Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence - Body Smart
Body Smart entails the
potential of
using one’s whole
body or
parts of the body to
solve problems.
It is the acquisition and clarification of
values related to the
physical
environment.
Kinesiology is a
scientific study of human or non-human body
movement.
Kinesiology addresses
physiological, biomechanical, and
psychological
mechanisms of movement.
Senses -
Body Language
-
Handshake
-
Non-Verbal
Communication
-
Body Mind Connections
Muscle
Memory has been used synonymously with motor learning, which
is a form of
procedural memory that
involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through
repetition. When a movement is
repeated over time, a long-term
muscle
memory is created for that task, eventually allowing it to be performed
without
conscious effort. This process decreases the need for
attention
and creates maximum efficiency within the motor and
memory systems.
Examples of muscle memory are found in many
everyday activities that
become
automatic and improve with
practice, such as riding a bicycle,
typing on a keyboard, typing in a PIN, playing a
musical instrument,
martial arts or even
dancing. The body is a
multi-tasking
machine.
Body Memory is a hypothesis that the body itself is
capable of
storing memories, as opposed to only the brain.
Dance -
Music -
Exercising
-
Sensory Memory
Movement helps us to think. Unrestrained
walking and the freedom to make
self
determined movements and the
freedom to move without external constraints, helps us to think and be
creative. Motor restrictions impair
divergent thinking.
Motor Learning is a change, resulting from
practice or a
new experience, in the
capability for
responding. It often involves
improving the smoothness and accuracy of movements and is obviously
necessary for complicated movements such as
speaking, playing the
piano,
and climbing trees; but it is also important for
calibrating simple
movements like
reflexes, as parameters of the body and environment change
over time.
Child Development
-
Boys with good motor skills excel at problem-solving
Motor
Cortex is the region of the
cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of
voluntary movements. Classically the motor cortex is an area of the
frontal lobe located in the posterior precentral gyrus immediately
anterior to the central sulcus.
Compass.
The Cerebellum does more than just control muscle activity. It also plays
a role in cognitive functions.
Psychomotor Learning is the
relationship between
cognitive functions and physical movement.
Psychomotor learning is demonstrated by physical skills such as movement,
coordination, manipulation,
dexterity, grace, strength, speed; actions
which demonstrate the fine motor skills such as use of precision
instruments or tools. Behavioral examples include driving a car, throwing
a ball, and
playing a musical instrument. In psychomotor learning
research, attention is given to the learning of coordinated activity
involving the arms, hands, fingers, and feet, while verbal processes are
not emphasized.
Movement in Learning
is a
teaching method based on the concept that
humans learn better through
movement. This teaching method can be applied to students, who should have
the opportunity throughout a class period to move around to take "brain
breaks" to
refocus their attention so they can learn new material.
Brain
research suggests that
physical activity prior to class (in PE for
example) and during class, increases students' ability to process and
retain new material.
Evidence regarding the
benefits of
incorporating movement in the classroom is promising.
Unexpected role of the hippocampus in skilled movement control. The
hippocampus has a
surprising new role -- linked to the control of
skilled actions such as handwriting, typing, and playing music.
Physical exercise boosts motor learning -- and remembering what one has
learned. Violinists, surgeons and gamers can benefit from
physical exercise both before and after
practicing their new
skills. The same holds true for anyone seeking to improve their fine
motor skills.
Stress
seems to have a negative effect on the learning of movements -- at
least in mice. This is the conclusion of a recent study at the University
of Bonn. According to the study, the neurons of rodents lose some of their
contacts with other neurons after stress. The animals also developed motor
deficits.
Learning by doing: How the brain's motor system can support vocabulary
learning. Neuroscientists present new findings on how the motor cortex
can help learn foreign vocabulary more quickly. The new data suggests that
learning techniques that involve the performance of gestures instead of
simple audio or visual information can benefit learners. The motor cortex
is a brain region known to control the body's voluntary movements.
However, the team of neuroscientists have now shown that it can also help
translating foreign language words into one's native language.
Somatic are actions affecting or
characteristic of the
body as opposed to the
mind or
spirit.
How does our brain process and store movement? Scientists find the
answer, with implications for multiple diseases as well as machine
learning. Researchers examining the brain at a single-neuron level found
that computation happens not just in the interaction between neurons, but
within each individual neuron. Each of these cells, it turns out, is not a
simple switch, but a
complicated calculating
machine. From the moment we are born, and even before that, we
interact with the world through movement. We move our lips to smile or to
talk. We extend our hand to touch. We move our eyes to see. We wiggle, we
walk, we gesture, we dance. How does our brain remember this wide range of
motions? How does it learn new ones? How does it make the calculations
necessary for us to grab a glass of water, without dropping it, squashing
it, or missing it?
Movement Coach might look at normal daily tasks like a persons ability
to bend, lift, twist, reach, push and pull, how easy they find it to get
in and out of chairs or climb stairs. For an athlete or sportsperson, a
Movement Coach might develop their ability to run, jump, throw, kick or
punch, enhancing sport specific strength, speed, power or endurance. For
those clients who have suffered injury or that suffer aches or pains,
Movement Coaching can help regain mobility and support recovery. In each
case, the philosophy is the same. A Movement Coach observes, evaluates and
prescribes ‘natural authentic movement’. Learn to observe, evaluate and
then prescribe exercise to improve fundamental patterns of movement like
walking, running, bending, lifting, twisting, pushing, pulling and
reaching. STRIVE Movement Coaching is based on three, very simple
principles. Natural Movement, Intelligent Training and Functional
Rehabilitation.
Physical
Therapy.
Children living in countryside outperform children living in metropolitan
area in motor skills. Finnish children living in the countryside spent
more time outdoors and had better motor skills than their age peers in the
metropolitan area. On the other hand, children living in the metropolitan
area participated the most in organized sports.
Scientists shed new light on neural processes behind learning and motor
behaviors. There are four regions in the basal ganglia: the striatum,
globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. While we
already understand the
neural
circuitry between these regions, we still don't know why some symptoms
occur in Parkinson's disease and other disorders that affect movement.
How your brain remembers motor sequences. Researchers have visualized
how information is represented in a widespread area in the human cerebral
cortex during a performance of skilled finger movement sequences. The
results uncovered the first detailed map of cortical sequence
representation in the human brain.
Sports -
Sports Science -
Golf Stroke Mechanics -
ReflexMotile
are single-celled organisms capable of motion or moving or able to move by
itself.
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using
metabolic. In psychology motile relates to responses that involve muscular
rather than audiovisual sensations.
Mobility is the ability to move or be moved freely and easily.
Locomotion is the power or the ability to move. Self-propelled
movement.
Motion Physics.
Why Four-Legged Animals are better sprinters. Scientists have studied
the characteristics determining the maximum running speed in animals. The
model they developed explains why humans cannot keep up with the fastest
sprinters in the animal kingdom. Based on these calculations, the giant
spider Shelob from 'The Lord of the Rings' would have reached a maximum
speed of 60 km/h.
Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an
organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs. An animal or
machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped,
meaning "two feet" (from the Latin bis for "double" and pes for "foot").
Types of bipedal movement include walking,
running, or
hopping.
Animal Locomotion in
ethology, is
any of a variety of methods that animals use to move from one place to
another.
Terrestrial locomotion has three basic forms,
Legged – moving by using appendages.
Limbless locomotion – moving without legs, primarily using the body
itself as a propulsive structure.
Rolling –
rotating the body over the substrate.
Neuro-Locomotory Function in
quadruped locomotion, the nervous system produces limb movements by
alternately exciting glutamatergic interneurons on each side of the spinal
cord. This back-and-forth pattern stimulates each limb's withdrawal
reflexes, as well as circuits for coordinating limbs during locomotion.
A single brain cell can drive multiple movements of the body in flies.
New study reveals how the brain orchestrates motions in partnership with
sensory cues from the body. Motor neurons are the cells the brain uses to
command muscles to act. Scientists typically thought of them as simple
connections, much like the cables that link computers with their
accessories. Now, in fly studies, researchers have discovered that single
motor neurons can each direct an insect's body to move in far more complex
ways than previously thought.
Foot-Eye Coordination: How our
vision
changes in rhythm with our walking. Scientists have found our visual
perception dips as our feet hit the ground. Further understanding this
could help develop early diagnostics for neuromuscular or psychiatric
illness; understand changes in mobility as we age; or help with sports
science and athletic training.
Glutamatergic Neurons produce
glutamate, which is one of the most common excitatory neurotransmitters in
the central nervous system (CNS). There are several well-characterized
glutamatergic neuron markers, which can help you identify your neuronal
population.
Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located
primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (the
conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but
particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human
brain where it is the body's most prominent neurotransmitter, the brain's
main excitatory neurotransmitter, and also the precursor for GABA, the
brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamate receptors are
responsible for the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic excitation of neural
cells, and are important for neural communication, memory formation,
learning, and regulation.
Keeping the beat: It's all in your brain. Researchers identify neural
markers related to beat synchronization. How do people coordinate their
actions with the sounds they hear? This basic ability, which allows people
to cross the street safely while hearing oncoming traffic, dance to new
music or perform team events such as rowing, has puzzled cognitive
neuroscientists for years. A new study is shining a light on how auditory
perception and motor processes work together. A match between the pulsing
or oscillations in the brain rhythms and the pulsing of the musical rhythm
-- it's not just listening or movement. It's a linking of the brain rhythm
to the auditory rhythm.
Practice
Learning -
Training -
Skills -
Aptitude -
Learning Styles -
Memory
Brain-wide decision-making dynamics discovered. Researchers map
how the brain transforms sensation into action.
Neuroscientists have revealed how sensory input is transformed into motor
action across multiple brain regions in mice. The research shows that
decision-making is a global process across the brain that is coordinated
by learning. The findings could aid artificial intelligence research by
providing insights into how to design more distributed neural networks.
Human Positions refers to the different physical configurations that
the human body can take, like standing, sitting, kneeling, squatting or
crouching, lying down flat, on all-fours in the crawling position.
Atypical positions include: standing on one
leg, handstand, head stand, spread-eagle, crab position. Humans can hang
in various positions. It is a position where the support is above the
center of
gravity. Such positions are common to break dancing, gymnastics
and
yoga.
Sleeping Positions -
Sex Positions
Biomechanics is the study of the
structure and
function of
the mechanical aspects of
biological
systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell
organelles, using the methods of
mechanics, which is that area of
science which is concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when
subjected to
forces or
displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their
environment.
How waves of 'clutches' in the motor cortex help our brains initiate
movement. Propagating motor cortical dynamics facilitate movement
initiation.
Kinesthetic is relating
to a person's awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the
body by means of
sensory organs or
proprioceptors in the muscles and joints.
Body Language
Kinesthetic Learning or tactile learning is a
learning style in which learning takes place by the students carrying out
physical activities, rather than listening to a lecture or
watching
demonstrations. People with a preference for kinesthetic learning are also commonly known as "do-ers".
Kinematics is the study of the
motion of mechanical points, bodies and systems without consideration
of their associated physical properties and the forces acting on them. The
study is often referred to as the geometry of motion, and it models these
motions mathematically using algebra.
How are stretch reflexes modulated during voluntary movement? New
computational theory sheds light on a longstanding question. How did the
bodies of animals, including ours, become such fine-tuned movement
machines? This paper cuts directly into critical debates about how the
ancient spinal cord and the relatively new human brain interact to produce
smooth movements and how some neurological conditions disrupt this fine
balance and produce slow, inaccurate, jerky, etc. movements in
neurological conditions. It adds to the thought leadership about the
processing of sensory information and control of reflexes during voluntary
movements -- with implications as to how its disruption could give rise to
motor disorders in neurological conditions like stroke, cerebral palsy,
and Parkinson's disease.
How Many Football Plays do NFL Players
need to Memorize? A
playbook
for an NFL team can have over 500 plays. NFL Players for each game usually
memorize around 75 passing plays and
around 25 running plays that have around 12 different formations. Every
play has a number, letter and a word that signifies what each player needs
to do. Depending on the average time of possession, there are around 63
plays per game. That means that each offence will have around 30 offensive
plays each game. Before each play, the defensive team will set up in a
specific
formation. This is where each player stands in a certain spot on the
field and has certain responsibilities once the play begins. Formations
and responsibilities will shift and change during the game depending on
the play and situation, however most teams run one main "base defense"
that is the basis for all their
formations. A lot of the time, base defenses are named for the front
two lines of the defense. That is the linemen and the linebackers. For
example, a 4-3 defense has 4 linemen and 3 linebackers while a 3-4 defense
has 3 linemen and 4 linebackers. The formation describes how and where the
players in a team are positioned on the field. Many variations are
possible on both sides of the ball, depending on the strategy being
employed. On offense, the formation must include at least seven players on
the line of scrimmage, including a center to start the play by snapping
the ball. There are no restrictions on the arrangement of defensive
players, and, as such, the number of defensive players on the line of
scrimmage varies by formation.
Ready,
set…GO! Scientists discover a brain circuit that triggers the
execution of planned movement. Planned movement is essential to our daily
lives, and it often requires
delayed execution. As children, we stood
crouched and ready but waited for the shout of 'GO!' before sprinting from
the starting line. As adults, we wait until the traffic light turns green
before making a turn. New research explores how
cues in our environment
can trigger
planned movement. Activity patterns in the motor cortex are
dramatically different between the planning and execution phases of
movement.
Action Selection -
Reptilian Brain
Poised is the state of
balance or
equilibrium and
readiness for action. To
prepare oneself for something
unpleasant or difficult. To be in full control of your faculties. To be
motionless or in suspension.
Motor Skills
Motor Skills is when
babies start to
learn how
to
control movement of part of the body. This process involves the coordination of
muscles.
Fine Motor Skill is the
coordination of small
muscles, in movements—usually involving
the
synchronization of hands and fingers—with the eyes. The complex levels
of manual dexterity that humans exhibit can be attributed to and
demonstrated in tasks controlled by the
nervous system. Fine motor skills
aid in the growth of
intelligence and develop continuously throughout the
stages of human development.
Training Finger Dexterity and Speed (youtube)
Dexterity or Dexterous is being skillful in physical
movements, especially of the hands.
Magic Tricks
Ambidextrous or
Ambidexterity is
the
ability to use both the right and left hand
equally well. When referring to objects, the concept indicates that
the object is equally suitable for right-handed and left-handed people.
When referring to humans, it indicates that a person has no marked
preference for the use of the right or left hand. Only about one percent
of people are naturally ambidextrous, however, it is better to take
population proportions as a stochastic process, above of all concerning to
hand-laterality or handedness, which could vary with mentality and
educational perspective changes, deeply most on writing tasks-handedness.
In more modern times, it is common to find some people considered
ambidextrous who were originally left-handed and who learned to be
ambidextrous, either deliberately or as a result of training in schools or
in jobs where right-handed habits are often emphasized or required. Since
many everyday devices (such as can openers and scissors) are asymmetrical
and designed for right-handed people, many left-handers learn to use them
right-handedly due to the rarity or lack of left-handed models. Thus,
left-handed people are more likely to develop motor skills in their
non-dominant hand than right-handed people.
Southpaw is a person who is
left-handed. Northpaw is a right-handed person.
Cross-dominance
is a motor skill manifestation in which a person favors one hand for some
tasks and the other hand for others, or a hand and the contralateral leg.
Musician -
Left and Right Side of Brain
Switch Hitter is a player who bats both right-handed and left-handed,
usually right-handed against left-handed pitchers and left-handed against
right-handed pitchers.
Handedness is an individual's preferential use of one hand,
known as the dominant hand, due to it being stronger, faster or more
dextrous. It's a better faster or more precise performance
or
individual preference for use of a hand, known as the dominant hand.
Handedness is not a discrete variable (right or left), but a continuous
one that can be expressed at levels between strong left and strong right.
There are four types of handedness:
left-handedness,
right-handedness,
mixed-handedness, and
ambidexterity. Left-handedness is somewhat more common among men than
among women.
The Reasons for our Left or Right-Handedness.
Genetic regions associated with left-handedness identified and linked with
brain architecture in language regions.
Touch-and-know: Brain activity during tactile stimuli reveals hand
preferences in people. Scientists distinguish between the brain
activities of right-handers and left-handers by noninvasively monitoring
asymmetric brain responses to passive touch stimulations. Scientists show
that it is possible to distinguish between left-handed and right-handed
people by noninvasively monitoring just their brain activity during
passive tactile stimulation. These results are key in haptic research (the
study of sensory systems) and have various important implications for
brain-computer interfaces, augmented reality, and even artificial
intelligence.
Gaze
anchoring to a pointing target is present during the entire pointing
movement and is driven by a non-visual signal. A well-coordinated
pattern of eye and hand movements can be observed during goal-directed arm
movements. Typically, a saccadic eye movement precedes the arm movement,
and its occurrence is temporally correlated with the start of the arm
movement. Furthermore, the coupling of gaze and aiming movements is also
observable after pointing initiation. It has recently been observed that
saccades cannot be directed to new target stimuli, away from a pointing
target stimulus. Saccades directed to targets presented during the final
phase of a pointing movement were delayed until after pointing movement
offset ("gaze anchoring"). The present study investigated whether ocular
gaze is anchored to a pointing target during the entire pointing movement.
In experiment 1, new targets were presented at various times during the
duration of a pointing movement, triggered by the kinematics arm moment
itself (movement onset, peak acceleration/velocity/deceleration, and
offset). Subjects had to make a saccade to the new target as fast as
possible while maintaining the pointing movement to the initial target.
Saccadic latencies were increased by an amount of time that approximately
equaled the remaining pointing time after saccadic target presentation,
with the majority of saccades executed after pointing movement offset. The
nature of the signal driving gaze stabilization during pointing was
investigated in experiment 2. In previous experiments where ocular gaze
was anchored to a pointing target, subjects could always see their moving
arm, thus it was unknown whether a visual image of the moving arm, an
afferent (proprioceptive) signal or an efferent (motor control related)
signal produced gaze anchoring. In experiment 2 subjects had to point with
or without vision of the moving arm to test whether a visual signal is
used to anchor gaze to a pointing target. Results indicate that gaze
anchoring was also observed without vision of the moving arm. The findings
support the existence of a mechanism enforcing ocular gaze anchoring
during the entire duration of a pointing movement. Moreover, such a
mechanism uses an internally generated, or proprioceptive, nonvisual
signal. Possible neural substrates underlying these processes are
discussed, as well as the role of selective attention.
How do our eyes stay focused on what we reach for? Findings offer new
insights into how our movements are coordinated. The work centers on a
form of coordinated looking and reach called "gaze anchoring" -- the
temporary stoppage of eye movements in order to coordinate reaches.
Laterality refers to the preference most humans show for one
side of their body over the other. Examples include
left-handedness/right-handedness and left/right-footedness, it may also
refer to the primary use of the left or right hemisphere in the brain. It
may also apply to animals or plants. The majority of tests have been
conducted on humans, specifically to determine the effects on
language.
Nimble is moving quickly and lightly or being quick and light in movement
or action. Nimble in the mind is being quick to comprehend or being
mentally quick.
Reflex.
Agile
is able to move quickly and easily. Agile in the mind is being able to
think and understand quickly.
Agility is
the
ability to
move quickly and easily and the ability to
think and
understand quickly. Agile in
software development
describes a method of
project
management that has short flexible work phases with regular
adaption of plans as required to
complete the work.
Dog
Agility is a dog sport in which a handler directs a dog through an
obstacle course in a race for both time and accuracy. Dogs run off leash
with no food or toys as incentives, and the handler can touch neither dog
nor obstacles. The handler's controls are limited to voice, movement, and
various body signals, requiring exceptional training of the animal and
coordination of the handler. An agility course consists of a set of
standard obstacles laid out by a judge in a design of his or her own
choosing in an area of a specified size. The surface may be of grass,
dirt, rubber, or special matting. Depending on the type of competition,
the obstacles may be marked with numbers indicating the order in which
they must be completed. Courses are complicated enough that a dog could
not complete them correctly without human direction. In competition, the
handler must assess the course, decide on handling strategies, and direct
the dog through the course, with precision and speed equally important.
Many strategies exist to compensate for the inherent difference in human
and dog speeds and the strengths and weaknesses of the various dogs and
handlers.
Obstacle Course is a series of challenging
physical obstacles an
individual, team or animal must navigate, usually while being timed.
Obstacle courses can include running, climbing, jumping, crawling,
swimming, and balancing elements with the aim of testing speed, endurance
and agility. Sometimes a course involves mental tests.
Obstacle Course Racing is a sport in which a competitor, traveling on
foot, must
overcome various physical challenges in the form of obstacles.
Races vary in length from courses with obstacles close together to events
of several kilometers which incorporate elements of track, road and/or
cross country/trail running. Courses may include climbing over walls or up
ropes, monkey bars, carrying heavy objects, traversing bodies of water or
mud, crawling under barbed wire, and jumping through fire.
Adventure Park is a place which can contain a wide variety of
elements, including but not limited to, rope climbing
exercises, obstacle
courses, bouldering, rock climbing, target oriented activities, and
zip-lines. They are usually intended for recreation and embody the spirit
and activities often found at outdoor camps and educational facilities,
without the facilitated educational component. "Recreational-oriented"
adventure parks are usually designed for a larger volume of visitors. They
do not follow a specific educational concept, but see the individual,
physical and mental challenge as a predominantly recreational activity.
Neither climbing techniques nor special/specific physical fitness
experience are necessary. Typical slogans are: Have Fun, Test your
Courage, Overcome your Own Fears, Be Outside, Be in Nature, Do some
Physical Activities, etc.
Coordination is the skillful and
effective interaction of
movements. The regulation of diverse elements into an integrated and
harmonious operation.
Coordinate
is to bring into
common action, movement, or condition. Bring components or
parts into proper or desirable coordination. Bring order and
organization
to something.
Uncoordinated
is lacking the skillful and effective interaction of muscle movements or
lacking cooperative planning and organization. Badly organized.
Dizzy.
Clumsiness is unskillfulness resulting from
a
lack of training.
Someone who is stiff and unable to relaxed from
lack of confidence.
Red
Nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain
involved in motor
coordination. The red nucleus is pale pink, which is believed to be due to
the presence of iron in at least two different forms: hemoglobin and
ferritin. The structure is located in the tegmentum of the midbrain next
to the substantia nigra and comprises caudal magnocellular and rostral
parvocellular components. The red nucleus and substantia nigra are
subcortical centers of the extrapyramidal motor system.
Motor Coordination is the
combination of body movements
created with the kinematic (such as spatial direction) and kinetic (force)
parameters that result in intended actions. Motor coordination is achieved
when subsequent parts of the same movement, or the movements of several
limbs or body parts are
combined in a manner that is well
timed, smooth,
and
efficient with respect to the intended goal. This involves the
integration of proprioceptive information detailing the
position and
movement of the
musculoskeletal system with the neural processes in the
brain and spinal cord which control,
plan, and relay motor commands. The
cerebellum plays a critical role in this neural control of movement and
damage to this part of the brain or its connecting structures and pathways
results in impairment of coordination, known as
ataxia,
which is a
neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of
muscle movements that includes gait abnormality.
Choreography -
Multitasking -
Learning Fine Motor Coordination Changes the Brain
Sensorimotor Learning refers to improvement through
practice in the
performance of
sensory-guided motor behavior.
Sensory-Motor Coupling is the coupling or integration of the
sensory system and motor system. Sensorimotor
integration is not a static process. For a given stimulus, there is no one
single motor command. "Neural responses at almost every stage of a
sensorimotor pathway are modified at short and long timescales by
biophysical and synaptic processes, recurrent and feedback connections,
and learning, as well as many other internal and external variables".
Brainwaves.
Sensorimotor involves both sensory and
motor functions or pathways.
Eye Hand Coordination is the coordinated control of eye
movement with hand movement, and the processing of visual input to guide
reaching and grasping along with the use of proprioception of the hands to
guide the
eyes.
Motor System is the part of the
central nervous system
that is involved with movement. It consists of the
pyramidal and
extrapyramidal system.
The Speed Limit of Superfast Muscles 250 Times Per Second.
Jink is a sudden quick change of direction
or a change direction suddenly and nimbly, as when dodging a pursuer.
Sensorimotor Maps -
Predictive Motor Control
Anatomical Terms of Motion. The process of
movement, is described using
specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints,
limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes
this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position
of the joints. Anatomists use a unified set of terms to describe most of
the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for
describing the uniqueness of the movements such as those of the hands,
feet, and eyes. In general, motion is classified according to the
anatomical plane it occurs in. Flexion and extension are examples of
angular motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together
or moved further apart. Rotational motion may occur at other joints, for
example the shoulder, and are described as internal or external. Other
terms, such as elevation and depression, describe movement above or below
the horizontal plane. Many anatomical terms derive from Latin terms with
the same meaning.
Translate in physics is
the subject to movement in which every part of the body moves parallel to
and the same distance as every other point on the body. The act of uniform
movement.
Efference-Copy is an internal copy of an outflowing (efferent),
movement-producing signal generated by the
motor
system. It can be collated with the (reafferent) sensory input that
results from the agent's movement, enabling a comparison of actual
movement with desired movement, and a shielding of perception from
particular self-induced effects on the sensory input to achieve perceptual
stability. Together with internal models, efference copies can serve to
enable the brain to predict the effects of an action.
Efferent
Nerve Fiber in the
peripheral nervous system, an efferent nerve fiber is the axon of a
motor
neuron. The nerve fiber is a long process projecting far from the
neuron's body that carries nerve impulses away from the
central nervous system
toward the peripheral effector organs (mainly muscles and glands). A
bundle of these fibers is called a
motor
nerve or an efferent nerve. The opposite direction of neural activity
is afferent conduction, which carries impulses by way of the afferent
nerve fibers of
sensory neurons.
In the nervous system there is a "closed loop" system of sensation,
decision, and reactions. This process is carried out through the activity
of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.
Phantom Limb.
Supplementary Motor is a part of the primate
cerebral cortex that
contributes to the control of movement. It is located on the midline
surface of the hemisphere just in front of (anterior to) the primary motor
cortex leg representation.
Balance is an ability to maintain the line of gravity (vertical line
from centre of mass) of a body within the base of support with minimal
postural sway. Sway is the horizontal movement of the centre of gravity
even when a person is standing still. A certain amount of sway is
essential and inevitable due to small perturbations within the body (e.g.,
breathing, shifting body weight from one foot to the other or from
forefoot to rearfoot) or from external triggers (e.g., visual distortions,
floor translations). An increase in sway is not necessarily an indicator
of dysfunctional balance so much as it is an indicator of decreased
sensorimotor control. Maintaining balance requires coordination of input
from multiple sensory systems including the vestibular, somatosensory, and
visual systems. Vestibular system:
sense organs that regulate equilibrium
(equilibrioception);
directional information as it relates to head
position (internal gravitational, linear, and angular acceleration).
Somatosensory system: senses of proprioception and kinesthesia of joints;
information from skin and joints (pressure and vibratory senses);
spatial
position and movement relative to the support surface; movement and
position of different body parts relative to each other Visual system:
Reference to verticality of body and head motion; spatial location
relative to objects. The senses must detect changes of spatial orientation
with respect to the base of support, regardless of whether the body moves
or the base is altered. There are environmental factors that can affect
balance such as light conditions, floor surface changes, alcohol, drugs,
and ear infection.
Head Spins -
Dizzy -
Spin (action physics) -
Motion
Equilibrioception, or
sense of balance,
is the sense that allows you to keep your balance and sense body movement
in terms of
acceleration and directional
changes. This sense also allows for
perceiving gravity. The
sensory system for this is found in your inner ears and is called the
vestibular labyrinthine system. Anyone who’s ever had this sense go
out on them on occasion knows how important this is. When it’s not working
or
malfunctioning, you
literally can’t tell up from down and moving from one location to another
without aid is nearly impossible.
Balance Disorder
is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, for example
when standing or walking. It may be accompanied by feelings of giddiness,
or wooziness, or having a sensation of movement,
spinning, or floating. Balance is the
result of several body systems working together: the visual system (eyes),
vestibular system (ears) and proprioception (the body's sense of where it
is in space). Degeneration or loss of function in any of these systems can
lead to balance deficits.
Illusions of self-motion or vection occurs when one perceives bodily
motion despite no movement taking place. One can experience
illusory movements of the
whole body or of individual body parts, such as arms or legs.
Proprioception is the sense of self-movement and body position. It is
sometimes described as the "sixth sense".
Dancing (art performance)
Body Memory is a hypothesis that the body itself is capable
of storing
memories, as opposed to only the brain. The idea could be
pseudoscientific as there are no known means by which tissues other than
the brain are capable of storing memories. Body memory is used to explain
having memories for events where the brain was not in a position to store
memories and is sometimes a catalyst for repressed memory recovery. These
memories are often characterized with phantom pain in a part or parts of
the body – the body appearing to remember the past trauma.
Muscle Memory exists at a DNA Level. Periods of skeletal muscle growth
are ‘remembered’ by the genes in the muscle, helping them to grow larger later in life.
Magic - Fine Motor Skills
Sleight of Hand refers to fine motor skills when used by
performing artists in different art forms to entertain or
to
fool someone. It
is closely associated with close-up magic, card cheating, card flourishing
and stealing.
Misdirection in magic is a form of
deception in which the
attention of an audience is focused on one thing
in order to distract its attention from another.
False-Flag Attack.
List of Magic Tricks (wiki)
Apollo Robbins: The art of Misdirection
(youtube)
Sleight of Hand
Magic Tricks : How to Make a Coin Disappear (youtube) -
The Simplest Coin Trick You Will Ever Learn (youtube)
Hand Tricks (youtube)
Stroop Effect
-
Illusions
Interactions with the Physical Environment (youtube)
Acclimatization
is the process in which an individual organism
adjusts to a gradual change in its environment (such as a change in
altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to
maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.
Acclimatization occurs in a short period of time (days to weeks), and
within the organism's lifetime (compare to adaptation).
Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test NNAT
Good with Both Hands
-
Can you Rub your Tummy and Pat your Head at the Same Time?
Did you know that you can’t hum while holding your nose?
Most people have only
one dominate
side of the brain that they use. Such as right or left
handed. If you are an experienced
guitar player, piano
player or you are good at
Juggling, you have taught yourself
to be both right and left handed. Ambidextrous.
Motor Control System (PDF) -
Sensory and Motor Tracks (PDF)
Right Brain - Left Brain
Surprisingly exact timing of voluntary movements, movements can be controlled at will.
Twitching - Involuntary Movements
Movement Disorder can be defined as
neurologic syndromes in
which either an excess or movement or a paucity of voluntary and
automatic movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity.
Spasm is a
sudden
involuntary contraction of a
muscle. -
Reflexes.
Dystonia
is a movement disorder in which your
muscles contract involuntarily,
causing repetitive or twisting movements. The condition can affect one
part of your body (focal dystonia), two or more adjacent parts (segmental
dystonia) or all parts of your body (general dystonia). Dystonia may
affect one or more parts of the body, and sometimes the entire body. The
condition can be mild or severe. Dystonia is a
neurological movement disorder
syndrome in which sustained or repetitive
muscle contractions result in
twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures. The
movements may resemble a tremor. Dystonia is often intensified or
exacerbated by physical activity, and symptoms may progress into adjacent
muscles.
Cervical dystonia or spasmodic
torticollis, is a painful condition in which your neck muscles
contract
involuntarily, causing your head to twist or turn to one side. Cervical
dystonia can also cause your head to uncontrollably tilt forward or
backward.
Mutations in the GNAL gene have recently been shown to cause primary
torsion dystonia. Mutations in the GNAL gene have recently been shown to
cause primary torsion dystonia. The GNAL-encoded protein (Gαolf) is
important for
dopamine
D1 receptor function and odorant signal transduction. We sequenced all
12 exons of GNAL in 461 patients from Germany, Serbia, and Japan,
including 318 patients with dystonia (190 with cervical dystonia), 51 with
hyposmia and Parkinson disease, and 92 with tardive dyskinesia or acute
dystonic reactions.
Focal Dystonia is a
neurological
disorder. It causes involuntary muscle contractions in one body part.
You may have muscle twitches in your neck, face, jaw, feet or hands. Focal
dystonia that affects hands and wrists is common in musicians, athletes
and writers. Focal dystonia is a
neurological
condition that affects a muscle or group of muscles in a specific part
of the body during specific activities, causing involuntary muscular
contractions and abnormal postures.
Focal Dystonia treatment that uses
deep brain stimulation from an electrode directly implanted in the
brain.
Fasciculation is a small, local,
involuntary muscle contraction and
relaxation which may be visible under the skin. Deeper areas can be
detected by electromyography (EMG) testing, though they can happen in any
skeletal muscle in the body. Fasciculations arise as a result of
spontaneous depolarization of a lower motor neuron leading to the
synchronous contraction of all the skeletal muscle fibers within a single
motor unit. An example of normal spontaneous depolarization is the
constant contractions of cardiac muscle, causing the heart to beat.
Usually, intentional movement of the involved muscle causes fasciculations
to cease immediately, but they may return once the muscle is at rest
again. Fasciculations have a variety of causes, the majority of which are
benign, but can also be due to disease of the
motor neurons. They are encountered by virtually all healthy people,
though for most, it is quite infrequent. In some cases, the presence of
fasciculations can be annoying and interfere with quality of life. If a
neurological examination is otherwise normal and EMG testing does not
indicate any additional pathology, a diagnosis of benign fasciculation
syndrome is usually made.
Tic is a sudden,
repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization involving discrete
muscle groups. Tics can be invisible to the observer, such as abdominal
tensing or toe crunching. Common motor and phonic tics are, respectively,
eye blinking and throat clearing.
Tremor
is an involuntary or unintentional and somewhat
rhythmic muscle movement
involving to-and-fro movements of one or more parts of the body, or a muscle contraction
and relaxation
involving
oscillations or twitching movements of one or more body parts.
It is the most common of all involuntary movements and can affect the
hands, arms, eyes, face, head, vocal folds, trunk, and legs. Most tremors
occur in the hands. In some people, a tremor is a symptom of another
neurological disorder. A very common tremor is the
teeth chattering,
usually induced by
cold temperatures or by
fear. Tremor can be a symptom
associated with disorders in those parts of the brain that control muscles
throughout the body or in particular areas, such as the hands.
Tremor can have causes that aren't due to underlying disease. Examples
include extreme muscle fatigue from exercise or
medication side
effects.
Internal vibrations are thought to stem from the same causes
as tremors. The shaking may simply be too subtle to see. Nervous system
conditions such as
parkinson's disease,
multiple sclerosis, and
essential tremor can all cause these tremors. Sometimes, anxiety can cause
or worsen the tremors. Neurological disorders or conditions that can produce tremor include
multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, chronic kidney disease
and a number of neurodegenerative diseases that damage or destroy parts of
the brainstem or the cerebellum, Parkinson's disease being the one most
often associated with tremor. Other causes include the use of drugs (such
as amphetamines, cocaine,
caffeine, corticosteroids, SSRIs) or alcohol,
mercury poisoning, or the withdrawal of drugs such as alcohol or
benzodiazepine. Tremors can also be seen in infants with phenylketonuria (PKU),
overactive thyroid or liver failure. Tremors can be an indication of
hypoglycemia, along with palpitations, sweating and anxiety. Tremor can
also be caused by
lack of sleep, lack of
vitamins, or increased stress.
Deficiencies of magnesium and thiamine have also been known to cause
tremor or shaking, which resolves when the deficiency is corrected. See
magnesium in biology. Some forms of tremor are inherited and run in
families, while others have no known cause. Tremors can also be caused by
some spider bites, e.g. the redback spider of Australia. Characteristics
may include a rhythmic shaking in the hands, arms, head, legs, or trunk;
shaky voice; and problems holding things such as a fork or pen. Some
tremors may be triggered by or become exacerbated during times of stress
or strong emotion, when the individual is physically exhausted, or during
certain postures or movements. Tremor may occur at any age but is most
common in middle-age and older persons. It may be occasional, temporary,
or occur intermittently. Tremor affects men and women equally.
Injection of virus-delivered gene silencer blocks ALS degeneration, saves
motor function.
Researchers find brain cell that triggers tremor and how to control it.
Researchers discovered that a particular brain cell type, known as the
Purkinje cell, triggers tremor when its pattern of signaling to other
neurons changes from a regular pattern to signaling in bursts. The altered
signaling pattern returned to normal and the tremor stopped when the
animals were treated with
deep-brain stimulation directed at a group of cerebellar neurons that
communicate with Purkinje cells.
Shivering is a bodily function in
response to cold in
warm-blooded animals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering
reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis. Skeletal muscles begin to
shake in small movements, creating warmth by expending energy. Shivering
can also be a response to a fever, as a person may feel cold. During fever
the hypothalamic set point for temperature is raised. The increased set
point causes the body temperature to rise (pyrexia), but also makes the
patient feel cold until the new set point is reached. Severe chills with
violent shivering are called rigors. Rigors occur because the patient's
body is shivering in a physiological attempt to increase body temperature
to the new set point. Located in the posterior hypothalamus near the wall
of the third ventricle is an area called the primary motor center for
shivering. This area is normally inhibited by signals from the heat center
in the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area but is excited by cold signals
from the skin and spinal cord. Therefore, this center becomes activated
when the body temperature falls even a fraction of a degree below a
critical temperature level. Increased muscular activity results in the
generation of heat as a byproduct. Most often, when the purpose of the
muscle activity is to produce motion, the heat is wasted energy. In
shivering, the heat is the main intended product and is utilized for
warmth. Newborn babies, infants, and young children experience a greater
(net) heat loss than adults because they cannot shiver to maintain body
heat[citation needed]. They rely on non-shivering thermogenesis. Children
have an increased amount of brown adipose tissue (increased vascular
supply, and high mitochondrial density), and, when cold-stressed, will
have greater oxygen consumption and will release norepinephrine.
Norepinephrine will react with lipases in brown fat to break down fat into
triglycerides. Triglycerides are then metabolized to glycerol and
non-esterified fatty acids. These are then further degraded in the needed
heat-generating process to form CO2 and water. Chemically, in mitochondria
the proton gradient producing the proton electromotive force that is
ordinarily used to synthesize ATP is instead bypassed to produce heat
directly. Shivering can also appear after surgery. This is known as
postanesthetic shivering. In humans, shivering can also be caused by mere
cognition. This is known as psychogenic shivering.
Purkinje cells are
neurons
in vertebrate animals located in the cerebellar cortex of the brain.
Purkinje cell bodies are shaped like a flask and have many threadlike
extensions called dendrites, which receive impulses from other neurons
called granule cells.
Epilepsy
a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes of sensory
disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with
abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Epileptic Seizure is a period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive
or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Outward effects vary from
uncontrolled shaking movements involving much of the body with loss of
consciousness (tonic-clonic seizure), to shaking movements involving only
part of the body with variable levels of consciousness (focal seizure), to
a subtle momentary loss of awareness (absence seizure). Most of the time
these episodes last less than 2 minutes and it takes some time to return
to normal. Loss of bladder control may occur.
Tourette Syndrome is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins
in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement
(motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. Common tics are
blinking, coughing, throat clearing, sniffing, and facial movements. These
are typically preceded by an unwanted urge or sensation in the affected
muscles, can sometimes be suppressed temporarily, and characteristically
change in location, strength, and frequency. Tourette's is at the more
severe end of a spectrum of tic disorders. The tics often go unnoticed by
casual observers.
Benign Fasciculation Syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized
by fasciculation (twitching) of various voluntary muscles in the body. The
twitching can occur in any voluntary muscle group but is most common in
the eyelids, arms, legs, and feet. Even the tongue may be affected. The
twitching may be occasional or may go on nearly continuously. Usually
intentional movement of the involved muscle causes the
fasciculations to cease immediately,
but they may return once the muscle is at rest again.
Ataxia
is a neurological sign consisting of
lack of
voluntary coordination of muscle movements that can include gait
abnormality, speech changes, and abnormalities in eye movements. Ataxia is
a clinical manifestation indicating dysfunction of the parts of the
nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum. Ataxia
can be limited to one side of the body, which is referred to as hemiataxia.
Several possible causes exist for these patterns of neurological
dysfunction. Dystaxia is a mild degree of ataxia. Many symptoms of Ataxia
can mimic those of being drunk – slurred speech, stumbling, falling,
impaired balance or coordination, can be due to damage to brain, nerves,
or muscles.
Illusions of Self-Motion
(twitching)
Indirect Pathway is a
neuronal
circuit through the basal ganglia and several associated nuclei within
the central nervous system (CNS) which helps to prevent unwanted muscle
contractions from competing with voluntary movements. It operates in
conjunction with the direct pathway. is a neural pathway within the
central nervous system (CNS) through the basal ganglia which facilitates
the initiation and execution of voluntary movement. It works in
conjunction with the
indirect pathway. Both of these pathways are part of the
cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop.
Illusions of Self-Motion refers to a phenomenon that occurs
when someone feels like their body is moving when no movement is taking
place. One can experience illusory movements of the whole body or of
individual body parts, such as arms or legs.
Imaginary -
Tics.
How the Brain tells our Limbs apart. Legs and arms perform very
different functions. Our legs are responsible primarily for repetitive
locomotion, like walking and running. Our arms and hands, by contrast,
must be able to execute many highly specialized jobs -- picking up a pen
and writing, holding a fork, or playing the violin, just to name three.
Phantom Limb is
the sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached.
Approximately 60 to 80% of individuals with an amputation experience
phantom sensations in their amputated limb, and the majority of the
sensations are painful. Phantom sensations may also occur after the
removal of body parts other than the limbs, e.g. after amputation of the
breast, extraction of a tooth (phantom tooth pain) or removal of an eye,
phantom eye syndrome, which is visual
hallucinations after
the removal of an eye.
Dreams.
Rerouting nerves during amputation reduces phantom limb pain before it
starts. Targeted muscle reinnervation, or TMR, can reduce or prevent
phantom or residual limb pain from ever occurring in amputee patients who
receive the procedure at the time of amputation.
Targeted Reinnervation enables amputees to
control motorized prosthetic
devices and to regain sensory feedback. The method was developed by
Dr. Todd Kuiken at Northwestern University and Rehabilitation Institute of
Chicago and Dr. Gregory Dumanian at Northwestern University Division
of Plastic Surgery.
A new theory for Phantom Limb Pain points the way to more effective
treatment . After an amputation,
neural circuitry related to the missing limb loses its role and
becomes susceptible to entanglement with other neural networks -- in this
case, the network responsible for pain perception. you lose your hand.
That leaves a big chunk of 'real estate' in your brain, and in your
nervous system as a whole, without a job. It stops processing any sensory
input, it stops producing any motor output to move the hand. It goes idle
-- but not silent. Neurons are never completely silent. When not
processing a particular job, they might fire at random. This may result in
coincidental firing of neurons in that part of the sensorimotor network,
at the same time as from the network of pain perception. When they fire
together, that will create the experience of pain in that part of the
body. '
Hebb's Law' --
'neurons that fire together, wire together' -- neurons in the sensorimotor
and pain perception networks become entangled, resulting in phantom limb
pain. (stochastic entanglement). The new theory also explains why not all
amputees suffer from the condition- the randomness, or stochasticity,
means that simultaneous firing may not occur, and become linked, in all
patients. Phantom Motor Execution is the novel treatment method where
electrodes attached to the patient's residual limb pick up electrical
signals intended for the missing limb, which are then translated through
AI algorithms, into movements of a virtual limb in real time. The patients
see themselves on a screen, with a digitally rendered limb in place of
their missing one, and can then control it just as if it were their own
biological limb . This allows the patient to stimulate and reactivate
those dormant areas of the brain. The patients can start reusing those
areas of brain that had gone idle. Making use of that circuitry helps to
weaken and disconnect the entanglement to the pain network. It's a kind of
'inverse Hebb's law', the more those neurons fire apart, the weaker their
connection. Or, it can be used preventatively, to protect against the
formation of those links in the first place.
Virtual Reality Reduces Phantom Pain in Paraplegics -
VR
When we feel things that are not there. The discovery of the phantom
touch
illusion provides
insights into human perception and opens up new perspectives for
interaction with
virtual reality
technology. They used virtual reality scenarios in which subjects
touched their own
bodies with a virtual object. To the researchers' surprise, this led to a
tingling sensation at the spot where the avatarized body was touched. This
effect occurred even though there was no real
physical contact
between the virtual object and the body.
Body Integrity Dysphoria is a disorder characterized by an intense
desire for amputation of a limb, usually a leg, or to become blind or deaf
or a desire to be disabled or discomfort with being able-bodied beginning
in early adolescence and resulting in harmful consequences. BID appears to
be related to somatoparaphrenia. People with this condition may refer to
themselves as "transabled". (also referred to as amputee identity disorder
and xenomelia, formerly called apotemnophilia).
Spinal Interneuron is found in the
spinal cord that relays signals
between (afferent)
sensory neurons,
and (efferent) motor neurons. Different classes of spinal interneurons are
involved in the process of sensory-motor integration. Most interneurons
are found in the grey column, a region of grey matter in the spinal cord.
Tics -
Reflex
Formication is the medical term for a sensation that exactly resembles
that of small insects crawling on (or under) the skin. It is one specific
form of a set of sensations known as paresthesias, which also include the
more common prickling, tingling sensation known as "pins and needles".
Formication is a well documented symptom, which has numerous possible
causes. The word is derived from formica, the Latin word for ant.
Delusional Parasitosis is a delusional disorder in which individuals
incorrectly believe they are infested with parasites, insects, or
bugs, whereas in reality no such infestation is present.
Reflex.
Myoclonus
is a brief,
involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of
muscles. It
describes a medical sign and, generally, is not a diagnosis of a disease.
These myoclonic twitches, jerks, or seizures are usually caused by sudden
muscle contractions (positive myoclonus) or brief lapses of contraction
(negative myoclonus). The most common circumstance under which they occur
is while falling asleep (hypnic jerk). Myoclonic jerks occur in healthy
persons and are experienced occasionally by everyone. However, when they
appear with more persistence and become more widespread they can be a sign
of various neurological disorders. Hiccups are a kind of myoclonic jerk
specifically affecting the diaphragm. When a spasm is caused by another
person it is known as a provoked spasm. Shuddering attacks in babies fall
in this category. Myoclonic jerks may occur alone or in sequence, in a
pattern or without pattern. They may occur infrequently or many times each
minute. Most often, myoclonus is one of several signs in a wide variety of
nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease,
Dystonia, Alzheimer's disease, Gaucher's disease, subacute sclerosing
panencephalitis, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), serotonin toxicity, some
cases of Huntington's disease, some forms of epilepsy, and occasionally in
intracranial hypotension. Some researchers indicate that jerks
persistently may even cause early tremors. In almost all instances in
which myoclonus is caused by central nervous system disease it is preceded
by other symptoms; for instance, in CJD it is generally a late-stage
clinical feature that appears after the patient has already started to
exhibit gross neurological deficits. Anatomically, myoclonus may originate
from lesions of the cortex, subcortex or spinal cord. The presence of
myoclonus above the foramen magnum effectively excludes spinal myoclonus;
further localisation relies on further investigation with electromyography
(EMG) and electroencephalography.
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain also known as congenital analgesia,
is one or more rare conditions in which a person cannot feel (and has
never felt)
physical pain.
The conditions described here are separate from the HSAN group of
disorders, which have more specific signs and etiology. It is an
extremely dangerous condition.
Nerve Pinching
Ulnar Nerve Entrapment ulnar nerve entrapment is a condition where the
ulnar nerve becomes trapped or pinched due to some physiological
abnormalities. "pinched nerve".
Neurons.
Radiculopathy also commonly referred to as
pinched nerve, refers to a set of conditions in which one or more
nerves are affected and do not work properly (a neuropathy). This can
result in pain (radicular
Pain), weakness,
numbness, or difficulty
controlling specific
muscles.
Radiculopathy is a disease of the root of a nerve, such as from a pinched
nerve or a
tumor. Cervical radiculopathy
is a pinched or irritated nerve in the neck causing pain, numbness, or
weakness radiating into the chest or arm. Thoracic radiculopathy is a rare
disease of the root of a nerve in the middle (thoracic) section of the
spine.
Physical Therapy.
Nerve is an enclosed,
cable-like bundle of axons or nerve fibers that are the long and slender projections
of
Neurons, in the
peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a common
pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses called
action potentials that are
transmitted along each of
the
axons to
peripheral organs or, in the case of sensory nerves, from the
periphery back to the
central nervous system. Each axon within the nerve is an extension of
an individual neuron, along with other supportive cells such as Schwann
cells that coat the axons in myelin.
Pain.
Too Much
Sitting -
Bad Sleeping
Position -
Technology Addiction
Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation such as tingling, tickling,
pricking, numbness or burning of a person's skin with no apparent physical
cause. The manifestation of a paresthesia may be transient or chronic. The
most familiar kind of paresthesia is the sensation known as "pins and
needles" or of a limb "falling asleep". A less well-known and uncommon but
important paresthesia is formication, the sensation of bugs crawling
underneath the skin.
Pectoralis Minor Muscle is a thin, triangular
muscle, situated at the
upper part of the chest, beneath the pectoralis major in the human
body.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a medical condition due to compression of
the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel. The
main symptoms are
Pain, numbness, and tingling, in the thumb, index
finger, middle finger, and the thumb side of the ring fingers. Symptoms
typically start gradually and during the night. Pain may extend up the
arm. Weak grip strength may occur and after a long period of time the
muscles at the base of the thumb may waste away. In more than half of
cases both sides are affected.
Multisensory Integration is the study of how information
from the different
sensory modalities, such as
sight, sound, touch, smell, self-motion and taste, may be integrated by
the nervous system. A coherent representation of objects combining
modalities enables us to have meaningful perceptual experiences.
Haptic Technology - (Haptic Feedback)
Spatial Intelligence -
Body Image
Body
Temperature -
Physical Health
Ergonomics is the practice of designing products, systems,
or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and
the people who use them.
Posture
Action
in physics -
Awareness -
Brain -
Robotics
Body Browser - (
Sample on
youtube)
Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of
biological systems such as humans, animals, plants, organs, fungi, and
cells by means of the methods of mechanics.
Entrainment
in the biomusicological sense refers to the synchronization of organisms
(only humans as a whole, with some particular instances of a particular
animal) to an external perceived
rhythm, such as human
music and
dance
such as foot tapping.
Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics which
describes the motion of points (alternatively "particles"), bodies
(objects), and systems of bodies without consideration of the masses of
those objects nor the forces that may have caused the motion. Kinematics
as a field of study is often referred to as the "
geometry of motion" and
as such may be seen as a branch of mathematics.
Psychophysics
quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and
the sensations and perceptions they produce.
Mental Chronometry is the use of response time in
perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and
temporal
sequencing of cognitive operations. Mental chronometry is one of the core
paradigms of experimental and cognitive psychology, and has found
application in various disciplines including cognitive psychophysiology,
cognitive neuroscience, and
behavioral neuroscience to elucidate
mechanisms underlying cognitive processing.
Brian Mac.
Reflex's - Responsiveness
Reflex is an
involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in
response to a
stimulus.
Responsiveness -
Fight-or-Flight -
Hypnic Jerk -
Analysis ParalysisKnee Jerk is a
sudden involuntary reflex kick caused by a blow on the tendon just below
the knee.
Patellar Reflex is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4
segments of the spinal cord.
Stretch Reflex is a
muscle contraction
in response to stretching within the muscle. A spinal reflex is a fast
response that involves an afferent signal into the
spinal cord and an
efferent signal out to the muscle.
Reflex
Arc is a
neural pathway
that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most
sensory neurons do not pass
directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for
faster reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without
the delay of routing signals through the brain. However, the brain will
receive the sensory input while the reflex is being carried out and the
analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action. There are two
types: autonomic reflex arc (affecting inner organs) and somatic reflex
arc (affecting muscles). However, autonomic reflexes sometimes involve the
spinal cord and some somatic reflexes are mediated more by the brain than
the spinal cord. During a somatic reflex, nerve signals travel along the
following pathway: Somatic receptors in the skin, muscles and tendons.
Afferent nerve fibers carry signals from the somatic receptors to the
posterior horn of the spinal cord or to the brainstem. An integrating
center, the point at which the neurons that compose the gray matter of the
spinal cord or brainstem synapse. Efferent nerve fibers carry motor nerve
signals from the anterior horn to the muscles. Effector muscle innervated
by the efferent nerve fiber carries out the response. A reflex arc, then,
is the pathway followed by nerves which (a.) carry sensory information
from the receptor to the spinal cord, and then (b) carry the response
generated by the spinal cord to effector organ(s) during a reflex action
The pathway taken by the nerve impulse to accomplish reflex action is
called reflex arc.
Reflexive is acting without
conscious choice or
conscious control.
Reactions.
Flinch is to make a quick, nervous movement
of the face or body as an
Instinctive Reaction to surprise, fear or pain.
"ah ha made you flinch".
Trigger.
Head Fake is a type of feint in which someone moves the head to fake
an intended change in direction and thereby
deceive opponents.
The term originated in sports, but it has become applied metaphorically in
other senses.
Feint
is a maneuver designed to distract or
mislead someone. A
feint is achieved by giving the impression that a certain maneuver will
take place, while in fact another maneuver will take place or even none at
all.
Psyc is to cause someone to be
disturbed mentally or excited emotionally, or to intimidate, make nervous,
or
mislead
someone. To behave in a very confident or forceful way in order to make a
competitor, especially in a sports event, feel less confident.
Psych Someone Up or to psych yourself up is
to
prepare yourself mentally for something
difficult or unpleasant.
Psych Yourself Out
is to get yourself all excited about a new venture and, before you've even
had a chance to get started, you begin to worry about the things that
could go wrong, the mistakes you could make, the money you could lose.
How our Brain Responds to Unexpected Situations. Scientists have
demonstrated that the motor cortex is necessary for the execution of
corrective movements in response to unexpected changes of sensory input,
but not when the same movements are executed spontaneously. Signatures of
differential neuronal usage in the cortex accompany these two phenomena.
Sneezing -
Involuntary Movements -
Fight or Fight.
Premovement Neuronal Activity refers to neuronal modulations
that alter the rate at which neurons fire before a subject
produces movement.
Bereitschaftspotential
is a measure of activity in the motor cortex and supplementary
motor area of the brain leading up to voluntary muscle movement.
Scratch Reflex is a response to activation of sensory neurons whose
peripheral terminals are located on the
surface of the body. Some sensory neurons can be activated by
stimulation with an external object such as a parasite on the body
surface. Alternatively, some sensory neurons can respond to a chemical
stimulus that produces an itch sensation. During a scratch reflex, a
nearby limb reaches toward and rubs against the site on the body surface
that has been stimulated. The scratch reflex has been extensively studied
to understand the functioning of neural networks in vertebrates. Despite
decades of research, key aspects of the scratch reflex are still unknown,
such as the neural mechanisms by which the reflex is terminated.
Control.
Itch is a
sensation
that causes the desire or reflex to
scratch. Itch has
resisted many attempts to classify it as any one type of sensory
experience. Itch has many similarities to pain, and while both are
unpleasant sensory experiences, their behavioral response patterns are
different. Pain creates a withdrawal reflex, whereas itch leads to a
scratch reflex. Unmyelinated nerve fibers for itch and pain both originate
in the skin; however, information for them is conveyed centrally in two
distinct systems that both use the same nerve bundle and
spinothalamic tract, which is a sensory pathway from the
skin to the
thalamus. From the
ventral posterolateral nucleus in the thalamus, sensory information is
relayed upward to the
somatosensory cortex of the
postcentral gyrus.
Researchers have revealed the brain mechanism driving this uncontrollable
itch-scratching feedback loop. Researchers showed that the activity of
a small subset of neurons, located in a deep brain region called the
periaqueductal gray, tracks itch-evoked scratching behavior in mice.
Sensory Neurons Co-opt Classical Immune Signaling Pathways to Mediate
Chronic Itch.
Red Hands is also
known as hot hands, slapsies, slap jack, red tomato (Northern Britain),
slaps, or simply the
hand slap game, is a
children's game which can be played by two players. A extends his or her
hands forward, roughly at arm's length, with the palms down. B's hand,
also roughly at arm's length, are placed, palms up, under A's hands. The
object of the game is for B to slap the back of A's hands before A can
pull them away. Once [B] misses, [his or] her hands go on the bottom and
[A] attempts to slap [his or] her hands. One player (the "slapper" [B])
places their hands palm down, hovering above the other player's (the
"slapper" [A]) hands. The slapper hovers their hands below the slappee's,
palms up. The two players' hands should be barely touching each other, and
all the hands should be around mid-torso height. The slapper is on offense
and attempts to bring his hands over to slap the backsides of his
opponent's hands. This must be done with sufficient speed, because the
slappee's goal is to pull their hands away, and out of the area where the
hands overlap, to avoid the slap. If the slapper misses the hands of the
slappee during the slap, then the roles switch. The slapper can only slap
the hand it is underneath. The slappee is on defense and attempts to avoid
having his hands slapped, by pulling his hands away as the slapper brings
his hands over to attempt a slap. However, the slappee cannot flinch too
much in attempting to avoid a slap. (In one variation of the game, if
the slappee pulls his hands away when the slapper has not brought his
hands around, then the slappee must submit to a "free slap" by the
slapper.) Another variation is where the slappee has their hands held
palms together, held out at mid-torso height; the slapper then does the
same with the tips of the fingers of both players hands around a
centimetre apart, and then (with just one of their hands) the slapper
tries to slap the backs of the slappee's hands. You can slap the slappee's
hands with just one of your hands as a strategical move. In international
competitions, hosted yearly in Farmville, Maine, USA, a strict honor code
requires the slapee to forego handwashing for no fewer than 67 hours.
Elijah Blanton has won six of the nine most recent dislapalons.
How the world's Fastest Muscle created four unique bird species. The
Tiny Bearded Manakin, which measures a little more than four inches
long and weighs about half an ounce, has one of the fastest limb muscles
of any vertebrate. During an elaborate courtship dance, it uses this
muscle -- the scapulohumeralis caudalis -- to make a unique "roll-snap"
movement at speeds so fast it's undetectable to the human eye. The
roll-snap creates a mechanical popping sound when the wings connect above
the back, all to catch the female's attention.
A bad bite in teeth is associated with worse postural and
balance control
Development of gait motor control: what happens after a sudden increase in
height during adolescence?
The Neurological Control System for Normal Gait
Phantom Vibration Syndrome is the perception that one's
mobile phone is vibrating or ringing, when in fact the telephone
is not doing so.
Stickybones: Rapid Posing & Animation Made Easy
Human Musculoskeletal System is an organ system that gives humans the
ability to move using their
muscular and
skeletal systems. The
musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to
the body. It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage,
tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and
binds tissues and organs together. The musculoskeletal system's primary
functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting
vital organs. The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main
storage system for calcium and phosphorus and contains critical components
of the hematopoietic system. This system describes how bones are connected
to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as tendons and
ligaments. The bones provide stability to the body. Muscles keep bones in
place and also play a role in the movement of bones. To allow motion,
different bones are connected by joints. Cartilage prevents the bone ends
from rubbing directly onto each other. Muscles contract to move the bone
attached at the joint.
Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine concerned with the
diagnosis and treatment of unverified mechanical disorders of the
musculoskeletal system, especially the
spine.
Human Senses - Receptors
Sight and
Seeing
is the
sense that has the ability to
interpret visible
light information reaching
the
eyes. Sight is the resulting
visual perception that
we experience. The components that are necessary for vision are known as
the
visual system. Eyes have two distinct types of
receptors,
one for
color called
cones, and
one for
brightness called
rods.
Eyes -
Visual Cortex -
Spatial Intelligence -
Seeing Problems -
Observations -
Sensory Gating
-
Sensory Disorders
Hearing is the ability of detecting
vibrations
or
sounds along some
medium, such as air or water, that is in
contact with your
ear drums and
then processed by the
auditory cortex.
Auditory
Scene Analysis is a proposed model for the basis of
auditory perception. This is
understood as the process by which the human
auditory system organizes
sound into perceptually meaningful elements.
Listening.
Smell is the sensory ability to detect different odors or
aromas using the nose. The sense of
smell combines with
taste to produce
flavors.
The sense of smell is acquired through a
chemical reaction.
Smelling Problems -
Artificial Sensors.
Taste is a sense that can tell the
difference how things taste by using several types of
taste receptors for
flavors that are sweet,
salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Umami receptors detect the amino acid
glutamate, which is a taste generally found in meat and some artificial
flavoring. The taste sense is based off of a
chemical reaction.
Touch
is a
sense that has the ability to
perceive an object or other
stimulus that comes into
contact with the
surface of the
skin. The sense of
touch has been
found to be distinct from
pressure,
temperature,
pain, and
itch
sensors.
Mechanoreceptor
is a
sensory receptor that responds to
mechanical pressure or distortion.
Normally there are four main types in glabrous mammalian skin: Pacinian
corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, and Ruffini endings.
There are also mechanoreceptors in hairy skin, and the hair cells in
thoreceptors of primates like rhesus monkeys and other mammals are similar
to those of humans and also studied even in early 20th century
anatomically and neurophysiologicall.
Dysesthesia is defined as an unpleasant,
abnormal sense of touch. It
often presents as
pain,
but may also present as an inappropriate, but not discomforting,
sensation. It is caused by lesions of the nervous system, peripheral or
central, and it involves
sensations, whether spontaneous or evoked, such
as burning, wetness,
itching, electric shock, and pins and needles. Dysesthesia can include sensations in any bodily tissue, including most
often the mouth, scalp, skin, or legs. (meaning "not-normal" and
"aesthesis", which means "sensation" or abnormal sensation.
How the Brain responds to Texture.
Mechanosensitive Channels senses of touch, hearing and balance.
Somatosensory System is a
complex system of nerve cells that responds
to
changes to the
surface or
internal state of the body.
The
network of neural structures in the
brain and
body that produce the
perception of touch, as well as
temperature,
body position or proprioception, and pain. Nerve cells called
sensory receptors, which include
thermoreceptors,
mechanoreceptors,
chemoreceptors, and
nociceptors, send
signals along a
chain of nerve cells to the spinal cord where they may be
processed by
other nerve cells and then relayed to the brain for further
processing.
It is a subset of the
sensory nervous system, which also represents
visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli.
Sensory receptors are found in many parts of the body including the skin,
epithelial tissues, skeletal muscles, bones and joints, internal organs,
and the cardiovascular system.
Pressure -
Pain -
Weather
-
Stress -
Scratching -
PIEZO2 -
Sensory System -
Haptic Technology
-
Left Brain Injury
Haptic
Perception is achieved through the active exploration of
surfaces and
objects by a moving subject, as opposed to passive contact by a static
subject during tactile
perception. The sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to
their
body by use of his body. To grasp something.
How to simulate softness.
Haptic
Communication refers to the ways in which people and other animals
communicate and interact via the
sense of touch.
Tangible is something
perceptible by the
senses especially the
sense of touch. Capable of being treated as
fact. Having
physical substance and intrinsic
monetary value.
Interoception is the ability to be aware of
internal sensations in the body, including heart rate, respiration,
hunger, fullness, temperature, and pain, as well as emotion sensations. Interoception is how one
perceives
pain and
hunger or
perceives other feelings.
Interoception is the collection of senses providing information to the
organism about the
internal state of the body. This can
be both
conscious and
non-conscious. It encompasses
the brain's process of integrating
signals
relayed from the body into specific subregions—like the brainstem,
thalamus, insula, somatosensory, and
anterior cingulate cortex—allowing
for a nuanced representation of the physiological state of the body. This
is important for maintaining
homeostatic conditions in the body and,
potentially, facilitating self-awareness. Interoception is sensing
internal signals from your body, like when you are hungry, when your heart
is beating fast, or when you need the toilet.
Self Awareness -
Emotional Intelligence -
Dizzy
Nociception is a unique sensory system with
the ability to feel
pain. There are three distinct types of pain
receptors: cutaneous (skin), somatic (bones and joints), and visceral
(body organs).
Nociceptor is a sensory neuron that responds to damaging or
potentially damaging stimuli by sending possible
threat signals.
Thermoception is the ability to sense
heat and
cold. This also is thought of as more than one sense. This is not just
because of the two hot/cold receptors, but also because there is a
completely different type of
thermoceptor, in terms of the mechanism for
detection, in the brain. These thermoceptors in the brain are used for
monitoring internal body temperature.
Blind people sense their heartbeats better than sighted. A study
indicates that blindness leads to a heightened ability in feeling signals
from the inner body.
Thirst allows
your body to monitor its
hydration level
and lets your body know when you need to drink water.
Hunger
is a
system that allows your body to detect when you need to eat food.
Over Eating -
Saliva.
Tension Sensor is the ability that allows the brain to monitor
muscle tension.
Stretch Receptor is the bodies ability to
feel when things are being pulled or extended. A stretch receptor can also
sense the dilation of blood vessels that are often involved in headaches.
Stretch receptors are found in such
places as the lungs, bladder, stomach, and the gastrointestinal tract.
Yoga.
Proprioceptor is a sensory receptor which
receives stimuli from
within the body,
especially one that responds to
position and
movement.
Proprioception is the sense of
self-movement,
force, and body position. It is sometimes described as the "
sixth
sense". Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, mechanosensory
neurons located within
muscles,
tendons, and joints. Most animals possess multiple subtypes of
proprioceptors, which detect distinct kinematic parameters, such as joint
position, movement, and load. Although all mobile animals possess
proprioceptors, the structure of the sensory organs can vary across
species.
Proprioception
is the sense of the
relative position of neighboring parts of the body
and strength of effort being employed in movement. This sense gives you
the ability to tell where your
body parts are, relative to other body parts. This sense is one of the
things police officers test when they pull over someone who they think is
driving drunk. The “close your eyes and touch your nose” test is testing
this sense. This sense is used all the time in little ways, such as when
you scratch an itch on your foot, but never once look at your foot to see
where your hand is relative to your foot.
How the brain senses body position and movement.
Motion Perception is the process of inferring the
speed and
direction of elements in a scene
based on
visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs. Although this
process appears straightforward to most observers, it has proven to be a
difficult problem from a computational perspective, and difficult to
explain in terms of neural processing.
Equilibrioception
is the
sense that allows you to
keep your balance and sense body movement in
terms of
acceleration and directional changes. This sense also allows for
perceiving
gravity. The sensory system for this is found in your
inner
ears and is called the vestibular labyrinthine system. Anyone who’s ever
had this sense go out on them on occasion knows how important this is.
When it’s not working or malfunctioning, you literally can’t tell up from
down and moving from one location to another without aid is nearly
impossible.
Sense of Balance helps prevent falling over when standing or moving.
Equilibrioception (wiki)
Orientation is a function of the
mind involving
awareness of
three dimensions as well as the
awareness of
time,
place and
person.
Head Direction Cells -
Brain's Internal Compass -
Spatial Intelligence -
Left Brain Injury
Magnetoception is the ability to
detect
magnetic fields, which is principally useful in providing a
sense
of direction when
detecting the Earth’s magnetic field. Unlike most birds,
humans do not have a strong magentoception, however, experiments have
demonstrated that we do tend to have some
sense of magnetic fields. The
mechanism for this is not completely understood; it is theorized that this
has something to do with deposits of
ferric iron in our noses. This would
make sense if that is correct as humans who are given magnetic implants
have been shown to have a much stronger magnetoception than humans
without.
Attractor
Network is a type of recurrent dynamical network, that evolves toward
a stable pattern over time. The attractor network is a network of nodes or
neurons in a
biological
network, often recurrently connected, whose time dynamics settle to a
stable
pattern. That
pattern may be stationary, time-varying (e.g. cyclic), or even
stochastic-looking (e.g., chaotic). An attractor in the mathematical field
of
dynamical
systems, is a set of states toward which a system tends to evolve, for
a wide variety of starting conditions of the system. System values that
get close enough to the attractor values remain close even if slightly
disturbed. An attractor when applied to neural circuits, refers to
dynamical states of neural populations that are self-sustained and stable
against perturbations. It is part of the vocabulary for describing neurons
or neural networks as dynamical systems.
Premotor
Cortex is a region found beside the primary
motor
cortex. It guides eye and head movements and a person's sense of
orientation.
Amygdala.
Exteroception is how one
perceives the
outside world.
Chemoreception is
process by which organisms respond to
chemical stimuli in their environments that depends primarily on the
senses of taste and smell. Chemoreception relies on
chemicals that act as
signals to regulate cell function,
without the chemical necessarily being taken into the cell for metabolic
purposes.
Chemoreceptor is a specialized sensory receptor which
transduces a
chemical substance (endogenous or induced) to generate a biological
signal. This signal may be in the form of an
action potential, if the
chemoreceptor is a neuron, or in the form of a neurotransmitter that can
activate a nerve fiber if the chemoreceptor is a specialized cell, such as
taste receptors, or an internal peripheral chemoreceptor, such as the
carotid bodies. In physiology, a chemoreceptor detects changes in the
normal environment, such as an increase in blood levels of carbon dioxide
(hypercapnia) or a decrease in blood levels of oxygen (hypoxia), and
transmits that information to the central nervous system which engages
body responses to restore homeostasis. In bacteria, chemoreceptors are
essential in the mediation of chemotaxis. Chemoreceptors trigger an area of
the medulla in the brain that is involved in detecting blood born
hormones
and drugs. It also is involved in the
vomiting reflex.
Peripheral Chemoreceptors are so named because they are sensory
extensions of the
peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes
in chemical concentrations. As
transducers of patterns of variability in
the surrounding environment, carotid and aortic bodies count as ‘sensors’
in a similar way as taste buds and photoreceptors. However, because
carotid and aortic bodies detect variation within the body’s internal
organs, they are considered interoceptors.
Taste buds, olfactory bulbs,
photoreceptors, and other receptors associated with the five traditional
sensory modalities, by contrast, are
exteroceptors in that they respond to
stimuli outside the body. The body also contains proprioceptors, which
respond to the amount of stretch within the organ, usually muscle, that
they occupy.
Sensory Neuron are
neurons
in the
nervous system,
that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action
potentials or graded potentials. This process is called sensory
transduction. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the
dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord. The sensory information travels on the
afferent nerve fibers in a sensory nerve, to the brain via the spinal
cord. The stimulus can come from exteroreceptors outside the body, for
example those that detect light and sound, or from interoreceptors inside
the body, for example those that are responsive to blood pressure or the
sense of body position.
Time Perception -
Time Management -
Mindfulness -
Rhythm -
Cycles -
Waves -
Artificial SensorsTime or the
sense of time
is the ability to
perceive time and to
estimate what time it is, or the ability to know how much time has passed,
without using an external time
measuring device such as a clock. The mechanisms for perceiving time seems to be a distributed system involving the
cerebral cortex,
the cerebellum, and the
basal ganglia. Long term time keeping seems to be
monitored by the
suprachiasmatic nuclei, which is a pair of small nuclei
in the
hypothalamus of the brain, above the optic chiasma, thought to be
concerned with the regulation of physiological
circadian
rhythms. Short term
time keeping is handled by other cell systems.
Chronoception refers to how the passage of time is perceived and experienced.
Time Blindness refers to the inability
to recognize when time has passed or to estimate how long something will
take. Examples of how time blindness can manifest include: Over- or
under-estimating how much time has passed. Not knowing how long a task
will take.
Study unravels how our brains track time. The findings are based on
analysis of activity in the
anterior cingulate cortex, a portion of the brain important for
monitoring activity and tracking experiences. But exactly "how" does the
brain count? Researchers discovered that as the brain progresses through a
task involving a series of motions, various small groups of firing cells
begin to collaborate -- essentially passing off the task to a different
group of neurons every few repetitions, similar to runners passing the
baton in a relay race.
Bacteria can anticipate the seasons. Bacteria use their i
nternal
24-hour clocks to anticipate the arrival of new seasons.
Dyschronometria is a condition of cerebellar dysfunction in which an
individual cannot accurately estimate the amount of time that has passed
(i.e., distorted time perception). It is associated with cerebellar
ataxia, when the cerebellum has been damaged and does not function to its
fullest ability. Lesions to the cerebellum can cause dyssynergia,
dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria, and ataxia of stance and gait.
Dyschronometria can result from autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia
(ADCA). Common signs of dyschronometria are often generic to cerebellar
ataxia, including a lack of spatial awareness, poor short term memory, and
inability to keep track of time.
Feeling - Sensations
Feeling is a
physical sensation that you
experience. An
emotional sensation or being in a particular state of mind. To be
conscious of a physical, mental, or
emotional state. An
intuitive understanding of something.
A feeling is also the sensation produced by
pressure receptors in the
skin. Senses can sometimes cause
emotional reactions, so our
senses are not just
information inputs, they are sometimes
misinterpreted or
interrupted by
human processes connected to our emotions, which means that
filtering or
separating these inputs from our emotions is sometimes difficult.
Mindful -
The Body affects the Mind.
Sensation
is a physical
feeling or
perception resulting from something that
happens
to or comes into
contact with the body.
Sense of Humor.
Sensitive is being quick to
detect or
respond to slight
changes,
signals, or
influences
internally and externally.
Being responsive to physical stimuli and able to
Feel or
Perceive. Being sensitive can also mean that you are susceptible to
other peoples attitudes, feelings, or circumstances and
have or
display a quick and delicate
appreciation of other peoples feelings.
Sentience is the ability to
feel. In modern Western philosophy,
sentience is the ability to experience
sensations, known in philosophy of
mind as qualia. In Eastern philosophy,
sentience is a metaphysical quality of all things that require respect and
care.
Sentience is the capacity to feel, perceive,
or experience subjectively that allows them to experience
pain, recognize
individual humans and have memory.
Beyond Senses -
Empathy -
Kindred Spirits -
Good Soul -
Good Neurons
Sensate is
perceiving something by the
senses and having a physical sensation.
Homo Sensoriums are a species of
humans that are telepathically connected to each other.
Sensory System
Human Senses
is a physiological capacity of organisms that provides
data for
perception.
Sense is a
perceived physical
sensation coming from the bodies
senses. A general conscious
awareness or the faculty through which the external world is
apprehended or
comprehended. To
detect some
circumstance or entity automatically. To become aware of something
instinctively.
Artificial Intelligent
SensorsSensation is the
elementary awareness of
stimulation. A
general
feeling of excitement and heightened
interest.
Sensory Organs are very
highly developed and specialized
organs that are
an extension of the
central
nervous system, with a sole function to take in
information
and relate it to the brain. The
sensory neurons are highly adapted to
detect changes of both external and internal
changes in the environment
and
report these changes to the brain. Whether through touch, sound,
taste, sight, or smell, the
senses are constantly reporting variances,
nuances, and dramatic changes within the environment to the brain. This is
done through nerve actions, or action
potentials. A
stimulus, through any
nerve pattern, is sensed and must be interpreted by the brain in an
uninterrupted flow in order for the sense to become real for the body. The
sensory system supplies the body with pleasurable sensation as well as
warning the body to dangers, such as the sensation of heat, the sounds
which warn, and the smell of toxic chemicals, smoke, or other alerting
odors. This combination of stimuli makes the sensory system on of the most
complex in the
human
body.
Sensory is a
signal derived from
the senses, or a nerve fiber or impulse originating outside and passing
toward the
central nervous
system. Relating to or concerned in sensation.
Somatosensory
System (touch)
Sensory Science
is a multidisciplinary field comprising measurement, interpretation and
understanding of human responses to product properties as perceived by the
senses such as sight,
smell, taste, touch and hearing.
Sensory Cue is a statistic or
signal that can be
extracted from the sensory input by a
perceiver, that indicates the state of some property of the world that
the perceiver is interested in perceiving. A cue is some organization of
the data present in the signal which allows for meaningful extrapolation.
For example, sensory
cues include visual cues, auditory cues, haptic cues,
olfactory cues and environmental cues. Sensory cues are a fundamental part
of theories of perception, especially theories of appearance (how things
look).
Environmental
Cues are cues around a person that inform them what is happening and
how to respond.
Absolute Threshold was originally defined as the lowest level of a
stimulus – light, sound, touch, etc. –
that an organism could detect. Under the influence of signal detection
theory, absolute threshold has been redefined as the level at which a
stimulus will be detected a specified percentage (often 50%) of the time.
The absolute threshold can be influenced by several different factors,
such as the subject's motivations and expectations, cognitive processes,
and whether the subject is adapted to the stimulus. The absolute threshold
can be compared to the difference threshold, which is the measure of how
different two stimuli must be for the subject to notice that they are not
the same.
Nerves.
Sensory Threshold is the weakest stimulus that an organism can detect.
Unless otherwise indicated, it is usually defined as the weakest stimulus
that can be detected half the time, for example, as indicated by a point
on a probability curve. Methods have been developed to measure thresholds
in any of the senses.
Sensory
Processing is the neurological process that organizes sensation from
one’s own body and the environment, thus making it possible to use the
body effectively within the environment. Specifically, it deals with how
the brain processes multiple sensory modality inputs, such as
proprioception, vision, auditory system, tactile, olfactory, vestibular
system, interoception, and taste into usable functional outputs.
Sensory Processing.
Sensory
Neuron are
neurons that
convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into
action potentials or graded
potentials. This process is called
sensory
transduction. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in
the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord. This sensory information travels
along afferent nerve fibers in an afferent or sensory nerve, to the brain
via the spinal cord. The stimulus can come from
extoreceptors outside the
body, for example light and sound, or from interoreceptors inside the
body, for example blood pressure or the sense of body position. Different
types of sensory neurons have different sensory receptors that respond to
different kinds of stimuli. (afferent neurons).
Sensory Neurons located in your fingertips
perform mathematical calculations that provide us with
geometric information about objects we
touch.
Somatosensory
System is a complex system of nerve cells that responds to changes to
the surface or internal state of the body. Nerve cells called "sensory
receptors" (including thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors
and nociceptors) send signals along a chain of nerve cells to the spinal
cord where they may be processed by other nerve cells and then relayed to
the brain for further processing. Sensory receptors are found in many
parts of the body including the skin, epithelial tissues, skeletal
muscles, bones and joints, internal organs, and the cardiovascular system.
Sensory System
is a part of the
nervous system responsible for processing sensory
information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural
pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly
recognized sensory systems are those for vision, auditory (hearing),
somatic sensation (touch), gustatory (taste), olfaction (smell) and
vestibular (balance/movement). In short, senses are transducers from the
physical world to the realm of the mind where we interpret the
information, creating our
perception of the
world around us.
Sensory
Nervous System (wiki).
Sensory Receptor
is a sensory
nerve ending that
responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an
organism. In response to stimuli, the sensory receptor initiates sensory
transduction by creating graded potentials or action potentials in the
same cell or in an adjacent one.
Radio Receiver.
Receptor is an organ having nerve endings
in the skin, viscera, eye, ear, nose or mouth that
responds to
stimulation.
Receptor in biochemistry is a
protein molecule that
receives
chemical signals from outside
a cell. When such chemical signals bind to a receptor, they cause some
form of cellular/tissue response, e.g. a change in the electrical activity
of a cell. There are three main ways the action of the receptor can be
classified:
relay of signal,
amplification, or
integration. Relaying sends the signal onward, amplification
increases the effect of a single ligand, and integration allows the signal
to be incorporated into another biochemical pathway. In this sense, a
receptor is a protein-molecule that recognizes and responds to endogenous
chemical signals, e.g. an acetylcholine receptor recognizes and responds
to its endogenous ligand, acetylcholine. However, sometimes in
pharmacology, the term is also used to include other proteins that are
drug targets, such as enzymes, transporters, and ion channels. Receptor
proteins can be classified by their location. Transmembrane receptors
include ion channel-linked (ionotropic) receptors, G protein-linked
(metabotropic) hormone receptors, and enzyme-linked hormone receptors.
Intracellular receptors are those found inside the cell, and include
cytoplasmic receptors and nuclear receptors. A molecule that binds to a
receptor is called a ligand, and can be a protein or peptide (short
protein), or another small molecule such as a
neurotransmitter, hormone,
pharmaceutical drug, toxin, or parts of the outside of a virus or microbe.
The endogenously designated -molecule for a particular receptor is
referred to as its endogenous ligand. E.g. the endogenous ligand for the
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is acetylcholine but the receptor can
also be activated by nicotine and blocked by curare. Each receptor is
linked to a specific cellular biochemical pathway. While numerous
receptors are found in most cells, each receptor will only bind with
ligands of a particular structure, much like how locks will only accept
specifically shaped keys. When a ligand binds to its corresponding
receptor, it activates or inhibits the receptor's associated biochemical
pathway.
Cell Signaling (cell
communication)
Sensory Cortex
or
somatosensory cortex or the primary and secondary cortices of the
different senses (two cortices each, on
left and right hemisphere).
Postcentral Gyrus - Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Stimulus in Physiology (reward - no reward) -
Sensory Deprivation
Reptiles spontaneous association between vision and hearing. The study
showed that reptiles demonstrate spontaneous associations between two
different sensory modalities: vision and hearing. Tortoises associated low
sounds with large shapes and high pitch sounds with small shapes, even if
they had not been trained to do so. These results show how brains are
prepared to predict visuo-acoustic correspondences that are likely to
occur in the natural world.
Pattern Recognition.
Study IDs what brings our senses and thoughts together.
Neuroscientists discover process behind brain's high-level work. Our
ability to think, decide, remember recent events and more, comes from our
brain's
neocortex. Now
neuroscientists have discovered key aspects of the mechanisms behind these
functions. Their findings could ultimately help improve treatments for
certain neuropsychiatric disorders and brain injuries.
Sensory Disorders
Sensory Processing Disorder exists when multisensory
integration is not adequately processed in order to provide appropriate
responses to the demands of the environment.
Agnosia is the
inability to process sensory information.
Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds,
shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there
any significant memory loss. It is usually associated with
brain injury or neurological
illness, particularly after damage to the occipitotemporal border, which
is part of the ventral stream. Agnosia only affects a single modality,
such as vision or hearing. More recently, a top-down interruption is
considered to cause the
disturbance of handling
perceptual information. Agnosia refers to a loss of knowledge. An
inability to interpret sensations and hence to recognize things, typically
as a result of brain damage.
Music Disorders -
Language Disorders
Hypersensitivity
is a set of undesirable reactions produced by the normal
immune system, including
Allergies
and autoimmunity. They are usually referred to as an over- reaction of the
immune system and these reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or
occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized
(immune) state of the host. (also called hypersensitivity reaction or
intolerance).
Food Allergy
-
Desensitization -
Stimulus
Sensory Processing Sensitivity has been described as having
hypersensitivity to external stimuli, a greater depth of cognitive
processing, and high emotional reactivity.
Sensory Memory
Echoic Memory is the sensory
memory that register specific to
auditory information or sounds. Once an
auditory stimulus is heard, it is stored in memory so that it can be
processed and understood. Unlike visual memory, in which our eyes can scan
the stimuli over and over, the auditory stimuli cannot be scanned over and
over. Since echoic memories are heard once, they are stored for slightly
longer periods of time than iconic memories (visual memories). Auditory
stimuli are received by the ear one at a time before they can be processed
and understood. For instance, hearing the radio is very different from
reading a magazine. A person can only hear the radio once at a given time,
while the magazine can be read over and over again. It can be said that
the echoic memory is like a "holding tank" concept, because a sound is
unprocessed (or held back) until the following sound is heard, and only
then can it be made meaningful. This particular
sensory store is capable
of storing large amounts of auditory information that is only retained for
a short period of time (3–4 seconds). This echoic sound resonates in the
mind and is replayed for this brief amount of time shortly after being
heard. Echoic memory encodes only moderately primitive aspects of the
stimuli, for example pitch, which specifies localization to the
non-association brain regions.
Motor Memory.
Sensory Memory is being taken in by
sensory receptors and
processed by the
nervous system. During every moment of an organism's life, sensory
information is being taken in by sensory receptors and processed by the
nervous system. Sensory information is stored in sensory memory just long
enough to be transferred to short-term memory. Humans have five
traditional senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch. Sensory memory
(SM) allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after
the original stimulus has ceased. A common demonstration of SM is a
child's ability to write letters and make circles by twirling a sparkler
at night. When the sparkler is spun fast enough, it appears to leave a
trail which forms a continuous image. This "light trail" is the image that
is represented in the visual sensory store known as iconic memory. The
other two types of SM that have been most extensively studied are echoic
memory, and haptic memory; however, it is reasonable to assume that each
physiological sense has a corresponding memory store. Children for example
have been shown to remember specific "sweet" tastes during incidental
learning trials but the nature of this gustatory store is still unclear.
Iconic Memory is the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the
visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information. It is a
component of the visual memory system which also includes visual
short-term memory (VSTM) and long-term memory (LTM). Iconic memory is
described as a very brief (<1 second), pre-categorical, high capacity
memory store. It contributes to VSTM by providing a coherent
representation of our entire visual perception for a very brief period of
time. Iconic memory assists in accounting for phenomena such as change
blindness and continuity of experience during saccades.
Substituting Signals
Sensory
Substitution is a non-invasive technique for circumventing the loss of
one sense by feeding its information through another channel to change of
the characteristics of one
sensory modality into
stimuli of
another sensory modality. A sensory substitution system consists of three
parts: a sensor, a coupling system, and a stimulator. The sensor records
stimuli and gives them to a coupling system which interprets these signals
and transmits them to a stimulator. In case the sensor obtains signals of
a kind not originally available to the bearer it is a case of sensory
augmentation. Sensory substitution concerns human perception and the
plasticity of the human brain; and therefore, allows us to study these
aspects of neuroscience more through neuroimaging. Sensory substitution systems can help people by restoring
their ability to perceive certain
defective sensory modality by using
sensory information from a functioning
sensory modality.
Ai.
Synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which
stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic,
involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.
Memory.
Hypnosis -
Brain Plasticity -
Changing Habits -
Simultaneous -
Colors -
Sounds -
Noise Cancelation
-
Conversions
Crossmodal is perception that involves
interactions between two or
more different sensory modalities. Examples include synesthesia, sensory
substitution and the McGurk effect, in which vision and hearing interact
in speech perception.
Noise.
Multimodal Perception is the ability of the mammalian nervous system
to combine all of the different inputs of the sensory nervous system to
result in an enhanced detection or identification of a particular
stimulus. Combinations of all sensory modalities are done in cases where a
single sensory modality results in ambiguous and incomplete result.
Multisensory Integration is the study of how information from the
different sensory modalities, such as sight, sound, touch, smell,
self-motion and taste, may be integrated by the nervous system. A coherent
representation of objects combining modalities enables us to have
meaningful perceptual experiences. Indeed, multisensory integration is
central to adaptive behavior because it allows us to perceive a world of
coherent perceptual entities. Multisensory integration also deals with how
different sensory modalities interact with one another and alter each other's processing.
Multisensory Learning.
Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response is an experience characterized by
a static-like or tingling sensation on the
skin that typically begins
on the scalp and moves down the back of the neck and upper spine. It has
been compared with auditory-tactile synesthesia and may overlap with
frisson. ASMR signifies the subjective experience of "low-grade euphoria"
characterized by "a combination of positive feelings and a distinct
static-like tingling sensation on the skin". It is most commonly triggered
by specific auditory or visual stimuli, and less commonly by intentional
attention control.
Autonomous –
spontaneous, self-governing, with or without control.
Sensory – pertaining to the senses or
sensation.
Meridian – signifying a peak,
climax, or point of
highest development.
Response – referring
to an experience triggered by something external or internal. Stimuli that
can trigger ASMR, as reported by those who experience it, include the
following: Listening to a
softly spoken or
whispering voice. Listening to
quiet,
repetitive sounds resulting from someone engaging in a mundane task such
as turning the pages of a book. Watching somebody attentively execute a
mundane task such as preparing food. Loudly chewing, crunching, slurping
or biting foods, drinks, or gum. Receiving personal attention. Initiating
the stimulus through conscious manipulation without the need for external
video or audio
triggers. Listening to
tapping, typically nails onto surfaces such as plastic, wood, metal, etc..
Hand movements, especially onto one's face.
Chemoreceptor is a specialized
sensory receptor cell which transduces
or
converts a chemical substance, either endogenous or induced, and generates a
biological signal. This signal may be in the form of an action potential
if the chemoreceptor is a
neuron
or nerve cell, or in the form of a
neurotransmitter that can activate a nearby nerve fiber if the chemosensor
is a specialized sensory receptor cell, such as the taste receptor in a
taste bud or in an internal peripheral chemoreceptor such as the carotid
body (ex, in chemotherapy). In more general terms, a chemosensor detects
toxic or
hazardous chemicals in the internal or
external
environment of
the human body (e.x. chemotherapy) and transmits that information to the
central nervous system, (and rarely the peripheral nervous system), in
order to expel the biologically active toxins from the blood, and prevent
further consumption of alcohol and/or other acutely toxic recreational intoxicants.
Converting Signals
Transduction is the
process whereby
a transducer accepts energy in one form and gives back
related energy in a different
form.
Transduction in genetics is the
process of
transferring genetic
material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage.
Transformation -
Translation -
Energy -
Actuator
-
Alchemy -
Entropy
Transduction in physiology is the
conversion of a
sensory stimulus from
one form to another. Transduction in the
nervous system typically refers
to stimulus alerting events wherein a physical
stimulus is converted into
an
action potential, which is
transmitted along axons towards the
central nervous system
where it is integrated. A receptor cell converts the energy in a stimulus
into a change in the
electrical potential across its membrane. It causes
the depolarization of the membrane to allow the
action potential to be
transduced to the brain for integration.
Signal Transduction.
Convert
is to
exchange or replace with another. The act of changing one thing for
another thing.
Conversion is an
event that results in a
transformation. The act of changing from one use, function or purpose
to another. A change in the units or form of an expression. A spiritual
enlightenment causing a person to lead a new life. A change of religion.
Inverter
-
Transformers
-
Converter -
Measurement Conversions -
Processed Food
Transducer is a device that converts
energy from one form to another.
Usually a transducer converts a
signal in one form of energy to a signal
in another. Accepts energy in one form and gives back related
energy in
a different form.
Microphone.
Classical Conditioning -
Learning Methods
-
Trade -
Symbol
-
Codes
A functional MRI study of 17 people blind since birth found that areas of
visual cortex became active when the participants were asked to solve
algebra problems, a team from Johns Hopkins reports in the Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences. In 19 sighted people doing the
same problems, visual areas of the brain showed no increase in activity.
Tangibility is the attribute of being easily
detectable with
the senses.
Agnosia
is the
inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of
ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the
specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.
Response.
Data Conversion is the conversion of computer data from one format to
another.
Filtering
Data.
Data Transformation is the process of converting data from one format
or structure into another format or structure.
Energy Transformation is the process of
changing energy from one form
to another. Conversions to thermal energy from other forms of energy may
occur with 100% efficiency.
Spiritual Transformation.
Mechanotransduction is any of various mechanisms by which cells
convert mechanical stimulus into electrochemical activity. This form of
sensory transduction is responsible for a number of senses and
physiological processes in the body, including proprioception, touch,
balance, and hearing. The basic mechanism of mechanotransduction involves
converting mechanical signals into electrical or chemical signals. In this
process, a mechanically gated ion channel makes it possible for sound,
pressure, or movement to cause a change in the excitability of specialized
sensory cells and sensory neurons. The stimulation of a mechanoreceptor
causes mechanically sensitive ion channels to open and produce a
transduction current that changes the membrane potential of the cell.
Typically the mechanical stimulus gets filtered in the conveying medium
before reaching the site of mechanotransduction. Cellular responses to
mechanotransduction are variable and give rise to a variety of changes and
sensations. Broader issues involved include molecular biomechanics.
Servo or servomechanism is a control
system that converts a small mechanical motion into one requiring much
greater power; may include a negative feedback system.
Information Integration is the merging of information from
heterogeneous sources with differing conceptual, contextual and
typographical representations.
Data
Fusion is the process of integrating multiple data sources to produce
more consistent, accurate, and useful information than that provided by
any individual data source. Humans are a prime example of Data Fusion. As
humans, we rely heavily on our senses such as our Vision, Smell, Taste,
Voice and Physical Movement. A combination of all these senses combine on
a daily basis to help us in performing most if not all tasks in our day to
day lives. That in itself is a prime example of data fusion. We rely on a
fusion of smelling, tasting and touching food to ensure it is edible or
not. Similarly, we rely on our sight and our ability to hear and control
movement of our body to walk or drive and perform most tasks in our lives.
In all these cases, the Brain performs the fusion processing and controls
what we need to do next. Our brain relies on a fusion of data gathered
from the aforementioned senses.
Beyond our Senses
Our senses are not perfect and could easily mislead us. Like
when you're with someone and the other person is looking one way and you
are looking another way, you will not see the same things. But what if you
are looking at the same thing, you still might see two different things
because one person's knowledge and experience is different, which gives
them the ability to see more or see it differently. Same with hearing, Did
you hear that? No, because I was not listening. Or the person does not
recognize the sound the same way that you do because of your knowledge and
experience is different. And it's not just how you perceive things through
your senses, it's also how trained you are with using your senses. Like
when
reading peoples faces, or
knowing when people are
lying.
PIEZO2
Gene or Piezos are large transmembrane proteins conserved among various
species, all having between 24 and 36 predicted transmembrane domains.
'Piezo' comes from the Greek 'piesi,' meaning 'pressure.' The PIEZO2
protein has a role in rapidly adapting mechanically activated (MA)
currents in somatosensory neurons.
Osteocrin is a gene found in the skeletal muscles of all mammals and
well-known for its role in bone growth and muscle function. Osteocrin
is also found in cells of the
neocortex -- the most evolved part of the primate brain, which
regulates sensory perception,
spatial
reasoning and higher-level thinking and language in humans.
Mental Practice can complement Physical
Practice. Motor imagery promotes motor learning. Imagination is
a form of self-deceit—a good portion of your brain reacts to your motor
activity in the same way, whether the muscles are moving or not. People
who simply imagined putting a golf ball into the hole before they take the
shot had 30.4 percent more successful putts than those who did not.
Gestalt Principles is also known as the
"Law of Simplicity" or the "Law of Pragnanz" (the entire figure or
configuration), which states that every
stimulus is perceived in its most
simple form. Gestalt theorists followed the basic principle that
the whole
is greater than the sum of its parts.
Gestalt psychology tries to understand the laws of our ability to
acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic
world. The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms
a global whole with self-organizing tendencies.
Meaning-Making is the process of how persons construe, understand, or
make sense of
life events, relationships, and the self especially
during
bereavement in which persons attribute some sort of
meaning to an experienced
death or loss. Through meaning-making, persons are "retaining,
reaffirming, revising, or replacing elements of their orienting system to
develop more nuanced, complex and useful systems"
Expanding our Senses using
Artificial Intelligent Tools:
Mechanical Sensors (Ai) -
Smartphone Accessories
-
Medical Sensors.
Synesthesia shows that the brain does not always work the way it is
designed to do. But these small malfunctions can teach us a lot.
Neuroscience research shows the brain is strobing, not constant.
Perception and attention are intrinsically rhythmic in nature. We
concentrate limited cognitive resources on specific items of interest,
rather than diluting resources over the entire space. Oscillating
attention would produce an analogous result over time, with resources
concentrated into small temporal epochs instead of being sustained in a
uniform but thin allocation. Oscillations, or 'strobes', are a general
feature of human perception. Sensitivity for detecting weak sounds is not
constant, but fluctuates rhythmically over time. Senses are not constant,
they go through cycles, prioritizing processes. Brain oscillations can
occur at up to 100 times per second. Auditory cycles happen at the rate of
about six per second. This strobing approach to attention would bind
together relevant information at regular time points and allow new
groupings of information to reassemble at other moments.
Is there a Universal Hierarchy of Human Senses? The accepted hierarchy
of human senses -- sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell -- is not
universally true across all cultures, new research shows.
The ear is mute, the lips deaf. But the eye senses and speaks. In
it the world is reflected from without, and man from within. ~
Johann Wolfgang con Goethe. (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832)
We don't have senses for everything in the universe, but we do sense a
lot of different things. And sometimes we don't even
notice the things that we are
sensing. When you learn about the human senses and learn how they work,
you understand the human senses a lot better. So knowledge and information
is very important to using your senses.
The more you know,
the more you can sense, the less you know, the less you can sense or make
sense. There are many things in the universe that we believe we can not
sense, but how do we truly know, we have not yet fully studied or
researched how to sense things
beyond our
physical senses. The human body seems to have everything that it
needs, except for the knowledge that would help us to utilize our
innate abilities. Knowledge seems to
be a very important sense. How could you sense something that you have no knowledge of.