Obesity - Over Eating - Diabetes - Weight Loss
"Eat to Live, Don't Live to Eat." "Let Food Be Your Medicine and
let Medicine Be Your Food." "Eat not to
Dullness." "Drink not to Elevation."
Mindful.
Childhood Obesity
now
affects 1 in every 3 children in the U.S.. Scientific studies
have shown that 80 percent of these
obese children will grow up
to be obese adults with
serious health consequences which will
lead to more
heart disease,
diabetes and
high blood pressure at
a younger age. One study shows that the average three year old
is
failing to develop properly because of their
inactive couch
potato lifestyles. About 17 percent of boys and 16 percent of
girls now in the United States, more than 9 million total, are
overweight. 26 million people in America have
diabetes,
79 million have pre-diabetes and
7 million don't even know that
they already have the disease. Another study showed that the
easiest way of increasing physical activity may be as simple as
providing more active play time
and providing relatively inexpensive toys, like balls, jump ropes, bikes
and spending time at local playing fields. So encouraging children to run,
bike, swim and other fun activities, while teaching them healthy habits
such as
regular exercise and selecting
proper food choices, will not only
benefit them, but future generations to come as well for they will
certainly pass on this very important information too them. The risk
of obesity doubled among students who skipped breakfast or
ate breakfast inconsistently. Eat Breakfast Like a
King, Lunch Like a Prince, and Dinner Like a Pauper, or eat your
biggest meal early in the day, or
eat
one meal a day.
Over Eating reduces
lifespan and promotes
diseases. "I'm on a
See-Food Diet,
when a See Food I eat it. Sometimes I feel like I live in the Garden of Eatin, which makes me want to potty all the time,
potty all the time, potty all the time".
Fats -
Carbs -
Sugar -
Salt -
Cholesterol -
Inflammation -
Metabolism -
Moderation -
Over Eating -
DiabetesSome
11 Million Deaths annually are Linked to Diet-Related Diseases like
diabetes and heart diseases.
That's 1 in 5 deaths.
About 11 million deaths a year are linked to
poor
diet around the globe. Worldwide,
malnutrition costs
$3.5 trillion annually, with overweight- and obesity-related
noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type 2
diabetes, adding
$2 trillion. Too many
people don't eat enough healthy foods including whole grains, nuts, seeds,
fruits and vegetables. At the same time, we
consume too many sugary drinks, too much salt and too much processed
meat. The Mediterranean pattern of eating is linked to a reduced risk of
heart attacks and memory decline.
Obesity
is a medical condition in which excess
Body Fat
has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on
health. People are generally considered obese when their
Body Mass Index
(BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square
of the person's height, is over 30 kg/m2, with the range 25–30 kg/m2
defined as overweight. Some East Asian countries use lower values. Obesity
increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly
heart disease,
type 2 diabetes, obstructive
sleep apnea, certain types of
cancer,
low cognition, and
osteoarthritis.
School Lunches.
Currently,
43% of the U.S. population has
obesity, which is nearly 10 times more Japan's rate of 4.5%
obesity.
African-Americans are 1.5 times as likely to be obese as white people,
and they eat fewer vegetables than other racial groups.
Soul Fire Farm
is committed to ending racism and injustice in our food system.
High availability of fast-food restaurants
across all US neighborhood types linked to higher rates of type 2 diabetes.
Overweight is having more
body fat than is
optimally healthy. Being overweight is common especially where food
supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary. Excess weight has
reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than
1 billion adults
being either overweight or obese in 2003. In 2013 this increased to more
than 2 billion. Increases have been observed across all age groups. A
healthy body requires a minimum amount of fat for proper functioning of
the
hormonal, reproductive, and
immune systems, as thermal insulation, as
shock absorption for sensitive areas, and as energy for future use. But
the accumulation of too much storage
Fat can
impair movement,
flexibility, and alter appearance of the body.
Inflammation -
Muscle Weakness -
Brain
Sarcopenic Obesity is characterized by the combination of obesity,
defined by
high body fat percentage, and
sarcopenia, defined as
low skeletal muscle
mass accompanied by
low muscle function.
Sarcopenic obesity is a medical condition which is defined as the presence
of both sarcopenia or loss of muscle and obesity. Sarcopenia refers to the
presence of low muscle mass and either low muscular strength or low
physical performance. When this is accompanied by a high fat mass the
condition is known as sarcopenic obesity.
Childhood Obesity Is Rising 'Shockingly Fast' — Even In Poor Countries.
200 million children under age 5, or 1 in 3 worldwide, are either
undernourished or overweight. at least 340 million adolescents worldwide
between ages 5-19, and 40 million children under age 5, have been
classified as overweight. The most profound increase has been in the 5-19
age group, where the global rate of overweight increased from 10.3% in
2000 to 18.4% in 2018.
High Levels of Overweight and Obesity along with Under-Nutrition or
Malnutrition.
Realizing
that you're fat or over weight is not always
apparent because it happens so gradual. It's only when you lose weight
that you start to feel the differences. It's a change for the better in
many ways.
"It's all right letting yourself go, as long as
you can get yourself back."
Mick Jagger
Two Billion People Now
Overweight and the U.S. is one of the Fattest Nations on Earth.
Someone has a
Heart Attack every 24
seconds in America.
Sedentary Lifestyle -
Metabolism -
Sugar
-
Fats -
Salt
-
Cholesterol -
Carbohydrates -
Over Eating
-
Vagus Nerve
-
Inflammation
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is stealthily showing up in the
livers of millions of Americans. Marked by the accumulation of an
unhealthy amount of fat and scar tissue in the liver, NASH is quietly
reaching epidemic proportions across the globe. Up to 80% of obese people
have the disease. (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis).
Calorie for Calorie,
Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than
Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity. The
American Heart Association says 78 million adults and 13 million kids (or
28.5 percent of the country’s population) are obese as of 2016, an
epidemic that spells some $190 billion per year in weight-related medical
bills.
Obesity
Rates have skyrocketed since
the 1980's. The countries with the fastest obesity growth rates
are the United States, Australia and England. The United States
is the fattest nation among 33 countries with advanced economies
with two-thirds of people in America are overweight or obese and
about a third of adults, more than 72 million, are obese, which
is roughly 30 pounds over a healthy weight. Obesity is a growing
threat to public health because Obesity causes illnesses,
reduces life expectancy, increases health care costs, increases
the risk of heart disease, diabetes and several types of cancer
and other diseases. Obesity cost the U.S. an estimated $147
billion in weight-related medical bills in 2008, according to a
study by scientists.
Obesity Maps
More than one-third (34.9% or 78.6 million) of U.S. adults are
obese. (CDC)
Obesity Among Older Adults (PDF)
Processed Food
-
Meats
The estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the U.S. was
$147 billion in 2008. (Fat Storm).
29 million people, 9 percent of the
U.S. population, have
diabetes.
Warning: Some Health Organizations receive
money from the same corporations that are doing all the damage. So
information is skewed at the expense of the consumer.
Contradictions (Conflict of
Interest).
Commodity Check-Off Program collects funds through a checkoff
mechanism, sometimes called checkoff dollars, from producers of a
particular agricultural commodity and uses these funds to promote and do
research on that particular commodity. The organizations must promote
their commodity in a generic way, without reference to a particular
producer.
Most of the Fat you Lose is Breathed out as Carbon Dioxide. Losing
10 kilograms of Fat requires 29 kilograms of oxygen to be inhaled and
that this metabolic process produces 28 kilograms of carbon dioxide and 11
kilograms of water.
Exercise.
Intensive Lifestyle Intervention for Obesity consists of a
reduced-calorie diet, increased physical activity, and behavior therapy.
Principles, Practices, and Results. Treatment to lower blood sugar, reduce
BP, and decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides are
powerfully effective in reducing the incidence of these devastating
complications.
Childhood stress linked to higher risk of high blood pressure, obesity,
diabetes in adults. Young adults who reported higher stress as
adolescents were more likely to have high blood pressure, obesity and
other cardiometabolic risk factors as adults, finds new study.
How obesity dismantles our mitochondria. Researchers found that when
mice were fed a high-fat diet,
mitochondria
within their fat cells broke apart and were less able to burn fat, leading
to weight gain. They also found they could reverse the effect by targeting
a single gene, suggesting a new treatment strategy for obesity. In the
case of caloric imbalances like obesity, the ability of fat cells to burn
energy starts to fail, which is one reason why it can be difficult for
people with obesity to lose weight. Obesity, which affects more than 40%
of adults in the United States, occurs when the body accumulates too much
fat, which is primarily stored in adipose tissue.
Adipose tissue normally provides
important mechanical benefits by cushioning vital organs and providing
insulation. It also has important metabolic functions, such as releasing
hormones and other cellular signaling molecules that instruct other
tissues to burn or store energy.
14 Genes that influence obesity and the three genes that help prevent
obesity. Obesity is driven in large part by high-calorie diets laden
with sugar and high-fructose corn syrup. Increasingly sedentary lifestyles
play a big part as well. But our genes play an important role too,
regulating fat storage and affecting how well our bodies burn food as
fuel. So if we can identify the genes that convert excessive food into
fat, we could seek to inactivate them with drugs and uncouple excessive
eating from obesity.
Yale researchers have discovered an enzyme found in the brain that acts as
a major regulator of body weight. In a new study, they found that
removing the enzyme from neurons in a part of the brain known as the
hypothalamus led mice to gain weight and burn less fat. For the study,
Yale researchers focused on an enzyme called
O-linked b-D-N-acetylglucosamine transferase, or OGT. Though
researchers partially understand the enzyme’s role in other parts of the
body — such as mediating nutritional and hormonal regulation in different
organs and tissues — what it does in the brain is largely unknown.
Prader-Willi Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a loss of
function of specific genes on
chromosome 15. In newborns, symptoms include weak muscles, poor
feeding, and slow development. Beginning in childhood, those affected
become constantly hungry, which often leads to obesity and type 2
diabetes. Mild to moderate intellectual impairment and behavioral problems
are also typical of the disorder. Often, affected individuals have a
narrow forehead, small hands and feet, short height, light skin and hair.
Most are unable to have children.
Diabesity is used to
refer to a form of
diabetes which typically
develops in later life and is associated with being obese.
Scientists discover 14 genes that cause obesity. Findings could
decouple overeating from harmful health effects. Blocking the action of
certain genes can help prevent obesity, which could also lead to people
living longer and having better
neuro-locomotory
function. Anti-obesity therapies are urgently needed to reduce the
burden of obesity in patients and the healthcare system.
The best way to treat obesity is to eat a
healthy, reduced-calorie diet and exercise regularly. To do this you
should: eat a balanced, calorie-controlled diet as recommended by your GP
or weight loss management health professional (such as a dietitian) join a
local weight loss group.
Endocrinologist can diagnose and
treat hormone problems
and the complications that arise from them.
Hormones regulate
metabolism, respiration, growth, reproduction,
sensory perception, and movement. Hormone imbalances are the underlying
reason for a wide range of medical conditions. Endocrinology is the study
of medicine that relates to the
endocrine system,
which is the system that controls hormones. Endocrinologists are specially
trained physicians who diagnose diseases related to the glands.
Endocrinologist treats patients with diabetes have too much sugar in their
blood. Thyroid Disease. Patients with thyroid disease often have problems
with their energy levels. Bone Disease. Obesity. Pituitary Gland.
Hypertension. Lipid Disorders.
Mindful Eating
Intuitive Eating is a
person who makes good food choices and understands hunger and fullness and
enjoys the pleasure of eating.
Intuitive
is a natural tendency to do something that is
obtained through
intuition
rather than from
reasoning or
observation.
Intuition is a vague idea that something might be the case or
knowing something without the use of rational processes.
Mindful Eating. First focus on what your
food looks like. Now focus on the smell. Now cut a medium size bite of
food. Then put that piece of food in your mouth. Now focus on how the food
feels in your mouth. Then focus on the taste of your food. Now focus on
chewing your food slowly and completely as you sense more flavors. Then
focus on swallowing your food. Now focus on how you feel. (You can repeat
these steps if necessary.)
Mindfulness (awareness) -
Mindful Eating
Instinctive is pattern of behavior and
judgment in
response to specific stimuli
that is not based on rational
conscious thought.
Sensory-Specific Satiety
(gross yourself out)
Satiety is the state of
being satisfactorily full and unable to take on
more. Satisfy (a desire or an appetite) to the full. Supply (someone) with as much as or more of something than is
desired or can be managed.
Over Eating.
When to Eat - What to Eat - How Much to Eat
How much food do you
need to eat each day? Food needs depends on many factors, including your height, age, sex,
general state of health, job, leisure time activities, genetics,
body
size, body composition, and what medications you may be on. How
much food relates to your daily calorie intake requirement -
consume more each day than you use up and you will usually put
on weight, consume less and the opposite will happen.
If your food contains a lot of fiber you can usually eat more
calories than if you eat food with a very low fiber content.
How much food you eat is also very closely linked to the types
of foods you eat and your lifestyle. Some people claim that
people who severely limit their daily calorie intake will live
much longer. Previous studies found that half-starved roundworms
live much
longer than well-fed ones. Other animal studies have come up
with similar findings. The
Ete Plate can help you with measuring how much food you
need.
Serving Size is the amount of
food listed on a product’s food label and it varies from product
to product.
Portion is how much food you choose to
eat at one time.
Dosage -
Brain Food -
Routines
-
Live within your Means
Health Documentaries -
Food Label Meanings -
Health Calculators
On the average men and women need about 56 and
46 grams of
protein a day?
Appetite is the desire to eat food, sometimes due to hunger. Appealing
foods can stimulate appetite even when hunger is absent.
Hunger represents the physiological need to eat food. Satiety is the
absence of hunger; it is the sensation of feeling full.
Comfort Food is food which provides a nostalgic or sentimental value
to the consumer, and is often characterized by its high caloric nature,
high carbohydrate level, and simple preparation. The nostalgia may be
specific to either the individual or a specific culture.
Smaller Plate Study found that using 10 inch diameter plates instead
of the traditional 12 inch diameter plates decreased the amount of food
people eat without having an effect on their perceived fullness or satisfaction.
Leftovers and taking food home is
enjoying a good meal twice, plus it’s a lot healthier then over
eating and it saves money and time too. It's
Healthier to Under Eat then it is to over eat.
Eating a
Little
Less Food then you need and not eating till your full, is a
lot healthier for you then eating too much food or eating more
food then your body and mind needs.
Eat food, mostly plants, but don't eat too much.
Vegetables, Fruits and Seeds.
Hara Hachi Bu eat until you are 80 percent full. You will
need to learn how to
interpret the signals from your
stomach.
Don't Eat when it's Time for a Meal; Eat when you
Feel Hungry. In a 2012 study that mice consuming
all of their calories within an eight-hour window were less
likely to develop metabolic diseases like diabetes than those
who ate whenever they pleased. Mice who skip feedings are leaner
and live longer than their non-skipping counterparts. The
fasting mice also have more robust brain cells than those who
consume regular meals. Mattson, who skips breakfast and lunch
most days, theorizes that
caloric deprivation acts as a mild stress that helps cells build
up their defenses—warding off damage from aging, environmental
toxins, and other threats. Other research has shown that
periodic fasting may
also prevent heart disease.
Gastrointestinal Tract (digestion)
Palatability is the
hedonic
reward (i.e., pleasure) provided by foods or fluids that are agreeable
to the "palate", which often varies relative to the homeostatic
satisfaction of nutritional, water, or energy needs. The palatability of a
food or fluid, unlike its flavor or taste, varies with the state of an
individual: it is lower after consumption and higher when deprived.
Palatability of foods, however, can be learned. It has increasingly been
appreciated that this can create a hedonic hunger that is independent of
homeostatic needs.
Taste and Flavor
(food chemistry)
Is the lack of a certain nutrient causing your
anxiety?
"You
need to learn to understand the difference between feeling
hungry and starving, because it could save your life."
Eating Less Is Far More Important Than Exercising More.
"What if you had a way
to know if you had enough to eat today, and that you don't need
to eat again until tomorrow?"
How much should my Baby be Eating
"Don't lose the peace of years by seeking the rapture of
moments."
Understand Food Cravings.
Weight loss: Gain Control of Emotional Eating
Mood, Food, and Obesity
You don't need a
mandometer
or a
hapi fork,
you need
knowledge,
information,
training and
awareness. You need to be
mindful when eating.
Consume
knowledge that teaches you to be a more
mindful consumer.
Don't Eat Beyond your Daily Energy Needs
Overeating is the
excess food in relation to the energy that
an organism expends (or expels via excretion), leading to weight
gaining and often obesity. It may be regarded as an eating
disorder.
Compulsive
Overeating is a
behavioral addiction
that is characterized by the compulsive consumption of palatable
(e.g., high fat and high sugar) foods – the types of food which
markedly activate the reward system in humans and other animals
– despite adverse consequences.
Gluttony is over-indulgence and
over-consumption of
food, drink, or wealth items to the point of
extravagance or
waste. To gulp down or swallow.
Binge Eating.
Consume
is to eat or ingest
moderately and to a degree that does
not exceed the
bounds of reason or moderation.
Moderation
is
avoiding extremes and excesses by lessening the severity or the
intensity of an action.
Balance.
Excesses is
a quantity much larger than is needed. The state of being more than full
and going beyond sufficient or permitted limits.
Indulgence is an inability to
resist the
gratification of whims and desires. A foolish or senseless behavior.
Indulging is being excessive beyond normal limits.
Bad Habit.
Crapulence
is sickness caused by
excessive eating or drinking. Excessive indulgence
or intemperance.
Eating Disorders
-
Physiological Reaction
Junk Foods stimulate the reward
system in the brain in the same way as abusive drugs like cocaine. For
susceptible people, eating junk foods can lead to
full-blown addiction, which shares the same biological basis as
addiction to abusive drugs. Frequent consumption of junk food may lead
to dopamine tolerance. This means that you will have to eat even more junk
food to avoid going into withdrawal.
Emotional Triggers -
Stress -
Anxiety -
Microbe Imbalance -
Body Mind
Connections -
Drugs
Biological abnormalities such as
hormonal irregularities
or genetic mutations, may be associated with compulsive eating and food
addiction.
Lack of Sleep
can affect our mood, our appetite and our eating behaviors. abnormal
levels of serotonin. Dopamine is a chemical involved in weight, feeding
behaviors, reinforcement, and reward.
Hypoglycemia
Binge.
Eating Bad Food or eating too much food is
like having
Congenital Insensitivity. When children don't feel pain they
injure themselves more often because they don't have pain to
remind them that they are hurting themselves. So these people
have to train themselves to avoid injury. This is the same for
all ignorant behavior. You can't rely on pain or punishment to
teach you the difference between right and wrong and good and
bad. You have to learn, or you will damage yourself beyond
repair.
Food Addiction Summit -
Food AddictionAddiction
-
Control
Eat your Biggest Meal Early in the Day - "Eat Breakfast Like a King, Lunch Like a Prince, and Dinner Like a Pauper”.
Over eating might just be about feeding your
Anxiety.
I have just eaten, so why do I still feel hungry?
You have to ask yourself, is the food have
already eaten providing me with the necessary nutrition? How
much nutrition do I need to perform the physical and mental
activities that I will be doing in the near future? Once you
know the answers to these questions, and have a good
understanding of your mind and body, and you know what foods and
liquids are the best choices for you, then when your body or
mind is given you signals that cause you to overeat or eat the
wrong foods for no reason, then you will know that you have to
take control of your mind and body. This is one of the most
important things you need to learn. When you are the captain of
a ship you have a choice, sail into a storm or sail away from
the storm. And there is a storm everyday. You have learn how to
be aware of yourself and the world around you.
Search for
Techniques that work best for you and seek out the best
information and knowledge that the world has to offer. Sometimes
just
Eating Slower and
remembering to breath will help you to be more aware of how much
food you are eating. Did you
know that
Fat Cells can sometimes absorb more calories then they need
instead of serving the energy needs of the body? So you will be
tricked into thinking that you need to eat more. This might be
fine if you're going into
hibernation, but humans don't hibernate. So you have to
learn why your fat cells are doing this and also verify that your
Insulin levels are where they should be?
Insulin
makes
Fat.
How neurons reshape inside body fat to boost its calorie-burning capacity.
Scientists have found that a hormone tells the brain to dramatically
restructure neurons embedded in fat tissue. Their work widens our
understanding of how the body regulates its energy consumption, and how
obesity might be treated in the future. That signal is the
hormone leptin, which is released by the
fat cells themselves. In experiments with mice described on July 22 in the
journal Nature, the researchers found that the normally bushy network of
neural fibers within fat tissue shrinks in the absence of leptin and grows
back when the hormone is given as a drug. These changes were shown to
influence the animals' ability to burn the energy stored in fat.
Don't Eat too Fast - Eat Slower - Chew your Food
Slow Down you Eat too Fast. People who eat slower and chew
their food more, end up eating less. Eat small meals instead of
eating big meals, and eat slowly and chew your food effectively in order
to conserve energy.
Mindful.
Chewing your Food -
Benefits of Chewing your Food -
Chew
Tips -
Binge Eating
Mastication
is the process by which food is crushed and ground by
teeth. It is the first step of
digestion, and it increases the surface area of foods to allow a more
efficient break down by enzymes. During the mastication process, the food
is positioned by the cheek and tongue between the teeth for grinding. The
muscles of mastication move the jaws to bring the teeth into intermittent
contact, repeatedly occluding and opening. As chewing continues, the food
is made softer and warmer, and the enzymes in saliva begin to break down
carbohydrates in the food. After chewing, the food
(now called a bolus) is swallowed. It enters the esophagus and via
peristalsis continues on to the stomach, where the next step of digestion
occurs. Premastication is sometimes performed by human parents for infants
who are unable to do so for themselves. The food is masticated in the
mouth of the parent into a bolus and then transferred to the infant for
consumption. (Some other animals also premasticate.) Cattle and some other
animals, called ruminants, chew food more than once to extract more
nutrients. After the first round of chewing, this food is called cud.
Moderation is being within reasonable or
average limits and
not being excessive or
extreme.
The action of lessening the severity or the intensity of something, like
your temper. Being in
control or
keeping within normal limits.
Dosage -
Sustainable -
Moderate -
Balanced -
Intermittent Fasting -
Self Control -
Restraint
From the first bite, our sense of taste helps pace our eating.
Brainstem recording shows that our tastebuds are the first line of defense
against eating too fast. Understanding how
may lead to new avenues for weight loss. We've uncovered a logic the
brainstem uses to control how fast and how much we eat, using two
different kinds of signals, one coming from the mouth, and one coming much
later from the gut. The team found that when they put food directly into
the mouse's stomach, brain cells called PRLH (for prolactin-releasing
hormone) were activated by nutrient signals sent from the GI tract, in
line with traditional thinking and the results of prior studies. However,
when they allowed the mice to eat the food as they normally would, those
signals from the gut didn't show up. Instead, the PRLH brain cells
switched to a new activity pattern that was entirely controlled by signals
from the mouth.
Wolf it Down means to
eat something really fast. To eat something greedily, ravenously, or
voraciously; Speed eating. Wolves do not chew their food, so eating is
fast and quick. Don't eat like a wolf.
Gorge is to overeat or eat immodestly; make a pig of oneself. A
gorge can also mean a deep ravine or narrow pass.
Bite off More than you can Chew is try to
do more than you can handle or deal with. Try to do too much. To take on
or attempt more than one is capable of doing.
Food Waste.
Your Eyes are Bigger than your Stomach
means that you put more food on your plate than you can eat, or you eat
more than your body can effectively process or digest. (the saying
suggests that your eyes are creating an
illusion that you can eat
everything that you see. You're
not paying attention
to the facts).
You'll
miss all the
Flavors
if you scarf your food down.
Scarf is to
eat very quickly and greedily.
Gluttony.
Optimal directional volatile transport in Retronasal
Olfaction.
Eating too fast may spell trouble in the form of indigestion,
acid reflux, and more serious health issues like insulin
resistance and diabetes. Speed eating also leads to weight gain,
because we continue eating long before our stomachs realize
they're full.
Tips:
Don't
multitask or do things when you are eating.
Pay attention
to the
taste, temperature, and texture of food. Synching up your
mind with your mouth will help you get more pleasure from the
food you're eating, giving you the chance to notice the unique
flavor bursting from every bite. Take the time to sit down and
eat your meal. Chew wisely and try and take at least 20 seconds
to process each mouthful.
Take a pause before
each bite, take a short breath, release all the tension in your
body and then ask, do I need more? Every pause is a reminder
that you are aware, you are in control, and you are not a victim
of automatic behaviors that provide no useful benefit to you.
You have better things to do then be a slave to impulse.
If you feel a
little hungry, then that's OK, as long as you know that you have
eaten enough, then you know it's a
False Alarm. It's a misinterpretation of your bodies
information, which you can easily ignore like a bad habit. And
over time you will strengthen your control over your body and
never be vulnerable to these false alarms. But you still need to
be aware of any changes in your body that may be a sign that
something is not right. Understanding early warning signs could save your life.
Over Eating - Binging
There are many foods that humans eat that have
healing properties.
But it's not just what you eat and drink that's important, it's
how much
quantity or the
amount or
dosage that you
consume, because some foods cannot be consumed everyday. And you also have
to know when is the
best time to
consume certain foods and
know which foods to eat together and separate. Once you understand
these rules and understand the benefits that comes from these choices and
actions, then it will become natural to you. Like when after you learn how
to ride a bike or drive a car, you just do it as if
you always knew how.
Once you learn a valuable skill, you never have to learn it again. The
only time you need to learn something again is when
something changes, and there is a new
and better way of doing something that requires a new set of skills and
knowledge.
You have to know
your own personal limits and
sensitivities for certain foods and
herbs. So you
have to do your own
research
and do a lot of reading before
experimenting. Because
things that can benefit you can also hurt you if you misuse them
or eat too much. And
Over Eating is not
always about feeding
hunger. Sometimes our body and our mind can
give off signals that are not always accurate.
Addictions -
Compulsion -
Mindful -
Slow Down
Over Eating reduces
lifespan and
promotes
diseases.
Eating moderately and
healthy extends
your life and increases your chances of living healthy without diseases. If you
over do anything,
you are going to have problems, and you might not notice the problems
until it's too late, long after the damage is done. So pay attention and be
aware of any
changes. The key is to
never stop learning.
Leptin -
Fasting
-
Binge Eating
Did you know that
it can take up to 20 minutes for the brain to recognize that your stomach is full?
If you drink a full glass of water 10
minutes before each meal; your brain will realize you are full within 10
minutes instead of the usual 20 minutes.
Your brain
rewards you twice when you eat, first
when the food is ingested and again when the food reaches the stomach.
Craving snacks after a meal? It might be food-seeking neurons, not an
overactive appetite. People who find themselves rummaging around in the
refrigerator for a snack not long after they've eaten a filling meal might
have
overactive food-seeking neurons, not
an overactive appetite.
Hunger hormones impact decision-making brain area to drive behavior. A
hunger hormone produced in the gut can directly impact a decision-making
part of the brain in order to drive an animal's behavior, finds a new
study. The scientists found that activity in a subset of brain cells in
the ventral hippocampus increased when animals approached food, and this
activity inhibited the animal from eating. But if the mouse was hungry,
there was less neural activity in this area, so the hippocampus no longer
stopped the animal from eating. The researchers found this corresponded to
high levels of the hunger hormone
ghrelin
circulating in the blood.
I'm not always aware of
how much I eat, drink or how much I pleasure myself. So
awareness is extremely important.
Human body found to predict mealtimes. The research team also found
that daily
blood glucose rhythms may be driven not
only by meal timing but by meal size. Does the human
circadian system anticipate large
meals. Circadian rhythms/systems are physiological changes, including
metabolic, that follow a 24-hour cycle and are
usually synchronised to environmental signals, such as light and dark
cycles.
Ingestive Behaviors and
satiety signals are influenced by
physiological regulatory mechanisms; these mechanisms exist to control and
establish homeostasis within the human body. Disruptions in these
ingestive regulatory mechanisms can result in eating disorders such as
obesity,
anorexia, and bulimia.
Livia.
About 20 hormones, including
GLP-1, are known as satiation hormones. They tell your body to start
absorption and suppress your hunger signals.
GLP-1 stimulates the release of insulin, is a 30- or
31-amino-acid-long peptide hormone deriving from the tissue-specific
posttranslational processing of the proglucagon peptide. It is produced
and secreted by intestinal
enteroendocrine L-cells and certain neurons within the nucleus of the
solitary tract in the brainstem upon food consumption.
Fiber.
Researchers identify brain region associated with feeling full after
eating. Researchers knew that the hormone
cholecystokinin, or CCK, is secreted by the gut to tell the brain "
I'm
full" after a meal. They also knew that specific neurons in the
amygdala, called
PKC-delta neurons, mediate the satiation effect of CCK by turning off
other central amygdala inhibitory neurons. The researchers reasoned that
the neurons downstream of the central amygdala should be turned on by
PCK-delta neurons while also being turned on by CCK.
No more binge eating: Signal pathway in the brain that controls food
intake discovered.
Researchers have developed a novel approach to
treating eating disorders. The scientists showed that a group of nerve
cells in the hypothalamus (so-called AgRP, agouti-related peptide neurons)
control the release of endogenous lysophospholipids, which in turn control
the excitability of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, which stimulates
food intake.
AgRP neurons increase food intake by projecting to downstream
populations that initiate feeding including the bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis, lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus,
and paraventricular thalamic nucleus.
Agouti-related peptide is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the
AgRP/NPY neuron.
Researchers identify the link between memory and appetite in the human
brain to explain obesity. Disrupted connections between memory and
appetite regulating brain circuits are directly proportional to body mass
index (BMI), notably in patients who suffer from disordered or overeating
that can lead to obesity, such as binge eating disorder (BED), according
to new research. The research notes that individuals who are obese have
impaired connections between the dorsolateral hippocampus (dlHPC) and the
lateral hypothalamus (LH), which may impact their ability to control or
regulate emotional responses when anticipating rewarding meals or treats.
Neuropeptides are chemical messengers made up of small chains of
amino acids that are
synthesized and released by
neurons. Neuropeptides typically bind to
G protein-coupled receptors
to modulate neural activity and other tissues like the gut, muscles, and
heart. There are over 100 known neuropeptides, representing the largest
and most diverse class of signaling molecules in the nervous system.
Neuropeptides are synthesized from large precursor
proteins which are cleaved
and post-translationally processed then packaged into dense core vesicles.
Neuropeptides are often co-released with other neuropeptides and
neurotransmitters in a single neuron, yielding a multitude of effects.
Once released, neuropeptides can diffuse widely to affect a broad range of
targets. Neuropeptides are synthesized from large, inactive precursor
proteins called
prepropeptides.
Secretin-Activated Brown Fat Mediates Prandial Thermogenesis to Induce
Satiation. Gut hormone and brown fat interact to tell the brain it's
time to stop eating. Researchers have shown that so-called '
brown
fat' interacts with the gut hormone secretin in mice to relay
nutritional signals about fullness to the brain during a meal. The study
bolsters our understanding of a long-suspected role of brown adipose
tissue (BAT) -- a type of body fat known to generate heat when an animal
is cold -- in the control of food intake. During a meal, signals encoded
by gut hormones reach the brain via the blood or through nerves activated
in the small intestine. Researchers found that higher levels of secretin
in the subjects' blood corresponded to more metabolically active brown
fat.
Secretin
is a
hormone that
regulates water homeostasis throughout the body and influences the
environment of the duodenum by regulating secretions in the stomach,
pancreas, and liver. It is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of
the duodenum, which are located in the intestinal glands. In humans, the
secretin peptide is encoded by the SCT gene. Secretin helps regulate the
pH of the duodenum by (1) inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid from
the parietal cells of the stomach and (2) stimulating the production of
bicarbonate from the ductal cells of the pancreas. It also stimulates bile
production by the liver; the bile emulsifies dietary fats in the duodenum
so that pancreatic lipase can act upon them. Meanwhile, in concert with
secretin's actions, the other main hormone simultaneously issued by the
duodenum, cholecystokinin, is stimulating the gallbladder to contract,
delivering its stored bile for the same reason. Prosecretin is a precursor
to secretin, which is present in digestion. Secretin is stored in this
unusable form, and is activated by gastric acid in the lower intestine to
neutralize the pH and ensure no damage is done to the small intestine by
the aforementioned acid. In 2007, secretin was discovered to play a role
in osmoregulation by acting on the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and
kidney.
Sensory cells lining the gut are similar to cells on the tongue and in the
nose, relaying signals to the brain in less than 100 milliseconds.
Appetite disorders and obesity to arthritis and depression, may get their
start in the
gut. When the
researchers blocked the release of glutamate in the sensory gut cells, the
messages were silenced.
Intestines
modify their cellular structure in response to diet. Body organs such
as the
intestine and ovaries
undergo structural changes in response to dietary nutrients that can have
lasting impacts on metabolism, as well as cancer susceptibility.
A rhythmic small intestinal microbiome prevents obesity and type 2
diabetes. Researchers found that in mice how much they ate and when
altered the nature of their
gut
microbiome. Too much food too frequently resulted in poorer microbial
and metabolic health. In both mice and men, the
ileum is
the final stretch of the
small
intestine, connecting to the cecum, the first part of the large
intestine. In the ileum, nutrients are drawn out of liquefied food; in the
cecum, which also marks the beginning of the colon, the process of
extracting water begins. Both processes are complex, dynamic and
profoundly influenced by factors ranging from the types of foods consumed
and when, to the microbial residents of the gut, whose presence and
behaviors help dictate digestion, absorption of nutrients, vitamin
synthesis and development of the immune system. The gut microbiome is
constantly changing, not only based on what we're eating, but also based
on the time of day. The ileum has unique functions related to digestion
and absorption. Diet-induced obesity and time-restricted feeding alter
ileal microbiome composition and transcriptome, or the protein-coding part
of an organism's genome in mouse models. If mice could eat as much as they
wanted and whenever they wanted, it resulted in disruptions to gut
microbiome rhythms and the signaling pathways that help modulate
intestinal clocks, which caused mice became fat and unhealthy.
Vagus Nerve
is the tenth cranial nerve or CN X, and interfaces with
parasympathetic
control of the heart, lungs, rest and the
digestive tract. The vagus nerves are
paired; however, they are normally referred to in the singular. It is the
longest nerve pathway in the body or the longest nerve of the
autonomic nervous system in the human body. The vagus nerve originates
in the brainstem and
runs
through the neck and the throat all the way down to the abdomen. The
vagus nerve is also called
the wandering nerve. The Vagus nerve also has a
sympathetic function via the
peripheral chemoreceptors. Peripheral
chemoreceptors are activated primarily due to
hypoxemia. When
stimulated,
these chemoreceptors relay impulses throughout the vagus nerves in order
to enable a vasoconstrictor response and increase
blood pressure.
The nerve acts as a messenger between your body and your brain, sending
love notes or okay signals that it’s time to relax, digest, and recover.
Whether we are aware of it or not, the vagus nerve is essential for us to
recover from trauma, stress, and survival states, bringing us back into
connection, rest and equilibrium in our body and brain. When our body is
more relaxed, we are able to pause and evaluate our automatic thoughts
that fuel anxiety. When we are able to evaluate these thoughts, our body
relaxes more. This creates a more positive
conversation between your brain and your body.
Vagus
Nerve Stimulation is a medical treatment that involves delivering
electrical impulses to the vagus nerve. It is used as an adjunctive
treatment for certain types of intractable epilepsy and
treatment-resistant depression.
Gut Branches of Vagus Nerve essential components of Brain's Reward and
Motivation System.
Vagotomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing part
of the Vagus Nerve.
Enteric Nervous
System -
Body and Mind -
Thermo Regulation
Researchers discover brain circuit linked to food impulsivity.
Researchers focused on a subset of brain cells that produce a type of
transmitter in the hypothalamus called
melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). While previous research has shown
that elevating MCH levels in the brain can increase food intake, this
study is the first to show that MCH also plays a role in impulsive
behavior, We found that when we activate the cells in the brain that
produce MCH, animals become more impulsive in their behavior around food.
Results indicated MCH doesn't affect how much the animals liked the food
or how hard they were willing to work for the food. Rather, the circuit
acted on the animals' inhibitory control, or their ability to stop
themselves from trying to get the food."Activating this specific pathway
of MCH neurons increased impulsive behavior without affecting normal
eating for caloric need or motivation to consume delicious food.
Fatty meal interrupts gut's communication with the body, but why? If
that second helping of prime rib stuns your gut into silence, is that good
or bad? But cells that normally tell the brain and the rest of the body
what's going on after a meal shut down completely for a few hours after a
high-fat meal, a team of researchers discovered in zebrafish.
Enteroendocrine cells normally produce at least 15 different hormones to
send signals to the rest of the body. The finding could be a clue to
insulin resistance that leads to Type 2 diabetes.
A Hunger Peptide that tells you when to eat. A neuropeptide associated
with appetite is sent into the cerebrospinal fluid to connect with
neurons responsible for alerting hunger. In cell-to-cell communication,
the neurons are discretely passing notes to individual neurons or
other cells. However, cerebrospinal fluid distributes a newsletter to many
subscribers. The
melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system has been shown to modulate
dopamine-related
responses. This neuropeptide is generated by neurons in the brain's
hunger center, the lateral hypothalamus, at the base of the brain just
above the pituitary gland. A protein molecule, MCH stimulates appetite. It
also can slow energy expenditure.
Binge
Eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of
uncontrollable eating. It is a common symptom of eating disorders such as
binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. During such binges, a person
rapidly consumes an
excessive quantity of food. A diagnosis of binge
eating is associated with feelings of
loss of control. Binge eating
disorder is also linked with being overweight and obesity.
Signs of Binge Eating is consuming large amounts of food
rapidly within a short period of time. Eating when you’re not hungry.
Regularly eating alone or in secret. Feeling you are not in control of
your eating patterns. Feeling depressed, ashamed, or disgusted with your
eating habits.
Binge Eating Disorder is an eating disorder characterized by frequent
and recurrent binge eating episodes with associated negative psychological
and social problems, but without the compensatory behaviors common to
bulimia nervosa, OSFED, or the binge-purge subtype of anorexia nervosa.
Binge-Eating Disorder not as transient as previously thought. McLean
Hospital researchers show that binge-eating disorder lasts years rather
than months for many people, and relapse is common.
Compulsive.
Binge Eating
Knowledge (consuming knowledge is better) -
Brain Food
Eating Disorder is a mental disorder defined by
abnormal eating behaviors that adversely
affect a person's physical or mental health.
Bulimia Nervosa or bulimia, is an eating disorder characterized by
binge eating followed by purging or
fasting, and excessive concern with
body shape and weight.
One in eight Americans over 50 show signs of food addiction. Much
higher percentages of possible addiction to processed food seen among
older adults who are overweight or experiencing poor mental health or
isolation. Whether you call them comfort foods,
highly processed foods, junk foods, empty
calories or just some of
Americans' favorite foods and drinks, about 13% of people aged 50 to
80 have an unhealthy relationship with them, according to a new poll.
Rapid Binge-Like Eating and body weight gain driven by zona incerta GABA
neuron activation. Patients receiving deep brain stimulation of the
subthalamus, which includes the ZI, for the treatment of movement
disorders can exhibit characteristics of binge eating. They found that
stimulating ZI GABA neurons with axons extending into the paraventricular
thalamus (PVT) prompted immediate binge-like eating, just two to three
seconds after stimulation. Within ten minutes of continuous ZI GABA
stimulation, mice rapidly consumed 35% of their daily high-fat food store,
meant to be eaten over a 24-hour period.
Zona
Incerta is a horizontally elongated region of
gray matter in the
subthalamus below the
thalamus. Its connections project extensively over the brain from the
cerebral cortex down into the spinal cord. Its function is unknown, though
several potential functions related to "limbic–motor integration" have
been proposed, such as controlling visceral activity and pain; gating
sensory input and synchronizing cortical and subcortical brain rhythms.
Its dysfunction may play a role in central pain syndrome. It has also been
identified as a promising deep brain stimulation therapy target for
treating Parkinson's disease.
Microbes in your gut
produce 50% of
dopamine
and 90% of
serotonin hormones.
Your Gut can control your behavior.
Eating Triggers Endorphin Release in the Brain. Eating Stimulates
Brain’s
Endogenous Opioid
System to signal
pleasure
and satiety.
You Have
A Second Brain (youtube) -
Digestion Your
stomach can hold up to 4 liters of volume, about 17 cups.
If you know how much food you have eaten, then you will know when to stop.
That is one of the reasons to count
calories. And that is what
awareness and
mindful eating is important,
because you can't always rely on your body to give you
accurate information, but you can count on your brain if you
learn enough.
Eating attentively: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the
effect of food intake memory and awareness on eating.
Drink one glass of water 30 minutes before a meal
to help aid digestion. Remember not to drink too soon or
drink too much before or
after a meal as the water will dilute the digestive juices. Drink water an
hour after the meal to allow the body to absorb the nutrients. It
takes 4 hours for food to liquefy into
chyme,
which is the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small
intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food. It takes
from 5 minutes to a total of 120 minutes for water to be fully absorbed
into your bloodstream from the time of drinking.
Leptin
is a hormone made by
adipose cells that helps to
regulate energy balance by
inhibiting hunger
. Leptin is opposed by the
actions of the hormone ghrelin, the "hunger hormone". Both hormones act on
receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the
hypothalamus to regulate appetite
to achieve energy homeostasis. In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin occurs, resulting in an inability to detect satiety despite high
energy stores. Leptin hormone neural circuit and
anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects have found two mechanisms
underlying leptin's inhibition of appetite.
Meat.
Leptin helps hungry mice choose sex over food. To eat or to mate—that
is the question. And the answer is: moderately hungry mice choose to mate.
Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research and the
Cluster of Excellence for Aging Research CECAD at the University of
Cologne show that hungry mice prioritize interacting with members of the
opposite sex over eating and drinking when their brains are stimulated
with leptin, an appetite-suppressing hormone.
Leptin Reset
can be accomplished by eating 3 meals a day, stop grazing, start the day
with good meal, time your exercises, maintain a routine, and get some
daylight.
Postingestive Feedback (PDF)
- Emotions
(body effects mind) - Cell Signaling
A destructive mechanism that blocks the brain from knowing when to stop
eating. Leptin resistance was found when mice were fed a high-fat
diet, they produce an enzyme named
MMP-2
that clips receptors for the hormone leptin from the surface of
neuronal cells in the
hypothalamus. This
blocks leptin from binding to its receptors. This in turn keeps the
neurons from signaling that your stomach is full and you should stop
eating.
Ghrelin the "hunger hormone", also known as lenomorelin
(INN), is a peptide hormone produced by ghrelinergic cells in the
gastrointestinal tract which functions as a neuropeptide in the
central
nervous system. Besides regulating appetite, ghrelin also plays a
significant role in regulating the distribution and rate of use of
energy. When the stomach is empty,
ghrelin is secreted. When the stomach is stretched, secretion stops. It
acts on hypothalamic brain cells both to increase hunger, and to increase
gastric acid secretion and gastrointestinal motility to prepare the body
for food intake.
Orexin
also called hypocretin, is a
Neuropeptide that regulates
Arousal,
Wakefulness, and
Appetite.
Neurosecretory
protein GL is an appetite control mechanism found in brain.
Neuropeptide Y Receptor are a class of G-protein coupled receptors
which are activated by the closely related peptide hormones neuropeptide
Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. These receptors are involved in
the control of a diverse set of behavioral processes including appetite,
circadian rhythm, and anxiety. Once you eat, you produce neuropeptide Y
receptor, it activates the receptor, and then you don't feel hungry
anymore and you stop eating.
Upregulate this receptor with a small molecule can create this feeling
of not being hungry so that you eat less.
Metabolism -
Visceral Fat -
Microbes
Lipocalin-2 Hormone found to switch off hunger could be used as a
potential treatment for obesity.
Lipocalin-2 is a
protein that in humans is
encoded by the LCN2 gene. NGAL is involved in innate immunity by
sequestering iron and preventing its use by bacteria, thus limiting their
growth. It is expressed in neutrophils and in low levels in the kidney,
prostate, and epithelia of the respiratory and alimentary tracts. NGAL is
used as a biomarker of kidney injury.
Mitochondrial Disease is a group of disorders
caused by dysfunctional mitochondria, the organelles that generate energy
for the
cell.
Agouti-Related Peptide is a
neuropeptide produced in the
brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. Acts to increase appetite and decrease
metabolism and energy expenditure.
Melanocortin 4 Receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the
MC4R gene. It encodes the MC4 protein, a G protein-coupled receptor that
binds α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). In murine models MC4
receptors have been found to be involved in
feeding
behaviour, the regulation of
metabolism,
sexual behaviour,
and male erectile function. In 2008, MC4R mutations were reported to be
associated with inherited human obesity. They were found in heterozygotes,
suggesting an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. However, based on
other research and observations, these mutations seem to have an
incomplete penetrance and some degree of codominance. It has a prevalence
of 1.0–2.5% in people with body mass indices greater than 30, making it
the most commonly known genetic defect predisposing people to obesity.
Having certain
Hereditary Vulnerabilities
does not mean that you don't have any
control over what you
can do with your mind or your body. You have options and you can make
better choices.
Gut Feelings -
Anxiety
Starvation
Response Famine Reaction in animals is a set of adaptive biochemical and
physiological changes that reduce metabolism in response to a lack of food.
Hypothalamus
(brain)
Nucleus Accumbens is the cognitive processing of motivation,
pleasure, and reward and reinforcement learning, and hence has
significant role in addiction. It plays a lesser role in fear,
impulsivity, and the
placebo effect. It is involved in the
encoding of new motor programs as well.
Human Homeostasis
is the property of a system in which a variable (for example, the
concentration of a substance in solution, or its temperature) is actively
regulated to remain very nearly constant. This regulation occurs inside a
defined environment (mostly within a living organism's body).
Serotonin is a monoamine
neurotransmitter.
Biochemically derived from tryptophan, serotonin is primarily found in the
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), blood platelets, and the
central
nervous system (CNS) of animals, including humans. It is popularly thought
to be a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness.
Endocrine System
(hormones)
Sleep Restriction enhances the daily rhythm of circulating
levels of endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol. The daily
rhythm of a particular
endocannabinoid, known as 2-AG, is altered by a
lack of
sleep. Lack of sleep can also alter hunger and satiety
hormones.
Leptin satiety hormone, is a
hormone made by adipose cells
that helps to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger. Leptin is opposed by the actions of the hormone ghrelin, the
"hunger hormone".
Ghrelin the
"hunger hormone", also known as lenomorelin (INN), is a peptide
hormone produced by ghrelinergic cells in the gastrointestinal
tract. Besides regulating appetite, ghrelin also plays a
significant role in regulating the distribution and rate of use
of
energy.
Food for Thought
Is overeating or
starving
yourself a form of
violence against your body, a type of
self-harming?
Mindfulness EatingWhat are the differences between
appetite,
hunger and
nutrition?
Is
gluttony
just an
eating disorder
or just another
addiction?
Decadent Moments or moments of
decadence? (perceived decay in standards,
morals, dignity, religious faith, or skill).
Remember, just because something is
natural does not mean that it is
safe.
It's a
learned behavior, and
when there is also the lack of
knowledge,
and the lack of
awareness, and the lack of
control, you end up with an
addiction. You are no longer
the captain of your own ship, and your ship is slowly sinking.
Trim28 Haploinsufficiency Triggers Bi-stable Epigenetic Obesity.
Genetics and Epigenetics of Obesity.
Way Beyond Weight (youtube)
People who drink moderately, exercise, don't smoke, eat five
servings of
fruit and vegetables each day live on average 14
years longer than people who don't follow these healthy rules. That leaves more time to do those things that you have on that bucket list.
Bucket List Ideas.
Inflammation - Swelling
Inflammation is part of the
complex biological response of
body tissues to
harmful stimuli, such as
pathogens, damaged
cells, or
irritants, and is a protective response involving
immune cells, blood
vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to
eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out
necrotic cells and
tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and
to initiate
tissue repair.
Swelling is
a transient abnormal enlargement of a body part or area not caused by
proliferation of cells. It is caused by
accumulation of fluid in tissues
It can occur throughout the body (generalized), or a specific part or
organ can be affected (localized). Swelling is usually not dangerous and
is a common reaction to a inflammation or a bruise.
Bloating -
Over Eating -
Food Allergies -
Sleep Disorders -
Congestion
(mucus) -
Inflammation Help -
Autoimmune Disease
Hypertrophy is the increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to
the enlargement of its component
cells.
It is distinguished from
hyperplasia, in which the cells remain approximately the same size but
increase in number.
Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the
nervous tissue. It may be
initiated in response to a variety of cues, including infection, traumatic
brain injury,
toxic metabolites, or
autoimmunity.
Scientists discover promising off-switch for inflammation.
Itaconate is a molecule derived from glucose that acts as a powerful
off-switch for macrophages, which are the cells in the immune system that
lie at the heart of many inflammatory diseases including arthritis,
inflammatory bowel disease and heart disease.
NLRP3 is a
protein that
in humans is encoded by the NLRP3 gene located on the long arm of
chromosome 1. NLRP3 is expressed predominantly in
macrophages and as a component of
the inflammasome, detects products of damaged cells such as extracellular
ATP and crystalline uric acid. Activated NLRP3 in turn triggers an
immune response. Mutations in the NLRP3
gene are associated with a number of organ specific
autoimmune diseases.
VEXAS is a rare
auto-inflammatory
syndrome, is an acronym that stands for several key features of the
syndrome. In every case of the syndrome, a patient has a genetic mutation
coding for the enzyme E1.
AIDS.
Inflammasome are cytosolic multiprotein oligomers of the innate immune
system responsible for the activation of inflammatory responses.
Activation and assembly of the inflammasome promotes proteolytic cleavage,
maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β
(IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18), as well as cleavage of Gasdermin-D.
The N-terminal fragment resulting from this cleavage induces a
pro-inflammatory form of
programmed
cell death distinct from apoptosis, referred to as pyroptosis, and is
responsible for secretion of the mature cytokines, presumably through the
formation of pores in the plasma membrane. In the case of dysregulation of
inflammasome activation, an assortment of major diseases, such as cancer,
autoimmune, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases may arise.
Autoantibodies and the Immune Hypothesis in Psychotic Brain
Diseases: Challenges and Perspectives.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the
body's response to
infection injures its own tissues and organs.
Kills 300,000 a year in the U.S..
Infections -
Immune System -
Inflammation and the immune system
Hormones -
Vagus Nerve
A new mechanism triggering cell death and inflammation: A left turn that
kills. Researchers describe their discovery of a new mechanism that
could contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. The
scientists found that
ZBP1, a protein best known for defending against
incoming viruses, is activated by sensing an unusual form of cellular
genetic material (
Z-nucleic acids), leading to cell death and
inflammation. Z-form nucleic acids are double-stranded DNA and RNA
molecules with an unusual left-handed double helix structure, as opposed
to the classical right-handed Watson-Crick double helix. Z-nucleic acids
were discovered more than 40 years ago, but their biological function has
remained poorly understood.
Reconceptualizing Major Depressive Disorder as an Infectious
Disease.
Scientists reveal how our cells' leaky batteries are making us sick.
Researchers have discovered how "leaky"
mitochondria -- the powerhouses of our
cells -- can drive harmful inflammation responsible for diseases such
as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Scientists may be able to leverage the
findings to develop better treatments for those diseases, improve our
ability to fight off viruses and even slow aging. The new discovery
reveals how genetic material can escape from our cellular batteries, known
as mitochondria, and prompt the body to launch a damaging immune response.
By developing therapies to target this process, doctors may one day be
able to stop the harmful inflammation and prevent the toll it takes on our
bodies.
Link between Inflammation and Mental Sluggishness or Brain Fog shown in
new study. Inflammation appears to have a particular negative impact
on the brain's readiness to reach and maintain an alert state.
Brain Inflammation and Depression.
Inflammation discovery could slow aging, prevent age-related diseases.
School of Medicine researchers have discovered a key driver of chronic
inflammation that
accelerates aging. That
finding could let us slow the clock to live longer, healthier lives, and
may allow us to prevent age-related conditions such as deadly heart
disease and devastating brain disorders that rob us of our faculties.
How the brain detects and regulates inflammation. Scientists have
revealed the existence of a circuit involved in sensing and also in the
regulation of the anti-inflammatory response orchestrated by different
brain regions. This circuit detects inflammation in the blood and
organizes and regulates the immune response. It embodies a two-way
connection between the brain and
immune
system.
Scientists identify new brain circuit in mice that controls body's
inflammatory reactions. The brain can direct the immune system to an
unexpected degree, capable of detecting, ramping up and tamping down
inflammation, shows a new study in mice.
Lipedema
is a chronic disorder of
adipose tissue and
lymphatic vessel dysfunction
"described as a bilateral, symmetrical, flabby swelling of the legs
that arises from deposition of adipose tissue starting at the hips and
ending at the ankles, like riding breeches". In some cases, the upper arms
can also accumulate distinct patterns of fatty tissue.
Anti-Inflammatory is a substance or treatment that reduces
inflammation or swelling.
Anti-Inflammatory Diet refers to the
property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or
swelling.
Webmd - Inflammatory Diet -
Diets
-
pH
Anti-Inflammatory Pyramid Info-Graph (image)
Anti-Inflammatory Foods:
Enzyme-rich foods, including wheatgrass, other grasses, banana
and raw honey, Pineapple and Papaya, Cherries, Berries,
including blueberries, blackberries, strawberries, raspberries,
and cranberries, Green tea, Cacao, Walnuts, Seeds, including
flax and chia, Avocados, Rhizomes, including turmeric,
curcumin, and ginger root. The GAPS diet was derived from the
Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD).
Microbes
-
Gut Bacteria
Every meal triggers
inflammation. When we eat, we do not just take in
nutrients – we also consume a significant quantity of bacteria.
The body is faced with the challenge of simultaneously
distributing the ingested glucose and fighting these bacteria.
This triggers an inflammatory response that activates the
immune
systems of healthy individuals and has a protective effect, as
doctors have proven for the first time. In overweight
individuals, however, this inflammatory response fails so
dramatically that it can lead to
diabetes.
Pain-sensing gut neurons protect against inflammation. Neurons that
sense pain protect the gut from inflammation and associated tissue damage
by regulating the
microbial
community living in the intestines, according to a new study. These
gut-innervating pain neurons, whose cell bodies sit in the lower spine,
express a surface protein called
TRPV1,
which serves as a receptor for pain-related signals. TRPV1 can be
activated by high heat, acid, and the chili-pepper compound capsaicin, for
example -- and the brain translates this activation into a sense of
burning pain. The researchers found that silencing these TRPV1 receptors
in gut nerves, or deleting TRPV1-expressing neurons, led to much worse
inflammation and tissue damage in IBD mouse models, whereas activating the
receptors had a protective effect.
Inflammatory molecules controlling capillary loss. A study discovered
that three major proinflammatory mediators -- interlukin-1 beta, tumor
necrosis factor alpha, and thrombin -- individually and especially when
combined, directly drive capillary loss known to occur in diseases such as
hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative
diseases and malignant cancer. Using an innnovative 3-D cell model, the
investigators also identified combinations of existing drugs that can
block the regression of these tiny blood vessels.
Capillaries, our
body's tiniest and most abundant blood vessels, connect arteries with
veins and exchange oxygen, nutrients and waste between the bloodstream and
tissues throughout the body.
Cytokine
Release Syndrome is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome
that can be triggered by a variety of factors such as
infections and
certain drugs. It occurs when large numbers of
white blood cells are
activated and release inflammatory cytokines, which in turn activate yet
more white blood cells.
CRS is also an adverse effect of some monoclonal
antibody drugs, as well as adoptive T-cell therapies. Severe cases have
been called
cytokine storms. When occurring as a result of drug
administration, it is also known as an infusion reaction.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in children is a condition where
different body parts can become inflamed, including the heart, lungs,
kidneys, brain, skin, eyes, or gastrointestinal organs.
Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome or systemic inflammatory
syndrome in COVID19, is a rare systemic illness involving
persistent fever and extreme inflammation following exposure to
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. It can rapidly lead to
medical emergencies such as insufficient blood flow around the body (a
condition known as shock). Failure of one or more organs can occur. A
warning sign is unexplained persistent fever with severe symptoms
following exposure to
COVID-19. Prompt referral to paediatric specialists
is essential, and families need to seek urgent medical assistance. Most
affected children will need intensive care.
Diagnostic tool identifies puzzling inflammatory diseases in kids. RNA
is expelled from cells via cell death or active release, and can then find
its way into blood plasma. Medical researchers have now developed machine
learning models that use these cell-free molecular RNA dregs to diagnose
pediatric inflammatory conditions that are difficult to differentiate. The
diagnostic tool can accurately determine if a patient has
Kawasaki Disease,
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children, a viral infection or a
bacterial infection, while simultaneously monitoring the patient's organ
health.
When they report that someone has died of covid-19,
they don't say why or explain what was the underlying cause for death,
because covid-19 is not the only reason why someone dies, there is always
a
vulnerability, so why was
someone vulnerable. This type of
under-reporting is
disturbing and alarming. When someone does not tell you all the facts,
they are lying to hide something or
cover-up something.
Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, and pericarditis is
inflammation of the outer lining of the heart. In both cases, the body's
immune system causes inflammation in response to an infection or some
other trigger. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy, is inflammation of the heart
muscle. Symptoms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, decreased
ability to exercise, and an irregular heartbeat. The duration of problems
can vary from hours to months. Complications may include heart failure due
to dilated cardiomyopathy or cardiac arrest. In 2013, about 1.5 million
cases of acute myocarditis occurred. While people of all ages are
affected, the young are most often affected. It is slightly more common in
males than females. Most cases are mild. In 2015 cardiomyopathy, including
myocarditis, resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990. The
initial descriptions of the condition are from the mid-1800s. Myocarditis
is most often due to a viral infection. Other causes include bacterial
infections, certain medications, toxins and autoimmune disorders. A
diagnosis may be supported by an electrocardiogram (ECG), increased
troponin, heart MRI, and occasionally a heart biopsy. An ultrasound of the
heart is important to rule out other potential causes such as heart valve
problems. Treatment depends on both the severity and the cause.
Medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and diuretics are often
used. A period of no exercise is typically recommended during recovery.
Corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may be useful in
certain cases. In severe cases an implantable cardiac defibrillator or
heart transplant may be recommended.
Nervous system puts the brakes on inflammation. Cells in the
nervous system can 'put
the brakes' on the
immune response to
infections in the gut and lungs to prevent excessive inflammation. There
is a crosstalk between the nervous system and the immune system, and that
plays an important role in regulating acute and chronic inflammation.
Inflammatory response that is triggered by allergens or infections with
parasites called
helminths. Exposure to these agents causes a class of immune cells
called group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) to release inflammatory
molecules called
cytokines
that can promote increased mucus production and
muscle contractions -- all of which help to expel the parasite or allergen
from the body. ILC2s have receptors on their surface called
β2 adrenergic
receptors (β2AR) that interact with a chemical called
norepinephrine that
nerve cells release. These receptors give nerve cells the ability to
interact with each other and influence the immune response. To determine
the role of β2AR in communication between the two systems.
Scientists discover anti-inflammatory molecules that decline in the aging
brain. A class of lipids called SGDGs (
3-sulfogalactosyl
diacylglycerols) that decline in the brain with age and may have
anti-inflammatory effects. The research helps unravel the molecular basis
of brain aging, reveals new mechanisms underlying age-related neurological
diseases, and offers future opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Amyloidosis is a rare disease characterized by a buildup of abnormal
amyloid deposits in the body. Amyloid deposits can build up in the heart,
brain, kidneys, spleen and other parts of the body. Amyloid is an abnormal
protein that is produced in your bone marrow and can be deposited in any
tissue or organ. A person may have amyloidosis in one organ or several.
Almost 70 percent of people with amyloidosis are men. Amyloidosis may be
secondary to a different health condition or can develop as a primary
condition.
Lysosomal swelling was observed near the degenerated materials of
astrocytes, and an accumulation of lipids was found.
Lysosomes
are membrane-bound organelles with roles in processes involved in
degrading and recycling cellular waste, cellular signaling and energy
metabolism.
Evidence in mice that electroacupuncture reduces inflammation via specific
neural pathways. Stimulating the nervous system using small electric
current by acupuncture could tamp down systemic inflammation in the body,
suggests new research in mice. Previous studies have shown direct vagal
nerve stimulations in the neck region can help reduce inflammation, but
these experimental approaches require invasive procedures.
Over Weight People can have Lower Cognitive Abilities
Over weight people have a tendency to suffer more with
depression and can also have
a
lower IQ.
Hippocampal lesions impair retention of discriminative responding based on
energy state cues.
Central Adiposity Is Negatively Associated with
Hippocampal-Dependent Relational Memory among Overweight and Obese
Children.
Higher body mass index is associated with episodic memory deficits in
young adults -
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Scientists detect gray matter changes in brains of teenagers with type 2
diabetes.
Not
Enough Healthy Food also Impairs Cognitive Abilities.
Women with a heart healthy diet in midlife are less likely to report
cognitive decline later.
Genetic brain disorder fixed in mice using precision epigenome editing.
Using a targeted gene epigenome editing approach in the developing mouse
brain, researchers reversed one gene mutation that leads to the genetic
disorder
WAGR syndrome, which causes intellectual disability and obesity in
people. This specific editing was unique in that it changed the epigenome
-- how the genes are regulated -- without changing the actual genetic code
of the gene being regulated.
Diabetes linked to functional and structural brain changes through MRI.
A new study finds that the longer a person has type 2 diabetes, the more
likely they may be to experience changes in brain structure. MRI results,
researchers say, indicate the negative effects longstanding diabetes may
have on brain health outcomes and emphasize the importance of preventing
early onset type 2 diabetes. Brain imaging suggested that study
participants with longer durations of type 2 diabetes had decreased mean
cortical thickness and gray matter volumes, and an increased volume of
white matter hyperintensities.
Alzheimer Disease -
Diabetes -
Neural Pruning Not Enough Exercise Lowers
Cognitive Abilities.
Scientists identify how dietary restriction slows brain aging and
increases lifespan. The mechanism provides potential therapeutic
targets to slow aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The team
found that mtd/OXR1 preserves retromer function and is necessary for
neuronal function, healthy brain aging, and lifespan extension seen with
dietary restriction.
Oxidation
resistance protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the
OXR1 gene.
Unhealthy Foods (processed food)
Obesity dulls the sense of taste. Obese
mice had about 25 percent fewer taste buds than lean mice in study.
MRI reveals brain damage in obese teens. Researchers using MRI have
found signs of damage that may be related to inflammation in the brains of
obese adolescents, according to a new study.
Yale Rudd Center For Food Policy & Obesity.
Anti-obesity drug improves associative learning in people with obesity.
Liraglutide benefits brain activity in people with obesity.
Obesity
leads to altered energy metabolism and reduced insulin sensitivity of
cells. The so-called 'anti-obesity drugs' are increasingly used to treat
obesity and have caused tremendous interest, especially in the USA.
Researchers have now shown in people with obesity that reduced insulin
sensitivity affects learning of sensory associations. A single dose of the
anti-obesity drug liraglutide was able to normalize these changes and
restore the underlying brain circuit function.
Lifestyle
Medicine is a branch of medicine dealing with research,
prevention and treatment of
disorders caused by lifestyle factors such as nutrition,
physical
inactivity, and chronic stress. In the clinic, major barriers to lifestyle
counseling are that physicians feel ill prepared and are skeptical about
their patients' receptivity.
Weight Loss
Weight Loss refers to a reduction of the
total body mass, due to a mean loss of fluid, body fat or adipose tissue
or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other
connective tissue. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally due to
malnourishment or an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort
to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. "Unexplained"
weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or
exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical
condition. Intentional weight loss is commonly referred to as slimming.
Weight Loss Counseling.
Weight Loss Specialists.
Weight Loss Management.
Garcinia Gummi-Gutta is a fruit that
looks like a small pumpkin and is green to pale yellow in color. Although
it has received considerable media attention purporting its effects on
weight loss, there is liver toxicity associated with commercial
preparations of the fruit extract with clinical evidence indicating it has
no significant effect on weight loss.
Inflammation (swelling)
Weight Loss is more about the
Food you eat and not
just about how much you
exercise.
You should at least produce electricity when you exercise.
Body Mass Index
(measuring how much fat your body has)
Vitals (measuring
regulatory systems in the body)
Eating pasta
Al dente can lower the
glycemic index for better
blood sugar control. Eating smaller portions of
pasta can help avoid creating a
carbohydrate overload and a spike in high blood sugar. Buy
pasta with a low glycemic index. Soaking your pasta in a bowl of water for
an hour before dinner will reduce boiling pasta time to almost 1 minute.
Cooking Tips.
Hypothyroidism is a common disorder of the
endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce
enough
thyroid hormone. It can cause a number of symptoms, such as
poor ability to tolerate cold, a feeling of tiredness, and
weight gain.
Dehydration Tricks you into Feeling Hungry.
"Drinking a glass of
water
when hunger cravings hit, and then waiting 5 - 10 minutes, can help
diminish your hungry feeling."
Drink 16 oz's of water before every single meal,
which makes you feel full. Previous studies have suggested that drinking
water 20 to 30 minutes before a meal causes people to eat fewer calories
later on, perhaps because they are not confusing hunger with thirst.
Staying hydrated also means your body is not holding onto liquids since
the water is constantly being replenished.
"Enjoy eating at least one good meal
per day."
Avoid Processed Foods -
Meats
Metabolism
Eating too much food or just eating the
wrong foods is like slowly poisoning yourself. That's why it's
so hard to imagine something that you need to live can actually
be the reason you're dying, or the reason you're suffering from
some diet related health issue, and you wonder why
Nutrition Education
is so extremely important.
Flavor
(food chemistry)
Calorie Density -
Carbs
Eating behaviors are perpetuated by
highly-processed, tasty
food, especially those with a
High Glycemic Index.
Addictions -
Sugar
Foods that Curb Hunger.
Energy Density and Low Calorie Foods.
Energy Density & Weight Loss: Feel Full on Fewer Calories.
Everyone should be provided with the highest quality food that
supplies them with all the nutritional needs for a person to
have a strong mind and body. If someone wants to supplement
their diet or eat more, then they can, but just let them know
that eating more then what the body and mind needs is not
necessary, and eating more will actually do you more harm then
good. Over eating, or eating low nutrient food once in a while can be
fun, but just once in a while. The body is not made to consume more food
then the body needs. So either you are forcing your body to store fat, or your forcing your body to be unnatural.
Drug researcher develops 'fat burning' molecule mitochondrial
uncoupler, named BAM15, that decreases the body fat mass of mice without
affecting food intake and muscle mass or increasing body temperature.
Protein FGFBP3 or BP3 for short might offer novel therapy to reverse
disorders associated with
metabolic syndrome, such as type 2 diabetes and
fatty liver disease.
Fats - Good Fats and Bad Fats - Types of Fats
Fat
is a soft greasy substance occurring in organic tissue and consisting of a
mixture of lipids and mostly triglycerides. A kind of body tissue
containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy and also cushions
and insulates vital organs. Fat are one of the three main macronutrients,
along with carbohydrates and proteins. Fat molecules consist of primarily
carbon and hydrogen atoms and are therefore hydrophobic and are soluble in
organic solvents and insoluble in water. Examples include cholesterol,
phospholipids, and triglycerides. Fat can also mean excess bodily weight
and having an over abundance of flesh or having a relatively large
diameter.
Lipid is
an oily organic compound
insoluble in
water but soluble in organic solvents;
Lipids are essential structural
component of living cells (along with proteins and carbohydrates). Lipid
is any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their
derivatives. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.
Triglyceride are
the
main constituents of body fat in humans and other animals, as well as
vegetable fat. They are also present in the blood to enable the
bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the
liver, and are a major component of human skin oils. In the human body,
high levels of triglycerides in the bloodstream have been linked to
atherosclerosis and, by extension, the risk of heart disease and stroke.
However, the relative negative impact of raised levels of triglycerides
compared to that of LDL:HDL ratios is as yet unknown. High LDL is not
always bad. Triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty
acids (tri- + glyceride). Triglycerides are the main constituents of body
fat in humans and other animals, as well as vegetable fat.
Fatty
Acid is a
carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated
or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched
chain of an even number of
carbon atoms, from 4 to 28. Fatty acids are usually not found in
organisms, but instead as three main classes of esters: triglycerides,
phospholipids, and cholesterol esters. In any of these forms, fatty acids
are both important dietary sources of fuel for animals and they are
important structural components for cells.
A typical young male adult stores about 60,000 to 100,000
calories of energy in
body fat cells. Fat is stored inside the fat cell in the
form of
triaglycerol. Fat cells can increase both in size (
hypertrophy)
and in number (
hyperplasia).
The average size (weight) of an adult fat cell is about 0.6
micrograms, but they can vary in size from 0.2 micograms to 0.9
micrograms. An overweight person’s fat cells can be up to three
times larger than a person with ideal body composition. When
your body needs
energy because you’re consuming fewer calories
than you are burning (an energy deficit), then your body
releases hormones and enzymes that signal your fat cells to
release your fat reserves instead of keeping them in storage.
When we lose fat the fat cell releases its contents
(triaglycerol) into the bloodstream as
free fatty acids (FFA’s), and they are transported through
the blood to the tissues where the energy is needed. An
important enzyme called
lipoprotein lipase (LPL), then helps the FFA’s get inside
the
mitochondria of the muscle cell, where the FFA’s can be
burned for
Energy.
Saturated Fat is a type of fat, in which the fatty acids all
have single bonds. A fat is made of two kinds of smaller molecules:
monoglyceride and
fatty acids. Fats are made of long chains of carbon (C)
atoms. Some carbon atoms are linked by single bonds (-C-C-) and others are
linked by double bonds (-C=C-). Double bonds can react with hydrogen to
form single bonds. They are called saturated, because the second bond is
broken up and each half of the bond is attached to (saturated with) a
hydrogen atom. Most animal fats are saturated. The fats of plants and fish
are generally unsaturated. Saturated fats tend to have higher melting
points than their corresponding unsaturated fats, leading to the popular
understanding that saturated fats tend to be solids at body temperatures,
while unsaturated fats tend to be liquid oils.
Good Fats.
Polyunsaturated Fat are fats in which the constituent
hydrocarbon chain
possesses two or more carbon–carbon double bonds. Polyunsaturated fat can
be found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, seed oils, and oysters.
"Unsaturated" refers to the fact that the molecules contain less than the
maximum amount of
hydrogen
(if there were no double bonds). These materials exist as cis or trans
isomers depending on the geometry of the double bond. Saturated fats have
hydrocarbon chains which can be most readily aligned. The hydrocarbon
chains in trans fats align more readily than those in cis fats, but less
well than those in saturated fats. In general, this means that the melting
points of fats increase from cis to trans unsaturated and then to
saturated.
Fat Chemical Structure.
Oxidative
Stress.
Visceral Fat is body fat that is stored within the abdominal
cavity and is therefore stored around a number of important
internal organs such as the liver, pancreas, heart and
intestines. 80% of visceral fat in the body can be traced back
to a single cell in the embryo called
WT1.
Fat Around The Heart May Increase Risk Of Heart Attacks.
Adipose Tissue or body fat is a loose connective
tissue composed mostly of
adipocytes. In addition to adipocytes, adipose
tissue contains the
stromal vascular fraction of cells including
preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and a variety of
immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophage.
Body Mass Index.
Ectopic Fat is excess fat that is
stored in tissues and organs such as the liver, skeletal muscle, heart,
and pancreas. Fat is normally stored in adipose tissue. Ectopic fat can
interfere with cellular functions and hence organ function and is
associated with
insulin resistance.
Brown Fat makes up the adipose organ together with
white adipose tissue (or white fat). BAT is found in almost all mammals.
Classification of brown fat refers to two distinct cell populations with
similar functions. The first shares a common embryological origin with
muscle cells, found in larger "classic" deposits. The second develops from
white adipocytes that are stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.
These adipocytes are found interspersed in white adipose tissue and are
also named 'beige' or 'brite'.
Molecule that gives energy-burning brown fat its identity could lead to
drugs for Obesity. A protein
Estrogen-related receptor gamma, found in brown fat, but not typical
white fat, is key to how the energy-burning brown fat cells function.
White Adipose
Tissue is one of the two types of adipose tissue found in mammals. The
other kind of adipose tissue is brown adipose tissue. In healthy,
non-overweight humans, white adipose tissue composes as much as 20% of the
body weight in men and 25% of the body weight in women. Its cells contain
a single large fat droplet, which forces the nucleus to be squeezed into a
thin rim at the periphery. They have receptors for insulin, sexual
hormones, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids. White adipose tissue is
used as a store of energy. Upon release of insulin from the pancreas,
white adipose cells' insulin receptors cause a dephosphorylation cascade
that lead to the inactivation of hormone-sensitive lipase. It was
previously thought that upon release of glucagon from the pancreas,
glucagon receptors cause a phosphorylation cascade that activates
hormone-sensitive lipase, causing the breakdown of the stored fat to fatty
acids, which are exported into the blood and bound to albumin, and
glycerol, which is exported into the blood freely. There is actually no
evidence at present that glucagon has any effect on lipolysis in white
adipose tissue. Glucagon is now thought to act exclusively on the liver to
trigger glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The trigger for this process
in white adipose tissue is instead now thought to be adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH), adrenaline and noradrenaline. Fatty acids are taken up by
muscle and cardiac tissue as a fuel source, and glycerol is taken up by
the liver for gluconeogenesis. White adipose tissue also acts as a thermal
insulator, helping to maintain
body temperature.
The hormone leptin is primarily manufactured in the adipocytes of white
adipose tissue, which also produces another hormone,
asprosin,
which is a
protein
hormone produced by mammals in their fatty (white adipose) tissues
that stimulates the liver to release glucose into the blood stream.
Subcutaneous Tissue is the lowermost layer of the
integumentary system in vertebrates. The types of cells found in the
hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. The hypodermis
is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived
from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. In arthropods, the hypodermis
is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The
term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis
of plants.
Abdominal Obesity
is when excessive abdominal fat around the stomach and abdomen has built
up to the extent that it is likely to have a negative impact on health.
There is a strong correlation between central obesity and cardiovascular
disease. Abdominal obesity is not confined only to the elderly and obese
subjects. Abdominal obesity has been linked to Alzheimer's disease as well
as other metabolic and vascular diseases.
Lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose primary purpose is to
transport
hydrophobic
lipid (
a.k.a. or also known
as Fat) molecules in water, as in blood or extracellular
fluid. They have a single-layer phospholipid and cholesterol outer shell,
with the hydrophilic portions oriented outward toward the surrounding
water and lipophilic portions of each molecule oriented inwards toward the
lipids molecules within the
particles. Apolipoproteins are embedded in the membrane, both stabilising
the complex and giving it functional identity determining its fate. Thus
the complex serves to emulsify the fats. Many enzymes, transporters,
structural proteins, antigens, adhesions, and toxins are lipoproteins.
Examples include the plasma lipoprotein particles classified as HDL, LDL,
IDL, VLDL and ULDL (a.k.a. chylomicrons) lipoproteins, according to
density / size (an inverse relationship), compared with the surrounding
plasma water. These complex protein capsules enable fats to be carried in
all extracellular water, including the blood stream (an example of
emulsification), subgroups of which are primary drivers / modulators of
atherosclerosis, the transmembrane proteins of mitochondrion, chloroplast,
and bacterial lipoproteins. Proteolipids are a different kind of
protein-lipid combination that are insoluble in water. Proteolipids are
abundant in brain tissue, and are also present in many other animal and
plant tissues.
Adenosine Triphosphate is a nucleoside triphosphate
used in cells as a coenzyme often called the "molecular unit of
currency" of intracellular
energy
transfer.
Adiponectin is a
protein which in humans is encoded by the ADIPOQ gene. It is
involved in regulating glucose levels as well as fatty acid breakdown.
Adipocyte are the cells that primarily compose adipose
tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.
Cryolipolysis is a medical treatment used to destroy fat
cells.
Scientists suspect that our levels of
glycerol
and
glyceraldehyde naturally increase over time because they are
toxic byproducts of fat, which we store
more of as we age. Thus, AMAR may offer a way to head off the
fat-derived toxicity, extend the number of
years we live in good health, and maybe help us shed some extra pounds,
too.
Mesothelium Membrane is a membrane composed of simple
squamous epithelium that forms the lining of several body cavities.
Smen
is salted fermented
butter.
Skin Patch Dissolves “Love Handles” in Mice. Medicated skin patch that
can turn energy-storing white fat into energy-burning brown fat locally
while raising the body’s overall metabolism. The patch could be used to
burn off pockets of unwanted fat such as “love handles” and treat
metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes.
Ghee is
the complete distillation of butter, a slow, careful process that removes
all moisture and lactose, making it a perfect choice for those with a
lactose allergy. Ghee has been used for centuries as a digestive aid, for
energy, sexual vitality, skin and eye health and as a lubricant for the
joints.
Clarified Butter is milk fat rendered from butter to separate the milk
solids and water from the butterfat. Typically, it is produced by melting
butter and allowing the components to separate by density. The water
evaporates, some solids float to the surface and are skimmed off, and the
remainder of the milk solids sink to the bottom and are left behind when
the butter fat (which would then be on top) is poured off. This butter fat
is the clarified butter.
Butter
is a dairy product containing up to 80%
butterfat (in commercial products) which is solid when chilled and at
room temperature in some regions and liquid when warmed. It is made by
churning fresh or fermented cream or milk to separate the butterfat from
the buttermilk. Butter is made from churning
milk or cream. The churning process
separates the butterfat (the solids) from the buttermilk (the liquid). The
butter we most often buy is made from cow's milk, although other
varieties, made from the milk of sheep, goat, yak, or buffalo, are also
available.
Buttermilk the liquid left behind after churning butter out of
cultured cream. This type of buttermilk is now specifically referred to as
traditional buttermilk.
Cream is
a
dairy product composed of the
higher-butterfat layer skimmed from the top of
milk before homogenization.
Churning is the process of shaking up cream or whole milk to make
butter, usually using a butter churn. In Europe from the Middle Ages until
the Industrial Revolution, a churn was usually as simple as a barrel with
a plunger in it, moved by hand. These have mostly been replaced by
mechanical churns.
Differences between Male and Female Fat Tissue, and Health.
Researchers found that the abdominal fat on female mice had more blood
vessels than the fat on male mice, and that this protected the health of
the female mice as they gained fat from eating a high-fat diet.
Mechanism of Free Fatty Acid Re-Esterification in Human Adipocytes in
vitro. Within adipose tissue, free fatty acids liberated by lipolysis
may be re-esterified into newly synthesized triacylglycerol. We
hypothesized that re-esterification may occur via an extracellular route,
such that free fatty acids arising from lipolysis must leave the adipocyte
and be taken up again before they can be re-esterified. We simultaneously
measured rates of lipolysis, acylglycerol synthesis, and free fatty acid
re-esterification in human adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes in
vitro, utilizing a dual-isotopic technique. We manipulated incubations to
increase mixing of released free fatty acids with the incubation medium.
Such manipulations should decrease the probability that released free
fatty acids would be taken up and re-esterified. We found that
re-esterification was decreased in isolated adipocytes compared to
fragments of tissue, in shaken compared to unshaken incubations, and in
low adipocyte concentrations compared to high adipocyte concentrations.
Rates of acylglycerol synthesis and lipolysis were unaltered by these
manipulations, indicating that changes in free fatty acid
re-esterification are not secondary to effects on these processes. The
results are consistent with an extracellular route for free fatty acid
re-esterification. Such a mechanism suggests that adipose tissue blood
flow may play an important role in the regulation of free fatty acid
release from adipose tissue.
De
Novo Lipogenesis in Humans: Metabolic and Regulatory aspects. The
enzymatic pathway for converting dietary
carbohydrate
(CHO) into fat, or de novo lipogenesis (DNL), is present in humans,
whereas the capacity to convert fats into CHO does not exist. Here, the
quantitative importance of DNL in humans is reviewed, focusing on the
response to increased intake of dietary CHO. Eucaloric replacement of
dietary fat by CHO does not induce hepatic DNL to any substantial degree.
Similarly, addition of CHO to a mixed diet does not increase hepatic DNL
to quantitatively important levels, as long as CHO energy intake remains
less than total energy expenditure (TEE). Instead, dietary CHO replaces
fat in the whole-body fuel mixture, even in the post-absorptive state.
Body fat is thereby accrued, but the pathway of DNL is not traversed;
instead, a coordinated set of metabolic adaptations, including resistance
of hepatic glucose production to suppression by insulin, occurs that
allows CHO oxidation to increase and match CHO intake. Only when CHO
energy intake exceeds TEE does DNL in liver or adipose tissue contribute
significantly to the whole-body energy economy. It is concluded that DNL
is not the pathway of first resort for added dietary CHO, in humans. Under
most dietary conditions, the two major macronutrient energy sources (CHO
and fat) are therefore not interconvertible currencies; CHO and fat have
independent, though interacting, economies and independent regulation. The
metabolic mechanisms and physiologic implications of the functional block
between CHO and fat in humans are discussed, but require further
investigation.
Cholesterol -
Body Mass Index
-
Metabolism
Lipolysis is the breakdown of lipids and involves hydrolysis of
triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. Predominantly occurring
in adipose tissue, lipolysis is used to mobilize stored energy during
fasting or exercise. Lipolysis is directly induced in adipocytes by
glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, atrial natriuretic
peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and cortisol.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a
group of
metabolic disorders characterized by a
high blood sugar level over a prolonged
period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased
thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many
complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis,
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, or death. Serious long-term
complications include cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney
disease, foot ulcers, damage to the nerves, damage to the eyes and
cognitive impairment. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing
enough
insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the
insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus.
Type 1
Diabetes previously known as
juvenile diabetes,
is a form of diabetes in which very
little or no
insulin is produced by the islets of Langerhans (containing beta
cells) in the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone required for the body to use
blood sugar. Before treatment this results in high blood sugar levels in
the body. The classic symptoms are frequent urination, increased thirst,
increased hunger, and weight loss. Additional symptoms may include blurry
vision, tiredness, and poor wound healing. Symptoms typically develop over
a short period of time, often a matter of weeks. Type 1 diabetes results
from the pancreas's failure to produce enough insulin due to loss of beta
cells. This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The loss of beta cells is caused
by an autoimmune response. The cause of this autoimmune response is
unknown. The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown, but it is believed to
involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors
include having a family member with the condition. The underlying
mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta
cells in the pancreas. Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar
or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in the blood. Type 1 diabetes can be
distinguished from type 2 by testing for the presence of autoantibodies.
There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. Treatment with insulin
is required for survival. Insulin therapy is usually given by injection
just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump. A
diabetic diet and exercise are important parts of management. If left
untreated, diabetes can cause many complications. Complications of
relatively rapid onset include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic
hyperosmolar coma. Long-term complications include heart disease, stroke,
kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes. Furthermore,
complications may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive dosing of
insulin. Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5–10% of all diabetes
cases. The number of people affected globally is unknown, although it is
estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year. Within
the United States the number of people affected is estimated at one to
three million. Rates of disease vary widely, with approximately one new
case per 100,000 per year in East Asia and Latin America and around 30 new
cases per 100,000 per year in Scandinavia and Kuwait. It typically begins
in children and young adults.
Type 2 Diabetes
formerly known as
adult-onset diabetes, is
a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar,
insulin
resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include
increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.
Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that
do not heal. Often symptoms come on slowly. Long-term complications from
high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy
which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the
limbs which may lead to amputations. The sudden onset of hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is uncommon. Type 2
diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise.
Some people are more genetically at risk than others. Type 2 diabetes
makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily
to type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes. In type 1 diabetes there is a
lower total level of insulin to control blood glucose, due to an
autoimmune induced loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose,
oral glucose tolerance test, or glycated hemoglobin (A1C). Type 2 diabetes
is largely preventable by staying a normal weight, exercising regularly,
and eating properly. Treatment involves exercise and dietary changes. If
blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered, the medication metformin is
typically recommended. Many people may eventually also require insulin
injections. In those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels is
advised; however, this may not be needed in those taking pills. Bariatric
surgery often improves diabetes in those who are obese. Rates of type 2
diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in parallel with obesity. As
of 2015 there were approximately 392 million people diagnosed with the
disease compared to around 30 million in 1985. Typically it begins in
middle or older age, although rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing in
young people. Type 2 diabetes is associated with a ten-year-shorter life
expectancy. Diabetes was one of the first diseases described. The
importance of insulin in the disease was determined in the 1920s.
Diabetes
Mellitus is a group of
metabolic diseases in
which there are high
blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms
of high blood sugar include frequent
urination, increased
thirst, and
increased
hunger. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many
complications. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, or death. Serious long-term complications
include
heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, foot ulcers, and
damage to the eyes.
Type 1 DM results
from the pancreas's
failure to produce enough insulin. This form was
previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or
"juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown.
Type
2 DM begins with
insulin resistance, a condition in which cells
fail to respond to insulin properly. As the disease progresses a lack of
insulin may also develop. This form was previously referred to as "non
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes".
The primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise.
Gestational Diabetes is the third main form
and occurs when
pregnant
women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood-sugar
levels.
Type 3c (Pancreatogenic) Diabetes is a form of diabetes that involves
the exocrine and
digestive functions
of the pancreas. Out of all the diabetics, 5–10% may actually be type 3c
diabetics. In 80% of people who suffer from this condition, chronic
pancreatitis seems to be the cause. (also known as Pancreatogenic diabetes).
Diabetes and Diet (youtube)
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)
Diabetes
(org)
Hyperglycemia is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose
circulates in the blood plasma.
Brain Food
-
Fats (good and bad).
Glucose is a simple
sugar which is an important energy
source in living organisms and is a component of many
carbohydrates. Glucose supplies almost all the
energy for the brain. Glucose
is a ubiquitous fuel in biology. It is used as an energy source in
organisms, from bacteria to humans, through either
aerobic respiration,
anaerobic respiration (in bacteria),
or fermentation. Molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. Glucose circulates in the
blood
of animals as
blood sugar. It is made during
photosynthesis from water and
carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight. The reverse of the
photosynthesis reaction, which releases this
energy, is an important
source of power for
cellular respiration. Glucose is stored as a polymer,
in plants as
starch and in animals as glycogen, for times when the
organism will need it. Glucose is the human body's key source of energy,
through aerobic respiration, providing about 3.75 kilocalories (16
kilojoules) of food energy per gram. Breakdown of carbohydrates (e.g.,
starch) yields mono- and disaccharides, most of which is glucose. Through
glycolysis and later in the reactions of the citric acid cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation, glucose is oxidized to eventually form carbon
dioxide and water, yielding energy mostly in the form of
ATP. The insulin reaction, and
other mechanisms, regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood. The
physiological caloric value of glucose, depending on the source, is 16.2
kilojoules per gram and 15.7 kJ/g (3.74 kcal/g), respectively. The high
availability of carbohydrates from plant biomass has led to a variety of
methods during evolution, especially in microorganisms, to utilize the
energy and carbon storage glucose. Differences exist in which end product
can no longer be used for energy production. The presence of individual
genes, and their gene products, the enzymes, determine which reactions are
possible. The metabolic pathway of glycolysis is used by almost all living
beings. An essential difference in the use of glycolysis is the recovery
of NADPH as a reductant for anabolism that would otherwise have to be
generated indirectly. Most dietary carbohydrates contain glucose, either
as their only building block (as in the polysaccharides starch and
glycogen), or together with another monosaccharide (as in the
hetero-polysaccharides sucrose and lactose). Unbounded glucose is one of
the main ingredients of
honey.
(Figs). Your body makes glucose but it mainly comes from foods rich in
carbohydrates, like bread, potatoes, and fruit. As you eat, food travels
down your esophagus to your stomach. There, acids and enzymes break it
down into tiny pieces. During that process, glucose is released. Your body
is designed to keep the level of glucose in your blood constant. Beta
cells in your pancreas monitor your blood sugar level every few seconds.
When your blood glucose rises after you eat, the beta cells release
insulin into your bloodstream. Insulin acts like a key, unlocking muscle,
fat, and liver cells so glucose can get inside them. Most of the cells in
your body use glucose along with amino acids (the building blocks of
protein) and fats for energy. But it's the main source of fuel for your
brain. Nerve cells and chemical messengers there need it to help them
process information. Without it, your brain wouldn't be able to work well.
After your body has used the energy it needs, the leftover glucose is
stored in little bundles called glycogen in the liver and muscles. Your
body can store enough to fuel you for about a day. After you haven't eaten
for a few hours, your blood glucose level drops. Your pancreas stops
churning out insulin. Alpha cells in the pancreas begin to produce a
different hormone called glucagon. It signals the liver to break down
stored glycogen and turn it back into glucose. That travels to your
bloodstream to replenish your supply until you're able to eat again. Your
liver can also make its own glucose using a combination of waste products,
amino acids, and
fats.
BMI Index.
Glucose
is a simple
sugar with the
molecular formula C6H12O6, which means that it is a molecule that is made
of six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms. Glucose
circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. It is made during
photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight.
It is the most important source of energy for cellular respiration.
Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as
glycogen.
Blood Sugar is the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a
human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels
as a part of
metabolic
homeostasis.
Blood Sugar Level is the concentration of glucose present in the blood
of humans and other animals. Glucose is a simple sugar and approximately 4
grams of glucose are present in the blood of a 70-kilogram (150 lb) human
at all times. The body tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of
metabolic homeostasis. Glucose is stored in skeletal muscle and liver
cells in the form of glycogen; in fasted individuals, blood glucose is
maintained at a constant level at the expense of glycogen stores in the
liver and skeletal muscle. In humans, a blood glucose level of four grams,
or about a teaspoon, is critical for normal function in a number of
tissues, and the human brain consumes approximately 60% of blood glucose
in fasted, sedentary individuals. A persistent elevation in blood glucose
leads to glucose toxicity, which contributes to cell dysfunction and the
pathology grouped together as complications of diabetes. Glucose can be
transported from the intestines or liver to other tissues in the body via
the bloodstream. Cellular glucose uptake is primarily regulated by
insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas. Glucose levels are usually
lowest in the morning, before the first meal of the day, and rise after
meals for an hour or two by a few millimoles. Blood sugar levels outside
the normal range may be an indicator of a medical condition. A
persistently high level is referred to as hyperglycemia; low levels are
referred to as hypoglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by
persistent hyperglycemia from any of several causes, and is the most
prominent disease related to failure of blood sugar regulation. There are
different methods of testing and measuring blood sugar levels. The intake
of alcohol causes an initial surge in blood sugar, and later tends to
cause levels to fall. Also, certain drugs can increase or decrease glucose
levels.
Glycogen
is one form in which
body fuel is
stored; stored primarily in the liver and
broken down into glucose when
needed by the body.
Glucose is a
monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of
physiological
energy.
Battery.
Sugar Coma or
Diabetic Hyperosmolar Syndrome is when
blood sugar is very high, and the extra sugar passes from the blood
into the urine. That triggers a process that draws a large amount of fluid
from the body. If it isn't treated, this can lead to life-threatening
dehydration and a
diabetic coma.
Cholesterol -
Metabolic
Syndrome -
Sugar
Neurons that track, regulate blood-sugar levels are found. This
discovery may help doctors reduce blood-sugar levels in patients with
diabetes by targeting neurons in the brain. New research has discovered
neurons within the brain which detect and respond to changes in the level
of sugar within the bloodstream. Understanding how this blood-sugar
detection system works and how these neurocircuits operate would give
researchers and doctors greater insights into how our brains regulate our
blood sugar and, perhaps, how to target them therapeutically to treat
metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity, according to the study
authors.
Pancreas is a glandular organ in the
digestive system and
endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdominal
cavity behind the stomach. It is an endocrine gland producing several
important
Hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and
pancreatic polypeptide which circulate in the blood. The pancreas is also
a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes
that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
These enzymes help to further break down the
Carbohydrates,
Proteins, and
Lipids in the chyme.
Beta
Cell are a type of cell found in the pancreatic islets of the
pancreas. They make up 65–80% of the cells in the
islets. The primary function of a beta cell is to
store and release insulin. Insulin is a
hormone that brings about effects which reduce blood glucose
concentration. Beta cells can respond quickly to spikes in blood glucose
concentrations by secreting some of their stored insulin while
simultaneously producing more.
Hyperinsulinemia is a condition in which there are excess
levels of insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of
glucose. While it is often mistaken for diabetes or hyperglycaemia,
hyperinsulinemia can result from a variety of metabolic diseases and
conditions. While hyperinsulinemia is often seen in people with early
stage type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is not the cause of the condition and
is only one symptom of the disease. Type 1 diabetes only occurs when
pancreatic beta-cell function is impaired. Hyperinsulinemia can be seen in
a variety of conditions including diabetes mellitus type 2, in neonates
and in drug induced hyperinsulinemia. It can also occur in congenital
hyperinsulism, including nesidioblastosis.
Insulin
is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets. It
regulates the
metabolism of
carbohydrates,
fats and
protein by promoting
the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into fat, liver and
skeletal muscle cells. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted
into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats (triglycerides) via lipogenesis, or, in the case of the liver, into both. Glucose production
(and excretion into the blood) by the liver is strongly inhibited by high
concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects
the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is therefore an
anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood
into large molecules inside the cells. Low insulin levels in the blood
have the opposite effect by promoting widespread catabolism.
Insulin Resistance is a pathological condition in which
cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin. The body produces
insulin when glucose starts to be released into the bloodstream from the
digestion of
carbohydrates in the diet. Normally this insulin response
triggers glucose being taken into body cells, to be used for energy, and
inhibits the body from using fat for energy. The level of glucose in the
blood decreases as a result, staying within the normal range even when a
large amount of carbohydrates is consumed. This reflects the healthy
amount of insulin sensitivity. In contrast, when the body produces insulin
under conditions of insulin resistance, the cells are resistant to the
insulin and are unable to use it as effectively, leading to high blood
sugar. Beta cells in the pancreas subsequently increase their production
of insulin, further contributing to a high blood insulin level. This often
remains undetected and can contribute to a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes or
latent autoimmune diabetes of adults.
Insulin
makes
fat.
Insulin Drives Fat Storage by Blocking
leptin. One of the other functions of insulin is
that it makes the body synthesize fats out of glucose, then tells the fat
cells to pick up as much fat as they can and store it. This is one of the
reasons diabetics start gaining weight when they start shooting insulin.
Plasma Prostasin is a novel risk marker for incidence of diabetes and
cancer mortality. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of cancer.
Prostasin
is an epithelial sodium channel stimulator that has been associated with
suppression of tumours, glucose metabolism and hyperglycaemia-associated
tumour pathology. However, the association between prostasin, diabetes and
cancer mortality has not been well investigated in humans. We aim to
investigate the associations between plasma prostasin and diabetes, and to
explore whether prostasin has an effect on cancer mortality risk in
individuals with hyperglycaemia.
Insulin in the brain influences dopamins levels. In the human brain,
the hormone insulin also acts on the most important neurotransmitter for
the reward system, dopamine. Insulin lowers the dopamine level in a
specific region of the brain (striatum) that regulates reward processes
and cognitive functions, among other things. This interaction can be an
important driver of the brain's regulation of glucose metabolism and
eating behavior.
Glycemic
Load of food is a number that estimates how much the food
will raise a person's blood glucose level after eating it. One unit of
glycemic load approximates the effect of consuming one gram of glucose.
Glycemic load accounts for how much carbohydrate is in the food and how
much each gram of carbohydrate in the food raises blood glucose levels.
Glycemic load is based on the glycemic index (GI), and is calculated by
multiplying the grams of available carbohydrate in the food times the
food's GI and then dividing by 100.
Glycemic Index
is a number associated with a particular type of food that indicates the
food's effect on a person's blood glucose (also called blood sugar) level.
A value of 100 represents the standard, an equivalent amount of pure
glucose. The GI represents the total rise in a person's blood sugar level
following consumption of the food; it may or may not represent the
rapidity of the rise in blood sugar. The steepness of the rise can be
influenced by a number of other factors, such as the quantity of fat eaten
with the food. The GI is useful for understanding how the body breaks down
carbohydrates and only takes into account the available carbohydrate
(total carbohydrate minus fiber) in a food. Although the food may contain
fats and other components that contribute to the total rise in blood
sugar, these effects are not reflected in the GI. The glycemic index is
usually applied in the context of the quantity of the food and the amount
of carbohydrate in the food that is actually consumed. A related measure,
the glycemic load (GL), factors this in by multiplying the glycemic index
of the food in question by the carbohydrate content of the actual serving.
Watermelon has a high glycemic index, but a low glycemic load for the
quantity typically consumed. Fructose, by contrast, has a low glycemic
index, but can have a high glycemic load if a large quantity is consumed.
GI tables are available that list many types of foods and their GIs. Some
tables also include the serving size and the glycemic load of the food per
serving. A practical limitation of the glycemic index is that it does not
measure insulin production due to rises in blood sugar. As a result, two
foods could have the same glycemic index, but produce different amounts of
insulin. Likewise, two foods could have the same glycemic load, but cause
different insulin responses. Furthermore, both the glycemic index and
glycemic load measurements are defined by the carbohydrate content of
food. For example, when eating steak, which has no carbohydrate content
but provides a high protein intake, up to 50% of that protein can be
converted to glucose when there is little to no carbohydrate consumed with
it. But because it contains no carbohydrate itself, steak cannot have a
glycemic index. For some food comparisons, the "insulin index" may be more
useful.
High Glycaemic index foods include refined
starches, which are
starches that have had the bran, hull and fiber removed from
the grain during processing, and
concentrated sugar, which cause a rapid rise and fall in
blood sugar after consumption. Typically, blood sugar falls
below fasting level within a few hours of a high glycaemic index
meal, causing hunger and leading to overeating. Foods with a low
glycaemic index, such as whole fruit, vegetables, legumes and
minimally-processed grain, produce relatively little blood sugar
fluctuation, and longer satiation.
Food Addiction creates an
intense activation of the
Nucleus Accumbens, a critical brain area in the
Dopaminergic,
Mesolimbic system that mediates pleasure eating, reward and craving.
Glycemic Index
C-Peptide Test
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (wiki)
Diets -
Salt -
Sugar -
Carbs
-
Vitals
Diabetes Now
Kills More Than HIV, Tuberculosis And Malaria Combined.
Every day 3,835 people are diagnosed with diabetes. That means they're
much more likely to go blind. To die of a heart attack. To lose a limb.
Vascular Complications arise when
diabetes causes thickening and other damage to blood vessels, creating
circulation problems throughout the body. This can lead to damage in the
nerves and the feet, and in organs including the eyes, kidneys and heart,
which may further damage the blood vessels.
One Drop Premium: A New Approach to Diabetes Glucose Meter.
Insulog - The Smart Snap-on Insulin Tracker
Infusion of Islet Cells
for 1 diabetes instead of
insulin shots.
Pain-Free Skin Patch responds to Sugar Levels for management of Type 2
Diabetes.
3D Printed Glucose Biosensors created by WSU.
Coenzyme Q10 Molecule could Prevent and Alleviate Pre-Diabetes.
Toward beta cell replacement for Diabetes.
Normoglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pregnancy.
Annual Number (in Thousands) of New Cases of Diagnosed Diabetes.
Among Adults Aged 18-79 Years, United States, 1980-2014.
Obesity & Diabetes Explained: The Overflow Phenomenon (youtube)
Diabetes is the No. 1 Killer In Mexico.
The disease claims nearly 80,000 lives each year, and
forecasters say the health problem is expected to get worse in the decades
to come. Diabetes costs the Mexican health care system billions of dollars
each year.
Pan American Health Organization.
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 or
IGF-1, also called somatomedin C, is a
protein that in humans is encoded by the IGF1 gene. It plays an important
role in childhood growth and continues to have
anabolic effects in adults. IGF-1 consists of 70 amino acids in a single chain with three
intramolecular disulfide bridges. IGF-1 has a molecular weight of 7,649
Daltons. IGF-1 is produced primarily by the liver as an
endocrine hormone
as well as in target tissues in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. Production
is stimulated by growth hormone (GH) and can be retarded by undernutrition,
growth hormone insensitivity, lack of growth hormone receptors, or
failures of the downstream signaling pathway post GH receptor including
SHP2 and STAT5B. Its effects were termed "nonsuppressible insulin-like
activity.
Meat.
DAF-2
gene encodes for the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor in the
worm Caenorhabditis elegans. DAF-2 is part of the first metabolic pathway
discovered to
regulate the rate of aging. DAF-2
is also known to regulate reproductive development, resistance to
oxidative stress, thermotolerance, resistance to hypoxia, and resistance
to bacterial pathogens. Mutations in DAF-2 have been shown by Cynthia
Kenyon to double the lifespan of the worms. In a 2007 episode of WNYC’s
Radiolab, Kenyon called DAF-2 "the grim reaper gene.
Conduction Slowing in Diabetic Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy. Mild
demyelination may contribute more to the pathophysiology of nerve fiber
injury in diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy than previously
thought. We investigated the clinical and electrodiagnostic
classifications of nerve injury in diabetic patients to detect evidence of
conduction slowing in DSP.
Electromagnetic
Radiation -
Mitochondria.
Randle Cycle is a metabolic process involving the competition of
glucose and fatty acids for substrates. It is theorized to play a role in
explaining type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
Lipogenesis is the process by which acetyl-CoA is converted to
triglycerides (i.e., fat). Acetyl-CoA is an organic compound mainly used
to transfer to other compounds the energy obtained by the breakdown of
nutrients such as carbohydrates, fatty acids, and ethanol. Through the
citric acid cycle, Acetyl-CoA is typically broken down to produce ATP,
which is then consumed as a source of energy for many metabolic processes
needed for survival or reproduction, such as protein synthesis or muscle
contraction. Through lipogenesis, the energy contained in Acetyl-CoA can
be efficiently stored for a long time in the form of fats, whenever the
total available energy introduced with food is abundant and not all of it
is immediately needed for metabolic processes.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a
life-threatening problem that affects people with diabetes. It occurs when
the body starts breaking down fat at a rate that is much too fast. The
liver processes the fat into a fuel called ketones, which causes the blood
to become acidic. A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (
ketones).
(DKA).
Fasting.
Metformin is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2
diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight. It is also used in
the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. It is not associated with
weight gain. It is taken by mouth.
Metformin molecular mechanism is incompletely understood. Multiple
potential mechanisms of action have been proposed: inhibition of the
mitochondrial respiratory chain (complex I), activation of AMP-activated
protein kinase (AMPK), inhibition of glucagon-induced elevation of cyclic
adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) with reduced activation of protein kinase A
(PKA), inhibition of mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and an
effect on gut microbiota. Ultimately, it decreases gluconeogenesis (liver
glucose production). It also has an insulin-sensitizing effect with
multiple actions on tissues including the liver, skeletal muscle,
endothelium, adipose tissue, and the ovary. The average patient with type
2 diabetes has three times the normal rate of gluconeogenesis; metformin
treatment reduces this by over one-third. Activation of AMPK was required
for metformin's inhibitory effect on liver glucose production.[98] AMPK is
an enzyme that plays an important role in insulin signalling, whole body
energy balance and the metabolism of glucose and fats. Metformin
hydrochloride (1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) is freely-soluble in
water, slightly soluble in ethanol, but almost insoluble in acetone,
ether, or chloroform. The pKa of metformin is 12.4. Metformin has an oral
bioavailability of 50–60% under fasting conditions, and is absorbed
slowly.
Increased blood sugar levels may decrease benefits of aerobic exercise.
Some benefits of
aerobic exercise may be
dampened by higher-than-normal blood sugar levels, a condition known as
hyperglycemia. The scientists propose that high levels of blood sugar may
prevent muscle remodeling in part by modifying the "extracellular matrix"
proteins in the space between the
muscle
cells, where blood vessels are formed. Muscle tissue can remodel
itself, which is one reason why exercise becomes easier when we do it
regularly. Over time, aerobic exercise such as running or swimming can
alter muscle fibers to become more efficient at using oxygen during
exercise. We also grow new blood vessels to allow more oxygen to be
delivered to the muscle, which helps to increase our aerobic fitness
levels. The good news is, although our mouse models of hyperglycemia
failed to improve aerobic fitness with training, they still achieved other
important health benefits from the exercise including decreased fat mass
and improved glucose metabolism. It is important to note that people with
hyperglycemia also can benefit from other forms of exercise, such as
strength training.
People with high-risk prediabetes benefit from intensive lifestyle
intervention. Intensive lifestyle intervention with plenty of exercise
helps people with
prediabetes improve their blood
glucose levels over a period of years and thus delay or even prevent type
2 diabetes. In particular, individuals with prediabetes at highest risk
benefited from intensive
lifestyle
intervention. More exercise and healthy eating behavior help many
people with prediabetes to normalize their blood glucose levels and avoid
developing type 2 diabetes.
Carbs - Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are essential to keeping an elevated
Metabolism and
Leptin
is a primary reason for this. Leptin is a fat burning hormone that is
directly related to carbohydrate intake and body fat levels (Romon et al,
1999). Leptin is a fat burning
hormone that serves
many functions, including the control of energy expenditure. All foods
have carbohydrates, including fruits and vegetables. But
it is the type of carbohydrate and the quality of the carbohydrate that
ends up being that most important factor for health.
Carbohydrates is any food that is particularly rich in the
complex carbohydrate starch (such as cereals, bread and pasta) or simple
carbohydrates, such as sugar (found in candy, jams, and desserts). A
biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water). A
group that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose.
Carbohydrate is a
biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)
atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in
other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be
different from n). Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a
sugar component of DNA, has the empirical formula C5H10O4. Carbohydrates
are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to
view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
Simple Carbohydrates are broken
down quickly by the body to be used as
energy. Simple carbohydrates are
found in
processed foods and refined
sugars such as candy, table sugar, syrups, and
soft drinks, and
white flour,
so
it best to avoid these types of simple carbs.
Refined carbs include sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, pastries,
white bread, white pasta, white rice and others. Simple carbohydrates can
also be found naturally in foods such as fruits, milk, and milk products.
Complex Carbohydrates are made up of
sugar molecules that are strung together in long,
complex chains. Complex carbohydrates are found in foods such as peas,
beans, whole grains, and vegetables. Complex carbs pack in
more nutrients than simple carbs. They're
higher in fiber and digest
more slowly. This also makes them more filling, which means they're a good
option for weight control. They're also ideal for people with
type 2 diabetes because they help manage blood
sugar spikes after meals. Both simple and complex carbohydrates are turned
to glucose (blood sugar) in the body and are used as energy.
Complex Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes
responsible for the formation, breakdown, and interconversion of
carbohydrates in living organisms. Although humans consume a variety of
carbohydrates,
digestion breaks down complex carbohydrates into a few
simple monomers for metabolism:
Glucose, fructose, and galactose. Glucose
constitutes about 80% of the products, and is the primary structure that
is distributed to cells in the tissues, where it is broken down or stored
as glycogen. In
aerobic respiration, the main form of cellular respiration
used by humans, glucose and oxygen are metabolized to release energy, with
carbon dioxide and water as byproducts. Most of the fructose and galactose
travel to the liver, where they can be converted to glucose. Some simple
carbohydrates have their own enzymatic oxidation pathways, as do only a
few of the more complex carbohydrates. The disaccharide lactose, for
instance, requires the enzyme lactase to be broken into its monosaccharide
components,
Glucose and galactose.
Resistant Starch is a type of carbohydrate that doesn't get digested
in your small intestine. Instead, it ferments in your large intestine and
feeds “good” gut bacteria. Carbohydrates are nutrients that give your body
energy in the form of glucose (a sugar molecule).
Breads.
Retrogradation is a reaction that takes place when the amylose and
amylopectin chains in cooked, gelatinized starch realign themselves as the
cooked starch cools. When native starch is heated and dissolved in water,
the crystalline structure of amylose and amylopectin molecules is lost and
they hydrate to form a viscous solution. If the viscous solution is cooled
or left at lower temperature for a long enough period, the linear
molecules, amylose, and linear parts of amylopectin molecules retrograde
and rearrange themselves again to a more crystalline structure. The linear
chains place themselves parallel and form hydrogen bridges.
Glycogen
is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of
energy storage in humans, animals,
fungi, and bacteria. The polysaccharide structure represents the main
storage form of glucose in the body.
Fatty Acids are substrate for
cholesterol, meaning that fatty acids must be available to create
cholesterol which is eventually converted to testosterone. If fat intake
is too low there will not be enough
fatty acids available for optimal testosterone production. This will
lead to lower testosterone levels. Low testosterone leads to greater
muscle loss during prep, meaning a lower metabolic rate.
Reverse Diet
is where you essentially add calories back into your diet slowly much the
same way you cut them slowly in order to get lean. This will prevent
copious amounts of
adipose tissue from collecting within the first month or two after
a show.
Starch
is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units
joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green
plants as an energy store. It is the most common carbohydrate in human
diets and is contained in large amounts in staple foods such as potatoes,
wheat, maize (corn), rice, and cassava. Pure starch is a white, tasteless
and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or alcohol. It
consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the
branched amylopectin. Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20
to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight. Glycogen, the glucose
store of animals, is a more branched version of amylopectin. In industry,
starch is converted into sugars, for example by malting, and fermented to
produce ethanol in the manufacture of beer, whisky and biofuel. It is
processed to produce many of the sugars used in
processed foods.
Dissolving starch in warm water gives wheatpaste, which can be used as a
thickening, stiffening or gluing agent. The biggest industrial non-food
use of starch is as an adhesive in the papermaking process. Starch can be
applied to parts of some garments before ironing, to stiffen them.
Slow Carbs like whole-grain breads and
pastas, oats and brown rice are rich in fiber and take more time to
digest, so they don't lead to the same quick rise in blood sugar that
refined carbs can cause.
Foods with a
low glycemic index are considered slow carbs, which include most
vegetables, whole grains, seeds, nuts, beans, peas and legumes. Slow carbs
also tend to be higher in fiber, an important but often lacking nutrient.
All non-starchy vegetables contain
slow-release
carbohydrates. Good examples of
non-starchy vegetables include
spinach, kale, tomatoes, broccoli, cauliflower, cucumber, onions and
asparagus. The healthiest carbohydrates come from fruits, vegetables,
beans, legumes, and whole grains. Whole grains contain three components:
the fiber-rich outer bran, the nutrient-rich central germ, and the starchy
middle layer (endosperm).
Al dente
describes pasta or rice that is cooked to be firm to the bite. Pasta that
is cooked al dente has a
lower glycemic index
than pasta that is cooked soft.
Glycemic Index is a number from 0 to 100 assigned to a food, with pure
glucose arbitrarily given the value of 100, which
represents the relative
rise in the blood glucose level two hours after consuming that food. The
GI of a specific food depends primarily on the quantity and type of
carbohydrate it contains; but also is affected by the type of
carbohydrate, the amount of entrapment of the carbohydrate molecules
within the food, the fat and protein content of the food, the amount of
organic acids (or their salts) in the food, and whether it is cooked and
if so how it is cooked. GI tables are available that list many types of
foods with their GIs. A food is considered to have a low GI if it is 55 or
less; high GI if 70 or more; and mid-range GI if 56 to 69. The GI is
useful for understanding how the body breaks down carbohydrates and takes
into account only the available carbohydrate (total carbohydrate minus
fiber) in a food. Glycemic index does not predict an individual's glycemic
response to a food, but can be used as a tool to assess the insulin
response burden of a food, averaged across a studied population.
Individual responses vary greatly. The glycemic index is usually applied
in the context of the quantity of the food and the amount of carbohydrate
in the food that is actually consumed. A related measure, the glycemic
load (GL), factors this in by multiplying the glycemic index of the food
in question by the carbohydrate content of the actual serving. A practical
limitation of the glycemic index is that it does not measure insulin
production due to rises in blood sugar. As a result, two foods could have
the same glycemic index, but produce different amounts of insulin.
Likewise, two foods could have the same glycemic load, but cause different
insulin responses. Furthermore, both the glycemic index and glycemic load
measurements are defined by the carbohydrate content of food. For example,
when eating steak, which has no carbohydrate content but provides a high
protein intake, up to 50% of that protein can be converted to glucose when
there is little to no carbohydrate consumed with it.[6] But because it
contains no carbohydrate itself, steak cannot have a glycemic index. For
some food comparisons, the "insulin index" may be more useful.
Why people crave dessert after a big meal?
Some evidence suggests that consuming
sugar or other simple carbohydrates can enhance the absorption of the
amino acid tryptophan found in some foods. The tryptophan then enables an
increase in the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with
feelings of well-being. For some people, a heavy meal can result in a
condition called postprandial (after a meal) or reactive hypoglycemia, a
state of low blood sugar that's marked by hunger, weakness, sweating,
shakiness, sleepiness, lightheadedness, anxiety or confusion, according to
the National Institutes of Health. Consuming sweet foods is one way to
counteract the symptoms of reactive hypoglycemia. The condition usually
occurs one to four hours after a meal that's rich in carbohydrates.
Reactive
Hypoglycemia is a term describing recurrent episodes of symptomatic
hypoglycemia occurring within four hours after a
high carbohydrate meal in people with and without
diabetes. The term is not necessarily a diagnosis
since it requires an evaluation to determine the cause of the
hypoglycemia. The condition is related to homeostatic systems utilised by
the body to control the blood sugar level. It is described as a sense of
tiredness, lethargy, irritation, or hangover, although the effects can be
lessened if a lot of physical activity is undertaken in the first few
hours after food consumption. The alleged mechanism for the feeling of a
crash is correlated with an abnormally rapid rise in blood glucose after
eating. This normally leads to insulin secretion (known as an insulin
spike), which in turn initiates rapid glucose uptake by tissues, either
storing it as glycogen or utilizing it for energy production. The
consequent fall in blood glucose is indicated as the reason for the "sugar
crash". Another cause might be hysteresis effect of insulin action, i.e.,
the effect of insulin is still prominent even if both plasma glucose and
insulin levels were already low, causing a plasma glucose level eventually
much lower than the baseline level. Sugar crashes are not to be confused
with the after-effects of consuming large amounts of protein, which
produces fatigue akin to a sugar crash, but are instead the result of the
body prioritizing the digestion of ingested food.
Glucose Spike or a blood sugar spike
happens when glucose builds up in the bloodstream and your blood sugar
levels increase. This may happen after eating. It's important to know the
early symptoms of high blood sugar, or hyperglycemia. Early testing and
treatment can help prevent more severe symptoms. If a person's blood sugar
is excessively or consistently high, they may experience thirst, blurred
vision,
brain fog and headaches.
To avoid spikes in blood sugar go low carb, eat fewer refined carbs,
reduce your sugar intake, reach and maintain a moderate weight, exercise
more, eat more fiber and rrink more water.
Insulin
Resistance A
High Carb Day once every 4-8 days can boost
leptin levels since leptin is
highly responsive to glucose metabolism.
Higher carb days can lead to higher levels
of the
thyroid hormone t3 as well as even keep testosterone levels elevated,
which will further fat loss efforts.
Metabolism
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical
transformations within the cells of living organisms. The three main
purposes of metabolism are the
conversion of food/fuel to
energy to run
cellular processes, the conversion of food/fuel to
building blocks for
proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and some
carbohydrates, and the
elimination of nitrogenous
wastes.
Metabolic is relating to the metabolism of
a living organism. Metabolic in zoology is something undergoing
metamorphosis.
Metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
DNA Repair Metabolites -
Plant MetabolitesBe conscience of what you eat and how much you eat. Your body needs only a certain
amount of Nutrition.
Over eating will hurt you in the long run,
and so will
starving. You have to know your exact
requirements of
Nutrition and calories. And that depends on your
Metabolism, the amount of
physical activity that you have to
do, and your personal needs for
vitamins and minerals.
Calorie Restrictive Diet or
Calorie
Restriction has benefits for some people but I would not
recommend it until you talk to a
Nutritionist and have a
Doctor to a complete
Blood Test and
Physical Examination.
Overeating or
Diets both have risks so
please educate yourself.
Stamina.
Basal Metabolic Rate is the minimal rate of
energy expenditure per unit time
by endothermic animals at rest. It is reported in energy units per unit
time ranging from watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min or joule per hour per
kg body mass J/(h·kg)). Proper measurement requires a strict set of
criteria be met. These criteria include being in a physically and
psychologically undisturbed state, in a thermally neutral environment,
while in the post-absorptive state (i.e., not actively digesting food). In
bradymetabolic animals, such as fish and reptiles, the equivalent term
standard metabolic rate (SMR) is used. It follows the same criteria as BMR,
but requires the documentation of the temperature at which the metabolic
rate was measured. This makes BMR a variant of standard metabolic rate
measurement that excludes the
temperature data, a practice that has led to
problems in defining "standard" rates of metabolism for many mammals.
Metabolism comprises the processes that the body needs to function. Basal
metabolic rate is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person
needs to keep the body functioning at rest. Some of those processes are
breathing, blood circulation, controlling body temperature, cell growth,
brain and nerve function, and contraction of muscles. Basal metabolic rate
affects the rate that a person burns calories and ultimately whether
that individual maintains, gains, or loses weight. The basal metabolic
rate accounts for about 60 to 75% of the daily calorie expenditure by
individuals. It is influenced by several factors. BMR typically declines
by 1–2% per decade after age 20, mostly due to loss of fat-free mass,
although the variability between individuals is high.
The liver and muscles burn
26% of calories consumed, the brain uses 22 %, the heart uses 8%, and
other body organs use the rest. Though
exercise
is extremely important, it's what you eat that will mostly determine your
weight.
Metabolic Syndrome is a clustering of at least three of the
five (unfold into nine combination) following medical conditions:
abdominal (central) obesity (cf. TOFI), elevated blood pressure, elevated
fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, low high-density
lipoprotein (HDL) levels.
Chronic Diseases driven by Metabolic Dysfunction. New model suggests
natural healing cycle becomes blocked by cellular miscommunication,
allowing conditions like cancer, diabetes and some neurological disorders
to persist; a small but dramatic autism trial offers evidence.
Metabolic Disorder can happen when
abnormal chemical reactions in the body alter the normal metabolic
process. It can also be defined as inherited single gene anomaly, most of
which are autosomal recessive.
Metallome in biochemistry, is the metallome distribution of
free metal
ions in every one of cellular compartments. The term was defined in
analogy with proteome as metallomics is the study of metallome: the
"comprehensive analysis of the entirety of metal and metalloid species
within a cell or tissue type". Therefore, metallomics can be considered a
branch of metabolomics, even though the metals are not typically
considered as metabolites. An alternative definition of "metallomes" as
metalloproteins or any other metal-containing biomolecules, and "metallomics"
as a study of such biomolecules.
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving
metabolites, the small molecule intermediates and products of
metabolism. Specifically,
metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints
that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their
small-molecule metabolite profiles. The metabolome represents the complete
set of metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ or organism, which
are the end products of cellular processes. mRNA gene expression data and
proteomic analyses reveal the set of gene products being produced in the
cell, data that represents one aspect of cellular function. Conversely,
metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology
of that cell, and thus, metabolomics provides a direct "functional readout
of the physiological state" of an organism. One of the challenges of
systems biology and functional genomics is to integrate genomics,
transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic information to provide a better
understanding of cellular biology.
Metabolite is the intermediate end product of
metabolism. The term metabolite is
usually restricted to small molecules. Metabolites have various functions,
including
fuel, structure,
signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects
on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an
enzyme), defense, and interactions with other organisms (e.g. pigments,
odorants, and pheromones). A primary metabolite is directly involved in
normal "
growth", development, and
reproduction. Ethylene is an example of
a primary metabolite produced in large-scale by industrial microbiology. A
secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but
usually has an important ecological function. Examples include
antibiotics
and pigments such as resins and terpenes etc. Some antibiotics use primary
metabolites as precursors, such as actinomycin which is created from the
primary metabolite, tryptophan. Some
sugars are metabolites, such as
fructose or glucose, which are both present in the metabolic pathways.
Gut Microbes -
Fasting
Metabolite that converts white fat cells or bad fat to
brown fat or
good fat cells.
Zafirlukast induces the production of brown adipocyte tissue. For
preadipocytes treated with zafirlukast, brown adipocytes were much more
prevalent than
preadipocytes grown with the DMSO control.
Ketosis is a metabolic
state in which most of the body's
energy supply comes from ketone bodies
in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis in which blood
glucose provides most of the
energy.
Catabolic is the
metabolic activity concerned with the breakdown
of complex molecules (such as proteins or lipids) and the release of
energy within the organism.
Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules
into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy, or used in
other anabolic reactions.
Anabolic
is the metabolic activity concerned with the
biosynthesis of
complex
molecules (such
as proteins or nucleic acids). Anabolic is related to the synthetic phase
of metabolism, or characterized by or promoting constructive metabolism.
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct
macromolecules like
DNA or RNA from smaller units.
These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process.
Anabolism is the building-up aspect of metabolism, whereas catabolism is
the breaking-down aspect. Anabolism is usually synonymous with
biosynthesis.
Anabolic Steroids are synthetically produced variants of the naturally
occurring male
hormone
testosterone. Refers to tissue building (mainly muscle), and
“androgenic” refers to a group of sex hormones called androgens.
Testosterone is the main
androgen.
It stimulates the development of male characteristics.
Atherogenic is food that tends to promote
the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries.
Glucocorticoid regulation of glucose metabolism, synthesis
in the adrenal cortex, and its steroidal structure.
Body Temperature -
Awareness -
Self-Control
Metabolic Adaptation - Body adapts to survive.
The human body
is an amazing adaptive machine that will always strive for
homeostasis. Whatever conditions the body is put in, it will strive to
survive within that new norm. Once the body senses that fat loss is
occurring it will begin to lower
thyroid
levels and diminish
nervous
system output in an effort to stop the weight loss. Once further
calorie
cuts are made and cardio is increased fat loss will resume again, but the
body will further lower thyroid levels and nervous system output. It will
also lower
testosterone levels and raise
cortisol
levels, which will eventually lead to muscle loss. Since muscle is
metabolically active tissue, meaning it requires calories simply to exist,
the metabolism will drop even further.
Fat Loss
should not be Rushed - When the body senses an extremely low
intake of fat it will naturally try to hold on to
body
fat stores and fats are now at a premium. Taking in moderate amounts
of fat will ensure that calories are low enough for fat loss, but the body
does not perceive it as starvation.
Metabolism slows while losing fat - After a few more weeks, fat
loss has pretty much stalled.
Specific
Dynamic Action, or thermic effect of food or
dietary induced
thermogenesis, is the amount of energy expenditure
above the resting metabolic rate due to the cost of processing food for
use and storage. Carbs increase cellular osmotic pressure (cellular
hydration) and therefore cell volume.
Osmotic Pressure
is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent
the inward flow of its pure solvent across a
semipermeable membrane. It
is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in
pure solvent (which belongs to the solution under discussion) by
osmosis.
Mean
Corpuscular Volume is a measure of the average volume of a red blood
corpuscle (or
red blood
cell). The measure is attained by multiplying a volume of blood by the
proportion of blood that is cellular (the hematocrit), and dividing that
product by the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in that volume.
The mean corpuscular volume is a part of a standard complete blood count.
When
muscle cells are
hydrated and have greater
volume this sends signals to the body that it is in a fed state. The body,
sensing it is in a fed state, then keeps the metabolic rate raised.
Obviously if
carbs are too high then fat loss cannot occur, but for
continued fat loss carbs must remain in the diet.
Prevent Slowing Metabolism
Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser”
competition
Bright Light Alters Metabolism. Scientists found bright light
exposure increased insulin resistance compared to dim light exposure in
both the morning and the evening. In the evening, bright light also caused
higher peak glucose (blood sugar) levels. Over time, excess blood glucose
can result in increased body fat, weight gain and a higher risk for
diabetes.
Technology Addiction.
Metabolism is like a camp fire. You need to start off with a
nice meal and just add a little food throughout the day every 3
to 4 hours to keep the metabolism burning. If you throw
to much wood on the fire (
over eat) you will suffocate the fire and thus slow down your metabolism. Also if
you throw the wrong kind of wood on the fire, like
Junk Food, you will also experience a slow metabolism.
If
you eat too little you may also risk having the fire burn out
and most likely experience
Fatigue. You may have to modify the amount of calories that
you intake (wood) in order to match the amount of activity or no
activity in that day. 150 pound person’s
Basal Metabolic Rate would be 1500
Calories a day. Of
course calorie intake varies from person to person so you must learn from
experience and testing what is the best diet for you in order to maintain
a healthy body that is full of energy.
Calorie is the approximate amount of
energy needed to raise
the temperature of one
gram of
water by one degree
Celsius
at a pressure of one
atmosphere.
A Metabolic Switch to Turn Off Obesity.
Little-known protein known as PGRMC2 appears to play important role in
obesity and metabolic disease. The recently discovered protein is
normally abundant in fat; without it, the body struggles to manage glucose
and insulin.
Alpha/beta Hydrolase Fold
is superfamily of hydrolytic enzymes of widely differing phylogenetic
origin and catalytic function that share a common fold.
Protein -
Water -
Exercise
-
Fasting -
Over Eating
Loss of a specific enzyme boosts fat metabolism and exercise endurance in
mice. Blocking the activity of a fat-regulating enzyme in the muscles
of mice leads to an increased capacity for endurance exercise, according
to the results of a new study. Sugars and fats are the primary fuels that
power every cell, tissue and organ. For most cells, sugar is the energy
source of choice, but when nutrients are scarce, such as during starvation
or extreme exertion, cells will switch to breaking down fats instead.
Harvard Medical School researchers identified a critical role of the
enzyme, prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3), in sensing nutrient availability and
regulating the ability of muscle cells to break down fats. When nutrients
are abundant, PHD3 acts as a brake that inhibits unnecessary fat
metabolism. This brake is released when fuel is low and more energy is
needed, such as during exercise.
Can changing your mealtimes make you
healthier? Altering the
time at which you eat can affect your weight and metabolism.
People who waited 12 hours without eating remained healthier and
slimmer than those who ate the same number of calories, but
spread out.
A few
other things that help boost Metabolism. Staying active and not
sitting for long periods, drinking green tea, drinking water, adding fresh
lemon juice to your tea or water, and laughter.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is a cofactor central to metabolism.
Found in all living cells, NAD is called a dinucleotide because it
consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One
nucleotide contains an adenine nucleobase and the other nicotinamide. NAD
exists in two forms: an oxidized and reduced form, abbreviated as NAD+ and
NADH (H for hydrogen) respectively. In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one
reaction to another. The cofactor is, therefore, found in two forms in
cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other
molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be
used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer
reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other
cellular processes, most notably as a substrate of enzymes in adding or
removing chemical groups to or from, respectively, proteins, in
posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these
functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug
discovery. In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple
building-blocks (de novo) from either tryptophan or aspartic acid, each a
case of an amino acid; alternatively, more complex components of the
coenzymes are taken up from nutritive compounds such as niacin; similar
compounds are produced by reactions that break down the structure of NAD,
providing a salvage pathway that “recycles” them back into their
respective active form. Some NAD is converted into the coenzyme
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); its chemistry largely
parallels that of NAD, though predominantly its role is as a cofactor in
anabolic metabolism. The NAD+ chemical species’ superscripted addition
sign reflects the formal charge on one of its nitrogen atoms; this
species’ actually a singly charged anion — carrying a (negative) ionic
charge of 1 — under conditions of physiological pH. NADH, in contrast, is
a doubly charged anion, because of its two bridging phosphate groups.
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide is a nucleotide derived from ribose and nicotinamide. Like
nicotinamide riboside, NMN is a derivative of niacin, and humans have
enzymes that can use NMN to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NADH). In mice, NMN enters cells via the small intestines within 10
minutes converting to NAD+ through the Slc12a8 NMN transporter. Because
NADH is a cofactor for processes inside mitochondria, for sirtuins, and
for PARP, NMN has been studied in animal models as a potential
neuroprotective and anti-aging agent. Dietary supplement companies have
aggressively marketed NMN products claiming those benefits. Doses of up to
500 mg was shown safe in men in a recent human study at Keio University
School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo Japan. Nicotinamide riboside
kinase enzymes are essential for exogenously administered utilization of
NR and NMN. Some research suggests when administered exogenously, NMN must
be converted to NR in order to enter a cell and be re-phosphorylated back
to NMN.
Ribose
is a simple sugar and carbohydrate with molecular formula C5H10O5 and the
linear-form composition H−(C=O)−(CHOH)4−H. The naturally-occurring form,
d-ribose, is a component of the ribonucleotides from which RNA is built,
and so this compound is necessary for coding, decoding, regulation and
expression of genes. It has a structural analog, deoxyribose, which is a
similarly essential component of DNA. l-Ribose is an unnatural sugar that
was first prepared by Emil Fischer and Oscar Piloty in 1891. It was not
until 1909 that Phoebus Levene and Walter Jacobs recognised that d-ribose
was a natural product, the enantiomer of Fischer and Piloty's product, and
an essential component of nucleic acids. Fischer chose the name "ribose"
as it is a partial rearrangement of the name of another sugar, arabinose,
of which ribose is an epimer at the 2' carbon; both names also relate to
gum arabic, from which arabinose was first isolated and from which they
prepared l-ribose.
Riboside is any
glycoside of ribose. Ribosides in the form of ribonucleosides and
ribonucleotides play an important role in biochemistry.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.11.31) that plays a
role in
cellular energy homeostasis,
largely to activate glucose and fatty acid uptake and oxidation when
cellular energy is low. It belongs to a highly conserved eukaryotic
protein family and its orthologues are SNF1 in yeast, and SnRK1 in plants.
It consists of three proteins (subunits) that together make a functional
enzyme, conserved from yeast to humans. It is expressed in a number of
tissues, including the liver, brain, and skeletal muscle. In response to
binding AMP and ADP, the net effect of AMPK activation is stimulation of
hepatic fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, stimulation of skeletal muscle
fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake, inhibition of cholesterol
synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis, inhibition of
adipocyte lipogenesis, inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis, and modulation
of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells. It should not be confused
with cyclic AMP-activated protein kinase (protein kinase A). (5'
AMP-activated protein kinase or
AMPK or 5'
adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase).
Rare diseases point to connections between metabolism and immunity.
Overlap in genes suggests a potential new class of inborn errors of
immunometabolism. Inherited diseases of metabolism and
immunity have more in common than
previously recognized, according to a new study. The findings point to a
new set of metabolic genes that are important for the function of immune
system T cells, and they offer insights that could improve care for
patients with these disorders. The study examined genes that cause inborn
errors of metabolism (disorders of the processes that cells use to convert
food to energy) and inborn errors of immunity (disorders that affect
immune system function). These rare and complex diseases are not fully
understood.