship refers to all new businesses, including
self-employment
and businesses that never intend to become registered, startups refer to
new businesses that intend to grow large beyond the solo founder. At the
beginning, startups face high uncertainty and have high rates of failure,
but a minority of them do go on to be successful and influential. Some
startups become unicorns; that is privately held startup companies valued
at over US$1 billion. Entrepreneurs often become overconfident about their
startups and their influence on an outcome (case of the illusion of
control). Entrepreneurs tend to believe they have more degree of control
over events, discounting the role of luck. Below are some of the most
critical decision biases of entrepreneurs to start up a new business.
Overconfidence: Perceive a subjective
certainty higher than the objective accuracy.
Illusion of control: Overemphasize how much skills, instead of
chance, improve performance.
The law of small
numbers: Reach conclusions about a larger population using a
limited sample.
Availability bias: Make
judgments about the probability of events based on how easy it is to think
of examples.
Escalation of commitment:
Persist unduly with unsuccessful initiatives or courses of action.
Startups use several action principles (lean startup) to generate evidence
as quickly as possible to reduce the downside effect of decision biases
such as an escalation of commitment, overconfidence, and the illusion of
control. Typically,
lean startup focuses on a few
lean principles: find a problem worth solving, then define a
solution. Engage early adopters for market validation. Continually test
with smaller, faster iterations. Build a function, measure customer
response, and verify/refute the idea. Evidence-based decisions on when to
"pivot" by changing your plan's course. Maximize the efforts for speed,
learning, and focus.
Lean
Startup is a methodology for developing businesses and products that
aims to shorten product development cycles and rapidly discover if a
proposed business model is viable; this is achieved by adopting a
combination of business-hypothesis-driven experimentation, iterative
product releases, and validated learning. Lean startup emphasizes customer
feedback over intuition and flexibility over planning. This methodology
enables recovery from failures more often than traditional ways of product
development. Central to the lean startup methodology is the assumption
that when startup companies invest their time into iteratively building
products or services to meet the needs of early customers, the company can
reduce market risks and sidestep the need for large amounts of initial
project funding and expensive product launches and financial failures.
Ideas → Build → Product → Measure → Data → Learn. (
Intelligence–Design–Choice–Implementation–Learning)
-
Getting
Things Done (Collect–Process–Organize–Do–Review).
Companies That
Started in a Garage - Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Amazon, Google, The
Walt Disney Co, Mattel, Microsoft, Dell, Virgin and Harley-Davidson.
Famous People who Dropped Out of
High School.
Company is an
institution created to
conduct business. A band of people
associated temporarily in some
activity.
Small and Medium Enterprises are businesses whose
personnel numbers fall below
certain limits.
Enterprise is a
purposeful or industrious
undertaking, especially one that requires effort or boldness. An
organization created for business ventures. Readiness to embark on bold
new ventures.
Commercial is
connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or
commercial enterprises.
Commercial
Enterprise is an enterprise connected with commerce. The activity
of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and
industrial aspects.
Commerce
is the activity of buying and selling of
goods and
services, especially on
a large scale. The system includes legal, economic, political, social,
cultural and technological systems that are in operation in any country or
internationally.
Commerce Department is to create the conditions for
economic growth
and opportunity.
Chamber of Commerce of the U.S. is the world’s largest business
organization representing the interests of more than 3 million businesses
of all sizes, sectors, and regions. Our members range from mom-and-pop
shops and local chambers to leading industry associations and large
corporations. They all share one thing—they count on the Chamber to be
their voice in Washington, D.C..
Department of Commerce (cabinet)
Global
Business Coalition brings together leading independent business
associations from the major world economies and advocates on behalf of
more than 6.8 million small, medium and large companies.
Private Sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as
the citizen sector, which is run by private individuals or groups, usually
as a means of
service, and is
not
controlled by the State (areas of the economy controlled by the state
being referred to as the
public sector).
The private sector employs most of the workforce in some countries. In
private sector activities are
guided by the motive to
provide services that are
sustainable, fair and reliable.
Monopoly Dangers.
Trade -
Fair Trade
Sales is activity
related to selling or the amount of goods or services sold in a given time
period. The seller or the provider of the goods or services completes a
sale in response to an acquisition, appropriation, requisition or a
direct interaction with
the buyer at the point of sale. There is a passing of title (property or
ownership) of the item, and the settlement of a price, in which
agreement is reached on a
price for which transfer of ownership of the item will occur. The seller,
not the purchaser generally executes the sale and it may be completed
prior to the
obligation of
payment. In the case of indirect interaction, a person who sells goods or
service on behalf of the owner is known as a salesman or saleswoman or
salesperson, but this often refers to
someone selling goods in a store/shop, in which case other terms are also
common, including
salesclerk, shop assistant, and retail clerk. In common law countries,
sales are governed generally by the common law and commercial codes. In
the United States, the laws governing sales of goods are somewhat uniform
to the extent that most jurisdictions have adopted Article 2 of the
Uniform Commercial Code, albeit with some non-uniform variations.
Artisan is a skilled craft
worker who makes or
creates
things by hand
or practices some trade or
handicraft.
Artist
Craftsman is a
profession
that requires particular skills and knowledge of skilled work. People in
small-scale production of goods, or their maintenance. The traditional
terms craftsman and craftswoman are nowadays often replaced by
artisan and
rarely by craftsperson (craftspeople).
Master
Craftsman is to pass through career training from
apprentice
to journeyman and then to Master Craftsman.
Craft
Production is the process of manufacturing by hand with or
without the aid of tools.
Skilled Worker is any
worker who has special skill,
training, knowledge, and (usually acquired) ability in their work.
Tradesman refers to a worker that
specializes in a
particular trade or craft requiring
skill.
Profession is
a vocation founded upon
specialized educational training, the purpose of
which is to supply disinterested
objective counsel and
service to others.
Disinterested
is not
manipulated or
biased by
self-interest.
Employment (employees) -
Production Factories
Labor Economics seeks to understand the functioning and
dynamics of the markets for
wage labour.
Manual Labor is physical work done by people, instead of
using machines.
Wage Labour is working for
Money. -
Money Alternatives
Tailor is a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothing
professionally, especially suits and men's clothing.
Weaving -
Fashion (clothes) -
Knitting
Textile
is a flexible
Material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres (yarn or thread). Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool,
flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands.
Textiles are
formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting.
Clothing
Shoemaking
is the process of making footwear, which are garments worn on the feet,
which originally serves to purpose of protection against adversities of
the environment, usually regarding ground textures and temperature.
Barber is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress,
groom, style and shave men's and boys'
hair.
Teacher
(education)
Farmer (food)
Grocery
Store is a retail store that primarily
sells food.
Food
Preparation -
Cooking
Outdoor Schools (camps)
Energy (power)
Hotels -
Motels -
Hotel TypesHousing (homes)
Tourism
is
travel for
pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the
business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the
business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the
traveller's country.
Journalism (reporting)
Printing is a process for
reproducing
text and images using a master form or template.
Carpentry -
Woodworking -
Blacksmith
-
Welder -
Machinist -
Engineering -
Design
-
Architecture -
Maintenance
Construction is the process of
constructing a building or
infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that
manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without
a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on
location for a known client.
Construction Worker is a tradesperson, labourer (by
tradition considered an unskilled tradesperson), or professional employed
in the physical construction of the built environment and its
infrastructure.
Laborer is a person who
works in one of the construction
trades, traditionally considered unskilled manual labor, as opposed to
skilled labor. Laborers are also employed outside of the construction
industry, in fields such as road paving, shoveling snow, digging graves,
chain gangs, and picking up leaves. In the division of labor, laborers
have all blasting, hand tools, power tools, air tools, and small heavy
equipment, and act as assistants to other trades.
House Painter is a tradesman responsible for the painting
and decorating of
buildings, and is also known as a decorator or house
painter. The purpose of painting is to improve the aesthetic of a building
and to protect it from damage by water, rust, corrosion, insects and mold.
Stone Mason -
Brick Layer
Heavy Equipment Operators refers to heavy-duty vehicles,
specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones
involving earthwork operations. Also known as heavy machines, heavy
trucks,
construction equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or
heavy hydraulics. They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement,
traction, structure, power train, control and information. Heavy equipment
functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio
between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. Some
equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
Construction
Surveying is to stake out reference points and markers that
will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings.
These markers are usually staked out according to a suitable coordinate
system selected for the project.
Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of
determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and
the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is
called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the
Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for
ownership, locations like building corners or the surface location of
subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil
law, such as property sales.
Sustainable Landscapes
Mechanic
is a tradesman, craftsman, or technician who uses tools to build or repair
machinery.
Auto
Mechanic is a mechanic with a variety of automobile makes or
either in a specific area or in a specific make of automobile. In
repairing cars, their main role is to diagnose the problem accurately and
quickly. They often have to quote prices for their customers before
commencing work or after partial disassembly for inspection. Their job may
involve the repair of a specific part or the replacement of one or more
parts as assemblies.
Technician is a worker in a field of technology who is
proficient in the relevant skills and techniques, with a relatively
practical understanding of the theoretical principles.
Technologist
Pipefitter is a tradesperson who installs, assembles,
fabricates, maintains and repairs mechanical piping systems. Pipefitters
usually begin as helpers or apprentices. Journeyman pipefitters deal with
industrial/commercial/marine piping and heating/cooling systems.
Plumber is a tradesperson who specializes in installing and
maintaining systems used for potable (drinking) water, sewage and drainage
in
plumbing systems. The term dates from ancient times and is related to
the Latin word for lead, "plumbum".
Solder less
Copper- Just for Copper.
Compression Fitting are used in plumbing and electrical conduit
systems to join two tubes or thin-walled pipes together. In instances
where two pipes made of dissimilar materials are to be joined (most
commonly PVC and copper), the fittings will be made of one or more
compatible materials appropriate for the connection. Compression fittings
for attaching tubing (piping) commonly have ferrules (or olives in the UK)
in them. Compression fittings are also used extensively for hot and cold
water faucets (taps) and toilet stop valves; compression fittings are well
suited to this application, as these valves are usually located in
confined spaces where copper pipe would be difficult to solder without
creating a fire hazard. Also, the fittings allow easy disconnection and
reconnection.
How
to Solder Copper Pipe (Important Tips!!) -- by Home Repair Tutor
(youtube).
Electrician (electrical
energy) -
More Professions
Independent Contractor is a natural person, business, or
corporation that provides goods or services to another entity under terms
specified in a contract or within a verbal agreement. Unlike an employee,
an independent contractor does not work regularly for an employer but
works as and when required, during which time he or she may be subject to
law of agency. Independent contractors are usually paid on a freelance
basis. Contractors often work through a limited company or franchise,
which they themselves own, or may work through an umbrella company. Temps.
General Contractor is responsible for the day-to-day
oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and
the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the
course of a building project.
Subcontractor is an individual or in many cases a
business
that signs a contract to perform part or all of the obligations of
another's contract. A subcontractor is a person who is hired by a general
contractor (or prime contractor, or main contractor) to perform a specific
task as part of the overall project and is normally paid for services
provided to the project by the originating general contractor. While the
most common concept of a subcontractor is in building works and civil
engineering, the range of opportunities for subcontractor is much wider
and it is possible that the greatest number now operate in the information
technology and information sectors of business.
Trade Schools (careers) -
Child
Care -
Elderly Care -
Health
Care
Contingent Workforce is an
employment relationship which is
considered
non-permanent. These jobs are typically part time (typically
with variable hours), have limited job security, and result in payment on
a piece work basis. Contingent work is usually not considered to be a
career or part of a career. One of the features of contingent work is that
it usually offers little or no opportunity for career development.
Contingent workers are also often called freelancers, independent
professionals, temporary contract workers, independent contractors, or
consultants.
Tutors.
Temporary Workers
(skill sharing)
Migrant Worker is
a person who either migrates within their home country or outside it to
pursue work such as seasonal work such as
farming. Migrant workers usually
do not have an intention to stay permanently in the country or region in
which they work. Some of these people are sometimes called
expatriates,
which is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country other
than their native country. Several countries have
millions of foreign workers. Some have millions of illegal
immigrants,
most of them being workers also.
Consultants is a professional who provides expert advice in
a particular area such as security (electronic or physical), management,
education, accountancy, law, human resources, marketing (and public
relations), finance, engineering, science or any of many other specialized
fields.
Legal Help
Funeral Director is a professional involved in the business
of funeral rites. These tasks often entail the embalming and
burial or
cremation of the dead, as well as the planning and arrangement of the
actual funeral ceremony. Funeral directors may at times be asked to
perform tasks such as dressing (in garments usually suitable for daily
wear), casketing (placing the human body in the coffin), and cossetting
(applying any sort of cosmetic or substance to the viewable areas of the
corpse for the purpose of enhancing its appearance). A funeral director
may work at a funeral home or be an independent employee. (also known as
an undertaker (British English) or mortician (American English).
Security
-
Scientist -
Volunteering
Goods in Economics (value measuring)
Starting a Business -
Management
Trade -
Jobs
-
Adventure Jobs -
Adventure Schools
Arts -
Entertainment
Career Advice -
Professional Training -
Worker Qualities
-
Accredited -
Credentials
Humanitarian Aid is material and logistic assistance to
people in need. It is usually short-term help until the long-term help by
government and other institutions replaces it.
Retail
includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation.
Creative
Design.
Product is anything that can be offered to a market that
might satisfy a want or need. In retailing, products are called
merchandise. In manufacturing, products are bought as raw materials and
sold as finished goods. A service is another common product type.
Business.
Supply Chain
Supply Chain
is a system of organizations, people, activities, information, and
resources involved in
moving a product or service from supplier to
customer or the
consumer. Supply chain activities involve the transformation of natural
resources, raw materials, and components into a
finished product that is
delivered
to the end customer. In sophisticated supply chain systems, used products
may re-enter the supply chain at any point where residual value is
recyclable. Supply chains link
value
chains to maximize a competitive advantage.
Supply and Demand -
Trucking -
Distribution -
Logistics
Supply Chain Traceability is the process of
tracking the provenance and journey of products and their inputs, from the
very start of the supply chain through to end-use. In the wake of
various global scandals in supply chains including contamination,
labor scandals, and environmental impacts, motivations for supply chain
traceability and
transparency
are growing. Firms are increasingly being held
responsible for the practices
that occur within their supply chain, even if they do not have direct
control of those practices. Research shows that the drivers for increasing
traceability & transparency in the
supply chain are manifold, ranging from safety to risk management,
efficiency, compliance, consumer demand, and
sustainability goals. While the urgency to act is high, most companies
currently lack the capability to understand what is happening in their
supply chains. At the same time, suppliers and producers are limited in
their access to technologies that connect them with supply chain partners.
There is a need to increase transparency across the supply chain by
employing new technologies and approaches that empower producers,
manufacturers, and consumers to connect, enabling all actors in supply
chains to progress towards safer and more sustainable supply chains. Any
complete solution must include the right mix of people, information and
technology. Supply chain players are finding themselves at a challenging
decision point – how to act to increase the security and
sustainability in their supply chains. This
indecision, coupled with the high costs of building in visibility
solutions to enable transparency, has led to an impasse in the supply
chain, inhibiting the progress for safer and more sustainable supply
chains. Clear, business-focused research is needed to better understand
the current barriers and to provide a roadmap to implement solutions that
are both effectual and cost conscious. In an effort to explore this topic
further, the MIT SSC is exploring this issue together with industry
partners, NGOs, and third party organizations.
Food Analyzers.
Package Tracking is the process of localizing
shipping containers, mail
and parcel post at different points of time during sorting, warehousing,
and package delivery to verify their provenance and to predict and aid
delivery. Package tracking developed historically because it provided
customers information about the route of a package and the anticipated
date and time of delivery. This was important because mail delivery often
included multiple carriers in varying environmental circumstances, which
made it possible for a mail to get lost.
Track and Trace is the process of determining the current and past
locations (and other information) of a unique item or property.
Tracking System
is used for the observing of persons or objects on the move and supplying
a timely ordered sequence of location data for further processing.
Optical Character Recognition.
Real-Time Locating System are used to automatically identify and
track
the location of objects or people in real time, usually within a building
or other contained area. Wireless RTLS tags are attached to objects or
worn by people, and in most RTLS, fixed reference points receive wireless
signals from tags to determine their location. Examples of real-time
locating systems include tracking automobiles through an assembly line,
locating pallets of merchandise in a warehouse, or finding medical
equipment in a hospital. The physical layer of
RTLS technology is
usually some form of
radio frequency
communication, but some systems use optical (usually infrared) or
acoustic (usually ultrasound) technology instead of or in addition to RF.
Tags and fixed reference points can be transmitters, receivers, or both,
resulting in numerous possible technology combinations. RTLS are a form of
local positioning system, and do not usually refer to
GPS or to mobile phone
tracking. Location information usually does not include speed, direction,
or spatial orientation.
Telemetry.
Under international maritime law, every passenger boat must be
equipped with an
automatic identification system that is to remain on at all times.
This allows for
tracking boats in real time and helps prevent collisions
in fog and bad weather. Anyone with a computer and an Internet connection
can click to see what kind of vessels are sailing, where they've recently
been and which country they are from. people have figured out that they
are being tracked through their
transponders, which is a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a
different signal in response.
Chain of Custody is the
chronological documentation or
paper trail that
records the sequence
of custody, control, transfer, analysis, and disposition of materials,
including physical or electronic evidence. Of particular importance in
criminal cases, the concept is also applied in civil litigation and more
broadly in drug testing of athletes and in supply chain management, e.g.
to improve the traceability of food products, or to provide assurances
that wood products originate from sustainably managed forests. It is often
a tedious process that has been required for evidence to be shown legally
in court. Now however, with new
portable technology that allows accurate
laboratory quality results from the scene of the crime, the chain of
custody is often much shorter which means evidence can be processed for
court much faster. The term is also sometimes used in the fields of
history, art history, and archives as a synonym for provenance (meaning
the chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical
object, document or group of documents), which may be an important factor
in determining
authenticity.
Supply Chain Management
is managing the flow of goods and services, that involves the movement and
storage of raw materials, of work-in-process inventory, and of finished
goods from point of origin to point of consumption. Interconnected or
interlinked
networks, channels and
node businesses combine in the provision of products and services required
by end customers in a supply chain. Supply-chain management has been
defined as the "design, planning, execution,
control,
and monitoring of supply chain activities with the objective of creating
net value, building a competitive infrastructure, leveraging worldwide
logistics, synchronizing supply with demand and measuring performance
globally." SCM practice draws heavily from the areas of industrial
engineering, systems engineering, operations management, logistics,
procurement, information technology, and marketing and strives for an
integrated approach. Marketing channels play an important role in supply
chain management. (Supply Chain Buyer).
Last Mile in supply chain management describes the difficult last part
in the transportation of people and packages from hubs to
final
destinations. "Last mile" was adopted from the telecommunications
industry which faced difficulty connecting individual homes to the main
telecommunications network
Global Supply Chain Crisis in 2021, was a consequence of the COVID-19
pandemic, global supply chains and shipments slowed, causing worldwide
shortages and affecting consumer patterns. Causes of the economic slowdown
included workers becoming sick with COVID-19 as well as mandates and
restrictions affecting the availability of staff. In cargo shipping, goods
remained at port due to staffing shortages.
Truck
Driver Shortages.
Supply Chain Risk Management is the implementation of strategies to
manage both everyday and exceptional risks along the supply chain based on
continuous risk assessment with the objective of reducing vulnerability
and ensuring continuity.
Monitoring -
Ai Sensors
-
Fair Transport -
Sustainable Transport -
Transportation
Buyer Beware. There is an
inherent lack of
transparency and
corporate social
responsibility when it comes to measuring the true cost of a product.
There are many illegal practices like using
slave labor and getting things from
other countries who do not follow any ethical and socially irresponsible
practices, codes of conduct and guidelines, or comply with the required
environmental standards.
There are a variety of supply-chain models, which address both the
upstream and downstream elements of supply-chain management. The primary
objective of SCM is to fulfill customer demands through the most efficient
use of resources. "Everyone lives down stream".
Upstream is the source.
Downstream
is away from the source.
Waste
-
Middle Men -
Supplier -
Production -
Manufacturing -
Distributer -
Supply and Demand -
Over Consumption -
Stockpile
Provision is the activity of supplying or
providing something. A store or supply of something (especially of food or
clothing or arms).
Provisions is a stock or
supply of foods. The cognitive process of thinking about what you will do
in the event of something happening. Set aside (money etc.) for the future
or a known liability.
New platform flips traditional on-demand supply chain approach on its head.
Engineers have demonstrated how a hierarchical model that provides
suppliers with a certain amount of choice could improve supply and demand
matching for underutilized resources -- and may even transform what's
become known as the
sharing economy.
"There's almost a trillion boxes in transit and
being shipped all around the world everyday. It's like cells being pumped
through the human body, except this body is planet earth."
Ace Tool
Commerce Shipping -
Global Shipping.
Raw Material is a
basic material that is used to
produce goods, finished products, energy,
or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished
products.
Resource
is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Resources can be
broadly classified on bases upon their availability they are
renewable and
non renewable resources. They can also be classified as
actual and
potential on the basis of level of development and use, on the
basis of origin they can be classified as
biotic and abiotic, and in the
base of their distribution as ubiquitous and localized. An item becomes a
resource with time and developing technology. Typically resources are
materials, energy, services, staff,
knowledge, or other assets that are
transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made
unavailable. Benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth
or wants, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced well being. From a
human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the
environment to satisfy human needs and wants. From a broader biological or
ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism
(see biological resource).
Resources have three
main characteristics: utility, limited availability, and potential
for depletion or consumption. Resources have been variously categorized as
biotic versus abiotic, renewable versus non-renewable, and potential
versus actual, along with more elaborate classification.
Inventory is the goods and materials that a business holds for the
ultimate goal of resale (or repair).
FIFO and LIFO Accounting are methods used in managing inventory and
financial matters involving the amount of money a company has to have tied
up within inventory of produced goods, raw materials, parts, components,
or feed stocks. They are used to manage assumptions of cost sheet related
to inventory, stock repurchases (if purchased at different prices), and
various other accounting purposes.
Stock Management (wiki).
Food Chain is a linear network of links in a food web
starting from producer organisms (such as grass or trees which use
radiation from the sun to make their food) and ending at apex predator
species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like
earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species (such as fungi or
bacteria).
Food Analyzers.
Cold
Storage Supply Chain or cold chain denotes the series of actions and
equipment applied to
maintain
a product within a specified low-temperature range from
harvest/production to consumption. A cold chain is a
temperature-controlled supply chain. An unbroken cold chain is an
uninterrupted series of refrigerated production, storage and distribution
activities, along with associated equipment and logistics, which
maintain a desired
low-temperature range. It is used to preserve and to extend and ensure
the shelf life of products, such as fresh agricultural produce, seafood,
frozen food, photographic film, chemicals, and pharmaceutical products.
Such products, during transport and when in transient storage, are
sometimes called
cool cargo. Unlike other
goods or merchandise, cold chain goods are perishable and always en route
towards end use or destination, even when held temporarily in cold stores
and hence commonly referred to as cargo during its entire logistics cycle.
Cold chain logistics includes all of the
means used to
ensure a constant temperature
for a product that is not heat stable, from the time it is manufactured
until the time it is used. Moreover, cold chain is considered as a
science, a technology and a process. It is a science as it requires the
understanding of the chemical and biological processes associated with
product perishability. It is a technology as it relies on physical means
to ensure desirable temperature conditions along the supply chain. It is a
process as a series of tasks must be performed to manufacture, store,
transport and monitor temperature sensitive products.
Supply Network is a pattern of temporal and spatial processes carried
out at facility nodes and over distribution links, which adds value for
customers through the manufacturing and delivery of products. It comprises
the general state of business affairs in which all kinds of material
(work-in-process material as well as finished products) are transformed
and moved between various value-added points to maximize the value added
for customers. A supply chain is a special instance of a supply network in
which raw materials, intermediate materials and finished goods are
procured exclusively as products through a chain of processes that supply
one another. In the semiconductors industry, for example, work-in-process
moves from fabrication to assembly, and then to the test house. The term
"supply network" refers to the high-tech phenomenon of contract
manufacturing where the brand owner does not touch the product. Instead,
she coordinates with contract manufacturers and component suppliers who
ship components to the brand owner. This business practice requires the
brand owner to stay in touch with multiple parties or "network" at once.
Transportation Network is a network or graph in geographic space,
describing an infrastructure that permits and constrains movement or flow.
Examples include but are not limited to road networks, railways, air
routes, pipelines, aqueducts, and power lines. The digital representation
of these networks, and the methods for their analysis, is a core part of
spatial analysis, geographic information systems, public utilities, and
transport engineering. Network analysis is an application of the theories
and algorithms of Graph theory and is a form of proximity analysis.
Alliances to ensure supply chain security. Governments and companies
emphasize the importance of protecting themselves from disruptions. Yet,
they
hesitate to share data with each other.
But why should they embrace the idea of building a supply chain mapping
alliance? There are several compelling reasons for this. Understanding
supply networks would have a significant impact: improving supply
security, promoting and objective monitoring of the green transition,
strengthening human rights compliance, and reducing tax evasion.
International alliances are needed for such an understanding. Even though
many companies only know their immediate trading partners, they depend on
countless other supply relations up and down the supply chain. A supply
shortage anywhere in this supply network may affect suppliers, suppliers
of suppliers, and so on, as well as customers and their customers'
customers. Such supply disruptions caused an estimated loss of 2% of
global GDP in 2021 -- approximately $1.9 trillion -- and significantly
contributed to the current high inflation. There are approximately 300
million companies worldwide, each with an average of 40 domestic
suppliers, resulting in up to 13 billion supply connections -- researchers
can now map the connections between individual companies.
Consumer
is a person or organization that uses economic
services or commodities, hopefully in
a sustainable and non polluting way without waste or abuse.
Utility (purpose) -
Consumerism (consumption).
Customer
is the recipient of a good, service, product or an idea - obtained from a
seller, vendor, or supplier via a financial transaction or exchange for
money or
some other valuable
consideration. (sometimes known as a client, buyer, or purchaser).
Logistics
is the management of the
flow of things between the point of origin and the point of consumption in
order to meet requirements of customers. The resources managed in
logistics can include physical items such as food, materials, animals,
equipment, and liquids; as well as abstract items, such as time and
information. The logistics of physical items usually involves the
integration of information flow, material handling, production, packaging,
inventory,
transportation, warehousing, and often security.
Logistics is the handling of an operation that involves providing labor
and materials to be supplied as needed, a detailed organization and
implementation of a complex operation.
Inbound Logistics is the receiving of raw materials or products
from a supplier to a warehouse.
Outbound
Logistics are the actions required to get the final goods delivered
to the end user. Processes. Materials management and sourcing, warehouse
receiving.
Third-Party Logistics is an organization's use of third-party
businesses to outsource elements of its distribution, warehousing, and
fulfillment services. Third-party logistics providers typically specialize
in integrated operations of warehousing and transportation services that
can be scaled and customized to customers' needs, based on market
conditions, to meet the demands and delivery service requirements for
their products. Services often extend beyond logistics to include
value-added services related to the production or procurement of goods,
such as services that integrate parts of the supply chain. A provider of
such integrated services is referenced as a third-party supply chain
management provider (3PSCM), or as a supply chain management service
provider (SCMSP). 3PL targets particular functions within supply
management, such as warehousing, transportation, or raw material
provision.
Reverse
Logistics is for all operations related to the
reuse of
products and materials. It is "the process of moving goods from their
typical final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or
proper
disposal. Remanufacturing and refurbishing activities also may be included
in the definition of reverse logistics. The reverse logistics process
includes the management and the sale of surplus as well as returned
equipment and machines from the hardware leasing business. Normally,
logistics deal with events that bring the product towards the customer. In
the case of reverse logistics, the resource goes at least one step back in
the supply chain. For instance, goods move from the customer to the
distributor or to the manufacturer.
Recycling -
ReusingReturns cost retailers
about $260 billion each year. "Retailers" is another word
for "People and Environment".
Sourcing as the process of identifying sources that could provide
needed products or services for the acquiring organization. The term
procurement used to reflect the entire purchasing process or cycle, and
not just the tactical components. ISM defines procurement as an
organizational function that includes specifications development, value
analysis, supplier market research, negotiation, buying activities,
contract administration, inventory control, traffic, receiving and stores.
Purchasing refers to the major function of an organization that is
responsible for acquisition of required materials, services and equipment.
Acquisition as the conceptualization,
initiation, design, development, test, contracting, production,
deployment, Logistics Support (LS), modification, and disposal of waste
and other systems, supplies, or services (including construction) to
satisfy Department needs, intended for use in or in support of missions.
Acquisition and sourcing are therefore much wider concepts than
procurement. Multiple sourcing business models exist, and acquisition
models exist.
Procurement is the process of finding, agreeing terms and acquiring
goods,
services or works from an external source, often via a tendering or
competitive bidding process. The process is used to ensure the buyer
receives goods, services or works at the
best possible price, when aspects
such as quality, quantity, time, and location are compared. Almost all
purchasing decisions include factors such as delivery and handling,
marginal benefit, and
price fluctuations. Procurement generally involves
making buying decisions under conditions of
scarcity. If good data is
available, it is good practice to make use of economic analysis methods
such as cost-benefit analysis or cost-utility analysis. An important
distinction should be made between analyses
without risk and those with
risk. Where risk is involved, either in the
costs or the
benefits, the
concept of best value should be employed. Procurement activities are often
split into two distinct categories, direct and indirect spend.
Direct spend refers to production-related
procurement that encompasses all items that are part of finished products,
such as raw material, components and parts. Direct procurement, which is
the focus in supply chain management, directly affects the production
process of manufacturing firms. In contrast,
indirect procurement concerns non-production-related acquisition:
obtaining “operating resources” which a company purchases to enable its
operations. Indirect procurement comprises a wide variety of goods and
services, from standardized items like office supplies and machine
lubricants to complex and costly products and services like heavy
equipment, consulting services, and
outsourcing services.
Procurement is the
method of discovering and agreeing to terms and purchasing goods,
services, or other works from an external source, often with the use of a
tendering or
competitive bidding process.
When a government agency buys goods or services through this practice, it
is referred to as
public procurement.
Procurement as an organizational process is intended to ensure that the
buyer receives goods, services, or works at the best possible price when
aspects such as quality, quantity, time, and location are compared.
Corporations and public bodies often define processes intended to promote
fair and open competition for their business while minimizing risks such
as exposure to fraud and collusion. Almost all purchasing decisions
include factors such as delivery and handling, marginal benefit, and
fluctuations in the prices of goods. Organizations which have adopted a
corporate social responsibility perspective are also likely to require
their purchasing activity to take wider societal and ethical
considerations into account. On the other hand, the introduction of
external regulations concerning accounting practices can affect ongoing
buyer-supplier relations in unforeseen manners.
Procurement is the act of getting possession of something.
Delays -
Contractor Fraud
Procurement Controls are controls which an
organization can put in place to
minimize
the risk of corruption by, on behalf of, or against the organization
in relation to procurement.
Corruption
can include bribery, extortion, fraud, cartels, abuse of power,
embezzlement, and money laundering.
Procurement of
an organization refers to the process of selecting a
contractor, consultant, supplier or
sub-contractor to execute a particular contract, and determining the terms
on which that contract will be executed. The selection process may involve
a simple nomination of one organization without any competition, or it may
involve selection from a number of competing organizations who offer to
undertake the relevant contract. In the latter case, the procurement
process may involve only a tender stage, or both a pre-qualification and
tender stage. In a particular project, the project owner may procure
consultants to carry out design and other advisory services, and
contractors to construct various parts of the works. These consultants and
contractors will then procure sub-contractors and suppliers.
Alternatively, a project owner may procure a management contractor which
will then be responsible for procuring all other organizations.
Procurement of a project: This refers to the process whereby a whole
project is procured or obtained. The process would, therefore, include all
phases of a project as these will all play a part in providing the
completed project. These phases would include: project identification;
financing; the placing of contracts with all contractors, suppliers and
consultants; execution; maintenance; and operation.
Anti-corruption procurement controls. There
are many different types of procurement controls used in the
infrastructure sector. Most organizations have developed their own
controls, and these may be very comprehensive. In particular, public
sector procurement controls (such as the EU Procurement Directives) can be
very comprehensive, rigid and rigorous. Smaller private sector
organizations may have much more simple and flexible controls. It is not,
therefore, possible to summarize all these different controls, nor to
prescribe in detail how such controls should be tailored so as to minimize
corruption in the procurement process. It is, however, recommended that
the following controls should be applied, as far as reasonable and
proportionate, to the procurement process by the relevant procuring
entity. Some controls may be appropriate only for public sector procuring
entities and/or for large projects. The purpose of these controls is much
wider than corruption prevention. However, these controls can also have an
anti-corruption effect, and, in designing and implementing these controls,
the organisation should consider and take account of their effectiveness
in reducing corruption risk. Some of the measures below refer to
publication of information. In the case of public sector procuring
entities, this information should be published to all relevant contract
parties, and also to the public. In the case of private sector procuring
entities, the information should be made available to all relevant
contract parties. The following controls are recommended: (1)
Written, fair and transparent procedures.
Pre-qualification, tender and selection procedures: Should be in writing,
transparent, and fair. Should not provide an improper benefit or advantage
to any individual or organization should be operated in a fair and
transparent manner. Should be published. (2)
Open
competitive process. Contractors should, as far as reasonable, be
selected by the procuring entity using a non-restricted open competitive
process whereby the tender is open to any tenderer. However, in many
cases, it may be necessary to ensure that all tenderers have sufficient
technical or financial strength to enable them to be able to undertake the
contract in an appropriate manner. In these cases, it is common to require
tenderers to be on an approved list of eligible tenderers before they are
permitted to tender. If this system is adopted, the method by which a
contractor can be included on this approved list should be fair and
transparent, and all eligible contractors should be entitled to be
included on this list. (3)
Restricted competitive
process. It may in certain circumstances be justifiable to restrict
the number of tenderers who will be invited to tender. However, in this
case: there should be a valid reason for imposing this restriction; the
criteria on which tenderers are selected to participate should be fair and
transparent; the number of tenderers selected to tender should be
sufficient to provide genuine competition in the tender process; and the
reason for the restriction, the selection criteria and the identity of the
selected tenderers should be published. (4)
Negotiated competitive process and competitive dialogue process.
Some procurement procedures permit the procuring entity to invite a
restricted number of tenderers to negotiate or to enter into a competitive
dialogue prior to submission of tender, or prior to award. The purpose of
this negotiation/competitive dialogue is respectively to attempt to adapt
the tenders to the requirements of the intended contract, or to identify
the best means for satisfying the needs of the procuring entity. In the
competitive dialogue procedure, a tenderer may be requested to fine tune
its tender. After a successful tenderer has been selected, it may be
requested to clarify aspects of its tender. These negotiations may be
commercially desirable, but may also increase the risk of corruption in
that they allow communication between the procuring entity and selected
tenderers prior to tender submission and/or award, and they therefore
provide opportunity for possibly corrupt preferential treatment of a
particular tenderer. The project owner should therefore use these
procedures only where: circumstances justify doing so. The
negotiation/dialogue process does not give preferential treatment to any
tenderer, and is properly monitored. The full circumstances, process and
results are published. (5)
Low value competitive
process. Where the estimated contract value is below a prescribed
threshold for an open competitive process, quotations should be requested
from as many suppliers as practicable, and at least three. This low value
process should only be applied to very minor contracts where the value of
the contract is sufficiently low to make a fully open non-restricted
competitive process not cost effective and unreasonable. (6)
Single-source procurement. Single-source
procurement should be used only where: Work, products or services to be
provided are available only from a particular provider, and where the
specification has not been manipulated so as to restrict it to the
particular provider, or there is a need for standardization or
compatibility with existing work, products or services, or it is essential
for reasons of national security or emergency, and such emergency was not
foreseeable by the procuring entity, and not due to delay on its part. (7)
The procurement subject-matter and its design.
The design of the procurement subject-matter should be
pre-determined, based on the needs of the procuring entity and the subject
matter of the procurement, and described in terms that are objective,
functional and generic. The procurement subject-matter should not be
designed so as to exclude the procurement from the scope of the
procurement regulations, or to favor any particular suppliers, products or
services, or to artificially narrow competition. (8)
Timetable. The procurement process should
allow tenderers sufficient time to prepare their tenders, and should
ensure that no tenderer is given an improper or unfair advantage by being
notified in advance of other tenderers of the impending tender. (9)
Terms of contract. The contract
documentation (including contract terms and specification) should, as far
as possible, be set out in the tender documentation. This will ensure that
all tenderers are bidding on the same basis. It will also minimize the
risk of corruption which occurs where a tenderer is able to influence the
terms of contract. (10)
Independent assessment.
In the case of public sector projects over a specified value
threshold, there should be an independent assessor who monitors the
procurement process to ensure as far as possible that the process is
undertaken without corruption. “Independent” means having no connection
with any party involved in the procurement process. (11)
Due diligence. Proper due diligence should
be carried out by the procuring entity on each tenderer for contracts over
a specified value threshold, and the results should be provided by the
procuring entity to the independent assessor, if any, and funders, if any.
The aim of this due diligence should be to establish the risk of
corruption in appointing a particular tenderer. Similarly, the procuring
entity should provide information about itself and the project to each
tenderer so that the tenderers can form their own assessment of the risk
of corruption on the project. (12)
Anti-corruption
notification. The tender documentation should notify all tenderers
that anti-corruption measures are being adopted by the procuring entity
for the procurement and contract management process, that tenderers will
be contractually bound to comply with those measures, and that any
corruption may have the following results:
Civil
penalties: Where the contract has not yet been awarded, any
corruption in the award process will result in the immediate
disqualification of the relevant tenderer. Where the contract has been
awarded, any corruption in the award process will result in that contract
being terminated.
Criminal penalties: Any
suspected or actual corruption will be reported to the authorities. The
criminal penalties for individuals and organizations in the particular
jurisdiction should be specified in the tender documentation.
Publication: All parties who may have
suffered loss or damage as a result of the corruption will be informed of
the corruption. (This may apply, for example, to tenderers who may have
wasted tender costs.) Any corruption conviction will be disclosed to the
public. (13)
Submissions should be sealed.
All pre-qualification and tender submissions should be sealed, and should
be kept sealed in a secure place until the official opening date.
(Equivalent security should be implemented in the case of electronic
submissions.) (14)
Notice of opening of
submissions. Reasonable notice should be provided to all tenderers,
funders and the public (in the case of a public sector tender), of the
date, time and place of the opening of pre-qualification and tender
submissions, and all these parties should be informed that they are
entitled to be present at the opening. (15)
Public
and monitored opening. In the case of a public sector tender, at
the opening of the pre-qualification and tender submissions: The
independent assessor (if any) should be present. The public should be
entitled to be present. The names of the tenderers, the titles of each
document submitted by them, and the price of each tenderer should be read
out. (16)
Careful selection of evaluators.
Tender evaluators should be carefully selected so as to ensure that: They
are properly qualified. They have no personal or business connections with
any tenderer. They have no record of involvement in corruption. They are
persons of integrity. (17)
Pool of evaluators.
In order to minimize the risk of tender evaluators of large public
sector tenders being bribed, there should be a large pool of evaluators
from which a computer-generated, random and confidential selection can be
made at relatively short notice for a particular project. The risk of a
permanent evaluator, or a small number of evaluators selected a long time
in advance, is that tenderers will know whom to bribe, or may bribe all
possible evaluators, or an evaluator may solicit a bribe, or arrange for a
related company to tender for a project which she/he knows she/he will be
evaluating. This is less likely if there is a large pool of evaluators
from which an evaluator(s) is randomly selected at short notice. (18)
Isolation of evaluators. The evaluators
should have no ability to make direct or indirect contact with the
tenderers during the evaluation process. In some countries, the evaluators
of large public sector projects are kept in isolated conditions during the
evaluation process. (19)
Fair and transparent
evaluation criteria. The evaluation process should be carried out
according to fair and transparent criteria. The criteria should be
publicized to the tenderers and the public. (20)
Disclosure of the evaluation and the award. The evaluation and the
contract award should be publicly and promptly published, with details as
to identity of the winning tenderer and of the terms of contract. (21)
Challenge to the procurement process or contract
award. There should be an effective, fair, transparent, and
independent process by which the procuring entity or contractors can seek,
either during the procurement process, or following contract award, a
review of the procurement process and/or contract award on grounds inter
alia that the procurement regulations were not followed or that there is
evidence of corruption. (22)
Reporting. A
system should be established whereby persons involved in the procurement
process or members of the public may report suspected corruption or breach
of the procurement process. (23)
Recording of
controls. These procurement controls should be incorporated into
the organization's procurement procedures, and should be recorded in
writing.
Distribution in economics is the way total output, income, or wealth is
distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as
labour, land, and capital).
Equally -
Knowledge Distribution.
Distribution in business is one of the four elements of the
marketing
mix. Distribution is the process of making a product or
service available
for the consumer or business user that needs it. This can be done directly
by the producer or
service provider, or using indirect channels with
intermediaries. The other three parts of the marketing mix are product,
pricing, and promotion.
Middle Men.
Distribution Resource Planning is a method used in business
administration for planning orders within a supply chain. DRP enables the
user to set certain inventory control parameters (like a safety stock) and
calculate the time-phased inventory requirements. This process is also
commonly referred to as distribution requirements planning. DRP uses
several variables: The required quantity of product needed at the
beginning of a period. The constrained quantity of product available at
the beginning of a period. The recommended order quantity at the beginning
of a period. The backordered demand at the end of a period. The on-hand
inventory at the end of a period. DRP needs the following information: The
demand in a future period. The scheduled receipts at the beginning of
a period. The on-hand inventory at the beginning of a period. The safety
stock requirement for a period.
Food Distribution is the process in which a general population is
supplied with food. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) considers
food distribution as a subset of the food system.
Resource Distribution refers to the distribution of resources,
including land, water, minerals, fuel and wealth in general among
corresponding geographic entities (states, countries, etc.).
Optoro
is a technology company that works with retailers and manufacturers to
manage and then resell their returned and excess merchandise.
Commissary are officials charged with overseeing the purchase and
delivery of supplies.
Coops (food security)
Quarter of a million tons of food could be saved a year with better
logistics -
Food Waste
Material Flow Accounting is the study of material flows on a
national or regional scale. It is therefore sometimes also referred to as
regional, national or economy-wide material flow
analysis.
Transport Engineering
is the application of technology and scientific principles to the
planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for
any mode of
transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient,
rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible
movement of people and goods (transport). It is a sub-discipline of
civil engineering.
Public Transportation
-
Travel Warnings -
MonitoringManaging -
Predicting -
Planning
Uline office Supplies majority of our products
made in the USA.
Cargo
or freight refers to goods or produce being conveyed – generally for
commercial gain – by water, air or land. Cargo was originally a shipload.
Cargo now covers all types of freight, including that carried by train,
van, truck, or intermodal container. The term cargo is also used in case
of goods in the cold-chain, because the perishable inventory is always in
transit towards a final end-use, even when it is held in cold storage or
other similar climate-controlled facility. Multi-modal container units,
designed as reusable carriers to facilitate unit load handling of the
goods contained, are also referred to as cargo, specially by shipping
lines and logistics operators. Similarly, aircraft ULD boxes are also
documented as cargo, with associated packing list of the items contained
within. When empty containers are shipped each unit is documented as a
cargo and when goods are stored within, the contents are termed as
containerized cargo.
United States Transportation Command is one of eleven unified
combatant commands of the United States Department of Defense. The command
is located at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, and was established in 1987.
USTRANSCOM coordinates missions worldwide
using both military and commercial transportation resources. It is
composed of three service component commands: The Air Force's Air Mobility
Command, the Navy's Military Sealift Command and the Army's Surface
Deployment and Distribution Command. The Joint Enabling Capabilities
Command, which was part of the former U.S. Joint Forces Command, is now
part of the U.S. Transportation Command.
Ground Freight
Driving is
the controlled operation and
movement of a motorized vehicle with wheels,
such as a
car, motorcycle,
truck, or bus by either a human or
computer controller.
Chauffeur is a
person employed to drive a passenger motor vehicle.
Transportation -
Supply Chain -
Civil Engineering Road
is a
thoroughfare, route, or way on land
between two places that has been
paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of
conveyance, including a
motor
vehicle, cart,
bicycle, or horse.
Roads that
are available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways,
avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and
tertiary local roads.
Highway
is any public road or other public way on land. It is used for major
roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks: It is not
an equivalent term to controlled-access highway, or a translation for
autobahn, autoroute, etc.
Freight
Transport is the physical process of transporting
commodities and merchandise goods and cargo. The term shipping originally
referred to transport by sea, but is extended in American English to refer
to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well.
"
Logistics", a term borrowed from the military environment, is also
fashionably used in the same sense.
Freight Exchange is an online service for haulage companies,
logistics
providers, freight forwarders and transport companies. It allows haulage
companies to search a database of available freight that needs to be
delivered and advertise their available vehicle capacity. Logistics
providers and freight forwarders can advertise their freight loads that
needs delivering as well as match their freight loads to the available
vehicle capacity. These systems provide a platform that allows carriers to
communicate freight traffic information to fellow operators such as
transporters, forwarders and logistics companies. They allow forwarders to
advertise their freight either privately or publicly to a large number of
freight operators that are looking for loads. They also allow freight
operators to offer vehicle space. Online systems are normally
subscription-based with a small charge for advertising (posting) and
searching (consulting). The main purpose of a freight exchange is to fill
empty vehicles on their return journeys (when they are on their way back
to their depot after a delivery) by matching them to available freight.
For example, a trucker has an order to transport tulips from Keukenhof in
the Netherlands to Como, Italy. Ideally, a freight order for the return
trip would increase profitability, so the trucker would search for return
freight or return load on a freight exchange. By finding return loads it
results in improving efficiency for haulage and transport companies as
well as helping cut down on empty journeys which reduces CO2 emissions.
The world's first electronic freight exchange was called Teleroute and was
launched in France on the Minitel system in 1985. Before the Internet,
users were supplied with a terminal to advertise or search for freight.
Today, there are many examples around the world offering many services to
haulers and freight forwarders. The classic freight exchange was a
favorite tool in the centralized economies. For example, there was a ban
against driving with an empty truck in the socialistic Czechoslovakia.
Transport companies had to use the national system showing information
about available loads. With the help of new technology freight exchanges
are now able to improve efficiency even more by integrating with
telematics and transport management systems to offer realtime freight load
matching utilizing GPS technology
DAT Load Bards
originally known as Dial-a-Truck, is a US-based freight exchange service
("load board") and provider of transportation information serving North
America. Freight exchange services are used to match material ("loads")
that need to shipped with over-the-road carriers that can be hired to move
those loads. DAT was established in 1978 and is part of Roper
Technologies.
Direct
Freight.
Truck Driver is a person who earns a living as the driver of
a truck (usually a semi truck, box truck or dump truck).
There are 3.5 million truckers in the United
States. Nearly half of those in California are immigrants, most
from Mexico or Central America. But as drivers age toward retirement — the
average American trucker is 55 — and a shortage grows, Sikh immigrants and
their kids are increasingly taking up the job.
Truck is a motor vehicle designed to transport
cargo. Trucks
vary greatly in size, power, and configuration; smaller varieties may be
mechanically similar to some automobiles. Commercial trucks can be very
large and powerful, and may be configured to mount specialized equipment,
such as in the case of fire trucks and concrete mixers and suction
excavators.
Semi-Trailer Truck is the combination of a tractor unit and one or
more semi-trailers to carry
freight. A
semi-trailer attaches to the tractor with a type of hitch called a
fifth-wheel. It is variously known as a transport truck, semi-truck,
trailer truck, tractor truck, transfer truck, articulated truck,
articulated lorry (UK), artic, single truck,
semi-trailer,
tractor-trailer, semi-tractor, semi, trailer, tractor, big rig,
eighteen-wheeler, juggernaut, depending on the country and region.
semi-tractor-trailer truck, also known as simply a semi-trailer truck,
semi-tractor truck, semi-tractor-trailer or tractor-trailer truck.
Tesla Semi Truck is the
safest, most comfortable, easy to drive, and lowest energy cost per mile
then any other truck ever built so far.
Electric Cars.
Tractor Unit is a
characteristically heavy-duty towing engine that provides motive power for
hauling a towed or trailered load. These fall into two categories: heavy-
and medium-duty military and commercial rear-wheel-drive semi-tractors
used for hauling semi-trailers, and very heavy-duty typically
off-road-capable, often 6×6, military and commercial tractor units,
including ballast tractors.
A tractor unit (also known as a truck
unit, prime mover, ten-wheeler, semi-tractor, semi-truck, tractor cab,
truck cab, tractor rig, truck rig or big rig or simply a tractor, truck or
rig).
Towing
is coupling two or more objects together so that they may be pulled by a
designated power source or sources. The towing source may be a motorized
land vehicle, vessel, animal, or human, and the load being anything that
can be pulled. These may be joined by a chain, rope, bar, hitch,
three-point,
fifth wheel, coupling, drawbar, integrated platform, or other means of
keeping the objects together while in motion.
Trailer is an unpowered vehicle towed by a powered vehicle. It is
commonly used for the transport of goods and materials. Sometimes
recreational vehicles, travel trailers, or mobile homes with limited
living facilities where people can camp or stay have been referred to as
trailers. In earlier days, many such vehicles were towable trailers.
Mobile Homes.
Marbie Delivery Robots
are creating a fleet of intelligent courier
robots to reliably and securely
transport the goods that people need and want in a way that is accessible
to everyone. Marble’s robot is perfectly suited to transport the
essentials including groceries, meals, and medicine.
Self Driving
Vehicles.
Delivery is the process of transporting goods from a source
location to a predefined destination.
Package
Delivery is the delivery of shipping containers, parcels, or
high value mail as single shipments. The service is provided by most
postal systems, express mail, private courier companies, and less than
truckload shipping carriers.
Infrastructure.
Truck Driver Shortages
Shortage of Truck Drivers. As of
2021,
the industry is
short 68,000 drivers that are needed on the roads. by the
year
2028 the shortage could exceed 100,000
drivers. Marijuana violations have taken over 10,000 truck drivers off the
road 2021, adding more
supply chain disruptions.
Trucks: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO) (youtube) - John
Oliver explains how little most truck drivers are paid, and how companies
exploit truck drivers to increase profits. And because of that, many truck
drivers go broke and have to quit, which causes
truck driver shortages
around the country.
Air Freight
Airline is a company that provides air transport services
for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply
these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines
for codeshare agreements.
Airplane (action physics).
Cargo Airline are airlines mainly dedicated to the transport
of cargo by air. Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of
larger passenger airlines.
Train Freight
Train is
a form of transport consisting of a series of connected vehicles that
generally runs along a railroad track to transport cargo or passengers.
The word "train" comes from the Old French trahiner, derived from the
Latin trahere meaning "to pull" or "to draw". Motive power for a train is
provided by a separate locomotive or individual motors in a self-propelled
multiple unit. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most
common types of locomotive are diesel and electric, the latter supplied by
overhead wires or additional rails. Trains can also be hauled by horses,
pulled by engine or water-driven cable or wire winch, run downhill using
gravity, or powered by pneumatics, gas turbines or batteries. The track
usually consists of two running rails with a fixed spacing, which may be
supplemented by additional rails such as electric conducting rails and
rack rails. Monorails and maglev guideways are also used occasionally. A
passenger train includes passenger-carrying vehicles and can often be very
long and fast. One notable and growing long-distance train category is
high-speed rail. To achieve much faster operation at speeds of over 500
km/h (310 mph), innovative maglev technology has been the subject of
research for many years. The term "light rail" is sometimes used to refer
to a modern tram system, but it may also mean an intermediate form between
a tram and a train, similar to a heavy rail rapid transit system. In most
countries, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and
defined in law. A freight train (or goods train) uses freight cars (or
wagons/trucks) to transport goods or materials (cargo). It is possible to
carry passengers and freight in the same train using a mixed consist. Rail
cars and machinery that are used for the maintenance and repair of tracks,
are termed "maintenance of way" equipment; these may be assembled into
maintenance of way trains. Similarly, dedicated trains may be used to
provide support services to stations along a train line, such as garbage
or revenue collection.
Solar Powered Train.
Sea Freight
Cargo Ship is any sort of
ship or
vessel that carries
cargo,
goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers
ply the
world's seas and oceans each year, handling the bulk of
international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the
task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and
unload, and come in all sizes. Today, they are almost always built by
welded steel, and with some exceptions generally have a life expectancy of
25 to 30 years before being scrapped.
International Law.
Maritime
Transport is the transport of people (passengers) or goods (cargo) via
waterways. Freight transport by sea has been widely used throughout
recorded history.
How many Ships at Sea?
Tres
Hombres: Engineless Sailing Cargo Ship that doesn't Pollute the
Environment -
Sustainable Trade
Container Ship are cargo ships that carry all of their load
in
truck-size intermodal
containers, in a technique called containerization. They are a common
means of commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most
seagoing non-bulk cargo. Container ship capacity is measured in
twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). Typical loads are a mix of 20-foot and
40-foot (2-TEU) ISO-standard containers, with the latter predominant.
Today, about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container,
and modern container ships can carry over 19,000 TEU (e.g., MSC Zoe).
Container ships now rival crude oil tankers and bulk carriers as the
largest commercial vessels on the
ocean.
Emma Maersk |
World's Largest Cargo Ship | History Documentary Films (youtube) -
Can carry 12,000
Containers.
Maersk in December 2021 unveiled its brand new design for its next
generation of green ships. Intended to sail on
green methanol with 16,000 teu of capacity, 350 m in length and a
new look. Intended to sail on green methanol with 16,000 teu of capacity,
350 m in length and a new look for container vessels, Maersk’s
groundbreaking new series of eight ships will deliver from Hyundai Heavy
Industries in 2024. The design allows a 20% improved energy efficiency per
transported container. The crew accommodation and bridge will be located
at the bow to enable increased container capacity. bow is the forward part
of the hull of a ship or boat.
Maersk - Next
Generation of Maersk Container Vessels Designed for Green Methanol (youtube).
Merchant Vessel is a
boat or
ship that transports cargo or
carries passengers for hire. This excludes pleasure craft that do not
carry passengers for hire; warships are also excluded.
Merchant Ship is a
watercraft that
transports cargo
or carries passengers for hire. This is in contrast to pleasure craft,
which are used for personal recreation, and naval ships, which are used
for military purposes. They come in myriad sizes and shapes, from
twenty-foot inflatable dive boats in Hawaii, to 5,000 passenger casino
vessels on the Mississippi River, to tugboats plying New York Harbor, to
1,000-foot oil tankers and container ships at major ports, to
passenger-carrying submarines in the Caribbean. Most countries of the
world operate fleets of merchant ships. However, due to the high costs of
operations, today these fleets are in many cases sailing under the flags
of nations that specialize in providing manpower and services at
favourable terms. Such flags are known as "
flags of convenience".
Currently, Liberia and Panama are particularly favoured. Ownership of the
vessels can be by any country, however. The Greek merchant marine is the
largest in the world. Today, the Greek fleet accounts for some 16 per cent
of the world's tonnage; this makes it currently the largest single
international merchant fleet in the world, albeit not the largest in
history. During wars, merchant ships may be used as auxiliaries to the
navies of their respective countries, and are called upon to deliver
military personnel and materiel.
Sea
Captain is a high-grade licensed mariner who holds
ultimate command and
responsibility of a merchant
vessel. The captain is responsible for the
safe and efficient operation of the
ship—including its
seaworthiness, safety and security, cargo operations,
navigation, crew
management, and legal compliance—and for the persons and cargo on board.
A captain will understand most of the responsibilities on the ship, while
a sailor will mostly understand their specific job and responsibilities.
Though the captain is versatile, captains are mostly focused on the top
layer of incoming information, like the weather, navigation, and the
overall functioning and
seaworthiness of the ship. The captain is responsible for every person
on board, including the cargo. On the ship,
everyone relies on each other
and everyone plays an important part. Every person on the ship needs to be
focused on their particular job and hope that the captain makes good
decisions and keeps everyone safe, and on course. A good captain treats
everyone with respect and expects the crew to do the same. The true power
of every ship is the personal on board. Strong minds, strong bodies and
strong hearts. The ship gives you everything you need to sail, but it's
the sailor who must give everything they have in order to succeed. We are
strongest when we
work together
as a team. So let us focus now on what we have to do today, so that we
can continue to dream about all the tomorrows that will soon come our way.
Bridge is a room or platform of a
ship from
which the ship can be commanded. When a ship is under way, the bridge is
manned by an officer of the watch aided usually by an able seaman acting
as lookout. During critical maneuvers the captain will be on the bridge,
often supported by an officer of the watch, an able seaman on the wheel
and sometimes a pilot, if required.
Cockpit or
flight deck is the
area, usually near the front of an aircraft or spacecraft, from which a
pilot controls the
aircraft. The cockpit of an aircraft contains
flight instruments
on an instrument panel, and the
controls that enable the pilot to fly the aircraft.
Maritime Pilot is a mariner who maneuvers ships through dangerous or
congested waters, such as harbors or river mouths. They are
navigational experts
possessing knowledge of the particular waterway such as its depth,
currents, and hazards, as well as being experts in handling ships of all
types and size. A Maritime pilot is an expert ship handler who is licensed
or authorised by a recognised pilotage authority.
Helmsman
is a person who steers a ship, sailboat, submarine, other type of maritime
vessel, or spacecraft. The rank and seniority of the helmsman may vary: on
small vessels such as fishing vessels and yachts, the functions of the
helmsman are combined with that of the skipper; on larger vessels, there
is a separate officer of the watch who is responsible for the safe
navigation of the ship
and gives orders to the helmsman, who physically steers the ship in
accordance with those orders.
Rudder
is a primary control surface used to steer a ship, boat, submarine,
hovercraft, aircraft, or other conveyance that moves through a fluid
medium (generally air or water). On an aircraft the rudder is used
primarily to counter adverse yaw and p-factor and is not the primary
control used to turn the airplane. A rudder operates by redirecting the
fluid past the hull (watercraft) or fuselage, thus imparting a turning or
yawing motion to the craft. In basic form, a rudder is a flat plane or
sheet of material attached with hinges to the craft's stern, tail, or
after end. Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize hydrodynamic or
aerodynamic drag. On simple watercraft, a tiller—essentially, a stick or
pole acting as a lever arm—may be attached to the top of the rudder to
allow it to be turned by a helmsman. In larger vessels, cables, pushrods,
or hydraulics may be used to link rudders to steering wheels. In typical
aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or
hydraulics.
Sailor
is a person who works aboard a watercraft as part of its crew, and may
work in any one of a number of different fields that are related to the
operation and maintenance of a ship.
A common deck
crew for a ship includes: (1) Captain / Master
(1) Chief Officer
/ Chief Mate. (1) Second Officer / Second Mate. (1) Third Officer / Third
Mate. (1) Boatswain (unlicensed Petty Officer: Qualified member Deck
Dept.). (2) Able seamen (unlicensed qualified rating). (2) Ordinary seamen
(entry-level rating) (0-1) Deck Cadet / unlicensed Trainee navigator /
Midshipman.
A common engineering crew for a ship
includes: (1) Chief Engineer. (1) Second Engineer / First Assistant
Engineer. (1) Third Engineer / Second Assistant Engineer. (1) Fourth
Engineer / Third Assistant Engineer. (1) Motorman (unlicensed Junior
Engineer: Qualified member Engine Dept.). (2) Oiler (unlicensed qualified
rating). (2) Entry-level rating Wiper. (0–1) Engine Cadet / unlicensed
Trainee engineer.
Able
Seaman is a naval rating of the deck department of a merchant ship
with more than two years' experience at sea and considered "well
acquainted with his duty". An AB may work as a watchstander, a day worker,
or a combination of these roles. Once a sufficient amount of sea time is
acquired, then the AB can apply to take a series of courses/examinations
to become certified as an officer.
Watch-keeping is the assignment of sailors to specific roles on a ship
to operate it continuously. These assignments, also known as at sea
watches are constantly active as they are considered essential to the safe
operation of the vessel, and also allow the ship to respond to emergencies
and other situations quickly. These watches are divided into work periods
to ensure that the roles are always occupied at all times, while those
members of the crew who are assigned to a work during a watch are known as
watch keepers. On a typical seafaring vessel, be it naval or merchant,
personnel "keep watch" in various locations and duties across the ship,
such as the bridge and engine room. Typical bridge watchkeepers include a
lookout and a deck officer who is responsible for the safe navigation of
the ship; whereas in the engine room, an engine officer ensures that
running machinery continues to operate within tolerances.
Lookout
is a person in charge of the observation of hazards. The term originally
comes from a naval background, where lookouts would watch for other ships,
land, and various dangers. The term has now passed into wider parlance.
Naval Architecture is an
engineering
discipline incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical,
electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to the engineering
design process, shipbuilding, maintenance, and operation of marine vessels
and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research,
design, development, design evaluation (classification) and calculations
during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of
the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and
maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved.
Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by
means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair). Naval
architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and
damage-control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to
meet statutory and non-statutory requirements.